Religion, Extremism and Violence in South Asia

Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	II
	III
	IV
2 Colonial Transformations, Postcolonial Afterlives: Extremism, Exclusion and Distrust in India and Pakistan
	Introduction
	Orientalism and the Colonisation of Indian Religions
	The Coloniality of the Postcolonial
		Religious Extremism in Pakistan: Exclusion, Distrust and State Power
		Religious Extremism in India: History, Communalism and Violence
	Conclusion
3 Religion, Extremism and Buddhist–Muslim Relations in Sri Lanka
	Introduction
	The Context of Collective Identity and Religious Extremism in Sri Lanka
	Buddhist–Muslim Relations in Sri Lanka: The Historical Context
	Sinhala Buddhist Nationalism, Religious Extremism and Anti-Muslim Movements
		Political Conditions: The Religion-Political Nexus
		Conservative Religious Ideology and Moral Policing of BBS
		Muslims: Labelled from Social Others to Extremist Groups
	Muslim Political Consciousness, Conservative Islam and the Rise of Radicalism
		Muslim Political Parties and the Missed Opportunity for Religious and Cultural Reforms
		Diffusion of Conservative Islam, Rise of Radicalism and Self-Alienation of the Muslim Community
	Economic Roots of Religious Violence, Social Isolation and Anti-Muslim Narratives
	Conclusion
4 Social Media and Hindu Extremism in India
	Introduction
	Part One—Hindutva in Indian Political Discourse
		Hindutva’s Cultural Nationalism
		Hindutva and the Modi/BJP Election Campaign
		The Politics of Cow Protection
		Love Jihad
		Ghar Wapsi
	Part Two—Social Media and Hindu Extremism
	Conclusion
5 Ram Was a Prophet Too: Syncretism as a Hindu Nationalist Political Strategy
	The Limits of Syncretism
	Syncretism in India
	Manch Syncretism
	Producing Syncretism
	Why Produce Syncretism?
	Conclusion
6 Islamic State’s Recruitment Strategies: The Case Study of Bangladesh
	Introduction
	Arrival of Daesh (Islamic State) in Bangladesh
	Why Has Bangladesh Become a Fertile Ground for Daesh’s Recruitment?
	IS’s Six-Pronged Bangladeshi Strategy
	Recruitment
	Conclusion
7 Religious Extremism and Terrorist Recruitment: The Case of Al Qaeda in Bangladesh
	Introduction
	Arrival of Al Qaeda in Bangladesh
	Radicalisation Narratives
	Al Qaeda’s Propaganda Narratives for Bangladesh
	Conclusion
8 Mobilising to Counter Violent Extremism in Pakistan: Innovative Undertakings of Non-state Actors
	Introduction
	Innovative Ways Non-state Actors Are Seeking to Counter Violent Extremism
		Paigham-e-Pakistan
			Hafiz Nizamani’s Resistance Poetry
	Final Thoughts
9 Between God, the Nation, and the State: Paradoxes of Islamisation in Pakistan
	Introduction
	From Islamic Law to Islamisation
	Sovereignty of God or the Sovereignty of the People?
	Conclusions: Colonial Continuities and Modern Paradoxes
10 Women and Violent Extremism in Pakistan: A Critical Assessment of Policies and Actions
	Introduction
	Context
	Women’s Radicalisation to Violent Extremism
	CVE Policies and Approaches in Pakistan
		The Role of Civil Society
		The Government’s Role
			The National Action Plan (NAP)
			The National Counter Extremism Policy (NCEP)
	Conclusion
Index