Reindeer Hunters of the Ice Age in Europe: Economy, Ecology, and the Annual Nomadic Cycle

Foreword
Preface: From the Whole to the Parts, from the Parts to the Whole
Acknowledgements
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: Issues and Approach
	1.1 Issues
	1.2 Methodology
	1.3 This Work
	References
Chapter 2: Contexts and Subject Matter
	2.1 From the Aurignacian to the Magdalenian: Palaeolithic “Cultures”?
	2.2 The Environment in France During the Upper Pleniglacial and Tardiglacial
		2.2.1 Chrono-environmental Framework (29,000-14,000 cal BP) (Fig. 2.1)
		2.2.2 Cold Environments... but Which Ones?
	2.3 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
		2.3.1 An Animal Adapted to the Cold
		2.3.2 Reindeer Before 33,000 cal BP in Europe and France
	2.4 Composition of Research Collections and Study Zones (Figs. 2.20 and 2.21)
		2.4.1 Sites Surveyed and Inventoried
		2.4.2 Composition of the Regions (cf. Fig. 2.20)
	Appendix 1: Studied Corpus
	Appendix 2: Reindeer Proportion in All Surveyed Assemblages, by Period (idem App 1)
	References
Chapter 3: The Role of Reindeer in the Economy of Animal Resources Between 30,000 and 14,000 cal BP
	3.1 The Reindeer Proportion Among the Hunted Animals
		3.1.1 Variation Through Time
		3.1.2 Variation in Space
		3.1.3 Initial Findings
	3.2 Reindeer Hunting Strategies
		3.2.1 Reindeer of All Ages: The Choice Not to Choose
		3.2.2 Few Adult Males
		3.2.3 More or Less Seasonal Hunting
	3.3 Reindeer Antler: Procurement Strategies, Seasonal Availability, and Raw Material Management
		3.3.1 Perspectives, Issues and Challenges
		3.3.2 Results
		3.3.3 Antler Exploitation at the Regional Scale
		3.3.4 The Role of Antler Exploitation in the Annual Cycle: Hypotheses
	3.4 Conclusion: The Economic Role of Reindeer
	References
Chapter 4: Reindeer Mobility and Human Mobility in the Upper Pleniglacial and Tardiglacial
	4.1 Current Knowledge and Objectives
	4.2 Migratory and Sedentary Reindeer
		4.2.1 Reindeer in the Dordogne... and Next Door?
		4.2.2 Reindeer from Elsewhere
		4.2.3 Reindeer with Reduced Mobility in France During the Last Cold Period
	4.3 Annual Nomadic Cycles: Several Configurations or Several Visibilities?
		4.3.1 Questions
		4.3.2 Annual Nomadic Cycle in the Massif Central from the End of the Gravettian to the Magdalenian
		4.3.3 The Dordogne, from the Gravettian to the Magdalenian
		4.3.4 Conclusion: Distinct Cycles?
	References
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion
	5.1 The Environment in France Between 30,000 and 15,000 Years Ago: Ecosystems to Be Defined
		5.1.1 The Mammoth Steppe
		5.1.2 The Mammoth Steppe in France: An Exception that Proves the Rule?
		5.1.3 France, a Reindeer Steppe... but What Else?
		5.1.4 Conclusions
	5.2 For 15,000 Years, a Unique System Beyond the Regional Specificities
		5.2.1 The Economy of Animal Resources: A Common Foundation
		5.2.2 A Single Procurement Strategy
		5.2.3 A Single Animal Resource Economy
		5.2.4 Mobility of Human Groups: A Reality to Be Reconstructed, Far from the Models
	5.3 Conclusion
	References