Regional Approaches to the Energy Transition: A Multidisciplinary Perspective

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Opening Remarks: A Few Words on Energy-Related Considerations
The European Union and Renewable Energy Policies
	1 The European Union and Renewable Energy Policies
The Environment in Contemporary Constitutionalism
	1 The Constitutionalisation of Environmental Law
	2 The Constitutional Horizons of Environmental Formulas: Environmental Protection, Future Generations, Quality of Life and Sus...
	3 References to Future Generations in Latin American Environmental Constitutionalism
	4 Environmental Protection as a Fundamental Constitutional Duty
	References
The Italian Energy Transition in a Human Rights Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Environment and Human Rights in International Conventions and Case Law
	3 Environment and Energy in Global Policies
	4 Environment and Energy in the EU
	5 Energy Transition in Italy
	6 Conclusion
	References
Beyond the Energy Transition and Towards a Just Transition
	1 Introduction
	2 The Energy Transition Through the Paris Agreement
	3 The Energy Transition: A European Union Perspective
	4 The Just Transition Fund in the EU and Its Impact on Energy Policies
	5 Digitalisation of the Energy Supply: An Example
	6 The Energy Justice Challenge for a Just Society
	7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Wind of Change: A Scandinavian Perspective on Energy Transition and the `Greenification´ of the Oil and Gas Sector
	1 Introduction
	2 Growth of Green Energy in Scandinavia Through Electrification
		2.1 The Scandinavian Energy Landscape
		2.2 Electricity Supply
		2.3 Patterns of Consumption
	3 Norwegian Transition and Electrification Regarding Oil and Gas
		3.1 Scandinavia as a Hydrocarbon Producer and Exporter
		3.2 Law as a Tool of Success and Change
			3.2.1 Strong State Intervention
			3.2.2 Revenue and Market-Oriented Policies
			3.2.3 Recovery Maximization and Exploration of New Areas
			3.2.4 High Environmental Standards
	4 The Greenhouse Gases Problem and §112 of the Norwegian Constitution
	5 Greenifying the Oil and Gas Industry?
		5.1 Oil´s Reign: Challenges and Opportunities
		5.2 Electricity and Wind for Oil and Gas
		5.3 Carbon Capture, Transportation and Storage
	6 Conclusions
	References
The European Green Deal and Regionalisation: Italian and Polish Case Studies
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Political Commitment and Financial Support
		1.2 The EGD in the Legal Context: Exploring the Relationship Between the EGD and the Treaty Provisions
		1.3 Regions, Communities, Cities and Villages: Top-Players in the Realisation of the EGD
		1.4 The Urban Areas and the EGD Targets
		1.5 Italian Smart Cities Going `Green´
		1.6 Polish Cities Facing Transition
		1.7 The EGD and the Challenges for the Rural Areas
		1.8 Italian Rural Areas in Context of the EGD Objectives
		1.9 Polish Rural Areas in the Heart of a Just Transition
	2 Conclusion
	References
Energy Auction in the European Union with Specific Reference to Member State Practice in Germany and France
	1 Europe
	2 Germany
		2.1 Regulatory Framework
			2.1.1 General
				Enactment of the Renewable Energy Law 2021
				Purpose of the EEG
				Economic Impact of the EEG
			2.1.2 Content of the Renewable Energy Act 2021
				Overall Purpose of the Renewable Energy Act 2021
				2050 Greenhouse-Gas Neutrality in the Power Sector Becomes Part of the Law
				Alignment with More Ambitious EU Climate Target Pending
		2.2 Renewable Tenders: New Expansion Paths to Reach the 2030 Goal
		2.3 Specific Issues of the EEG 2021
			2.3.1 Interim Solution for Pioneer Installations
			2.3.2 Changes to the Renewables Levy on the Power Price
			2.3.3 Raise Public Acceptance of Renewables Expansion
			2.3.4 More Wind Turbines and Biomass in the South
			2.3.5 Negative Power Prices
			2.3.6 Solar PV
			2.3.7 Incorporating Hydrogen
		2.4 Some Examples of Previous Tenders
			2.4.1 December 22, 2020: Clean Energy Wire
			2.4.2 May 3, 2021
		2.5 Tender Procedures
			2.5.1 General
			2.5.2 Description of the Tender Procedure in General
				Basic Content of a Tender
				Who Is Allowed to Tender
				Bid Requirements
				Frequency and Announcement of Tenders
				Bid Submissions
				Award Procedure
				After the Award
					Onshore Wind
					Solar
	3 France
		3.1 Regulatory Framework
		3.2 2016-2021: CRE4
		3.3 Specific Tender Procedures
The Energy Transition and the Use of EU Funds in the Spanish and Italian Legal Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 The EU Normative Legal Framework
	3 The Case of Spain
		3.1 The Fossil Energy in Spanish Law 7/2021
	4 The Case of Italy
	5 Conclusion
	References
State and Market in China´s Coal-to-Gas Transition
	1 Introduction
	2 A `New´ Primary Institution in China´s Energy Policymaking: The Influence of Environmental Stewardship on China´s Coal-to-Ga...
		2.1 A Global Call for Coal-to-Gas Transition
		2.2 The Double-Faced Primacy of the Environmental Stewardship Institution
	3 The Sovereign Transition from Coal to Gas in China´s Energy Mix: Tensions Between the Sovereignty and Environmental Stewards...
