Regenerative Medicine for Spine and Joint Pain

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction to Regenerative Medicine
	Regenerative Medicine Intro Combined
	References
Chapter 2: Basic Science Concepts in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine
	Introduction
	Musculoskeletal Development
		Early Musculoskeletal Embryogenesis
		Bone Embryogenesis
		Synovial Joint Development
		Spine Joint Development
		Tendon and Ligament Development
	Musculoskeletal Tissue Homeostasis and Response to Injury
		Osteoarthritis of Articular Cartilage
		Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
		Tendon and Ligament Degeneration
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Viscosupplementation
	Introduction
	History
	Biology
	Indications
	Procedure
	Efficacy
	Treatment Algorithms
	Safety
	Comparison to Alternative Treatments
	Glucosamine and Chondroitin
	Market
	References
Chapter 4: Stem Cells
	Introduction
	History
	Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells
	Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
	Amniotic Tissue-Derived Products
	Adverse Events Associated with Stem Cell Therapy
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5: Platelet-Rich Plasma
	Introduction
	Basic Science of PRP and Mechanism of Action
	Creation and Classification of PRP
	Clinical Applications of PRP
		Tendinopathy
		Osteoarthritis
		Ligament and Meniscus Injuries
		Muscle Injuries
		Spine Disorders
	Advantages of PRP
	Disadvantages of PRP
	Regulation of PRP
	Future Directions
	References
Chapter 6: Prolotherapy
	Introduction
	Mechanism of Action
	Effects of Prolotherapy on Ligaments and Tendons In Vitro and in Animal Studies
	Osteoarthritis Clinical Studies
		Prolotherapy Effects on Small Joints
		Prolotherapy Effects on Knee Osteoarthritis
		Intra-articular Prolotherapy Treatment Versus Corticosteroid and Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatments
		Intra-articular Versus Extra-articular Injections for Joint Pain
		Sacroiliac Joint and Axial Spine Prolotherapy Treatments
	Tendinopathy Clinical