		3.1 A Sovereign Transition: The Integration of Environmental Stewardship into China´s Energy Policies
		3.2 A Transitioning Role for Natural Gas: A New Cornerstone in China´s Energy Mix?
	4 Tensions Among Primary Institutions: Sovereignty Vs. Trade/Market in the Context of the Coal-to-Gas Transition
		4.1 Gas Pricing Reform: Towards a Supply/Demand Balance?
		4.2 New Agencies for Old Dilemmas: Reforming the State-Companies Relationship in China´s Gas Market
		4.3 China Integration into the Global Gas Trade/Market Institution
	5 Integration and Tensions Unfolding in China´s Gas Import Dependency Amid the Covid-19 Pandemic
	6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Tendencies of Legal Regulation in the Sphere of Renewable Energy in Russia
	1 Relevance of the Issue of the Conference
	2 General Characteristics of Legal Regulation in the Field of Renewable Energy Sources
	3 Legal Regulation of the Use of Renewable Energy Sources in the Russian Federation
	4 Trends in the Further Development of Legal Regulation in the Use of Renewable Energy Sources
	References
Energy Transition in Latin-American Countries, Example Cuba: Looking for Interconnections with Food Sovereignty
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Transition in Latin America, Regional Projections
	3 Cuba: Energy Transition, Present and Future Perspectives
		3.1 Cuban Legal System Reform, a Long-Term Need
	4 A Multidisciplinary Look at Energy Transition in Public Policies: National Plan for Food Sovereignty and Nutritional Educati...
		4.1 Sustainability in the New Constitution of 2019 as a Link Among Energy Development and Food Security and Sovereignty: A Nec...
		4.2 Why Energy Transition in Food Production from Food Sovereignty Perspective?
		4.3 Renewable Energy Sources in Food Production: A Look at the National Plan for Food Sovereignty and Nutritional Education
	5 Conclusions
	References
Is There a Regional Approach to the Energy Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa?
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Africa Union´s Energy Transition Programme
		3.1 Potential Barriers to the African Energy Transition Programme
			3.1.1 The Energy Trilemma
			3.1.2 Lack of Well-Developed Supranational Institutions
	4 Countries Specific Case Studies
		4.1 Ghana
			4.1.1 Legislative Framework
				Key Features of the Renewable Energy Act - Act 832
			4.1.2 Policy Framework
		4.2 Kenya
			4.2.1 Legislative Framework
				Key Features of the Climate Change Act, 2016
				Key Features of the Energy Act, 2019
			4.2.2 Policy Framework
		4.3 South Africa
			4.3.1 Legislative Framework
				Key Features of South Africa´s Electricity Regulation Act (REA), Act 2006
			4.3.2 Policy Framework
	5 Comparative Analysis of the Legislation, Policies, and Market Incentives
		5.1 Similarities in the Approaches
		5.2 Different Approaches
			5.2.1 Legislation
			5.2.2 Public Education and Capacity Building
			5.2.3 Market Incentives and Interventions
			5.2.4 Least Cost Development Plans
			5.2.5 Public and Private Sector Investment
			5.2.6 Clean Energy Investments in the Three Countries
		5.3 Barriers to the Energy Transition
			5.3.1 Institutional and Regulatory Framework
			5.3.2 Attracting Investment Funding
			5.3.3 Energy Trilemma vs Energy Transition
			5.3.4 Energy Efficiency
	6 Conclusion
	7 Recommendations
	Appendix
	References
Ineluctable Transnationalism, and the Regional Approach to the Energy Transition
	1 Scene Setting
	2 Scope-Institutions and Territory
	3 Paris Alignment
	4 Public Fossil Fuel Finance
	5 ECA´s Regulatory Regime
	6 ECAs and Carbon Accounting
	7 ECA Regional Divergences-How Do ECAs Operate Globally?
	8 Climate Litigation, Campaigning, and Interventions
	9 Conclusions
	References
From Coal to Climate Change: An Australian Perspective on the Energy Transition
	1 Introduction
	2 An Inglorious Past: Energy Policy to 2019
	3 The Shift-COVID-19, Climate Change and Consumer Sentiment
		3.1 Energy Storage
		3.2 Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
		3.3 Hydrogen
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Analysis of Electricity Access Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Sources
	3 Comparative Case Study Analysis
		3.1 Ghana
			3.1.1 Electricity Access Interventions
			3.1.2 Barriers
		3.2 Nigeria
			3.2.1 Electricity Access Interventions
			3.2.2 Barriers
		3.3 Tanzania
			3.3.1 Energy Access Interventions
			3.3.2 Barriers
		3.4 Kenya
			3.4.1 Energy Access Interventions
			3.4.2 Barriers to Universal Access to Electricity in Kenya
		3.5 South Africa
			3.5.1 Electricity Access Initiatives in South Africa
			3.5.2 Barriers to Universal Electrification in South Africa
		3.6 Zambia
			3.6.1 Electricity Access Interventions
			3.6.2 Barriers
		3.7 Democratic Republic of Congo
			3.7.1 Electricity Access Interventions in DRC
			3.7.2 Barriers
		3.8 Cameroon
			3.8.1 Electricity Access Interventions
			3.8.2 Barriers
	4 Discussion
		4.1 Similarities
			4.1.1 Use of Decentralized Mini-grids and Off-grid Solution
			4.1.2 Establishment of Rural Electrification Agency and Fund
			4.1.3 Legislations on Energy Efficiency
			4.1.4 Financial Support Schemes
			4.1.5 Active Private Sector Participation
		4.2 Different Approaches
		4.3 Performance
			4.3.1 The Dimension of Electrification Policy and Regulatory Framework
			4.3.2 Investments in Energy Infrastructure
			4.3.3 Percentage Change in Electrification Rates
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Conclusion: What Does the Future Hold for the Energy Sector?
	References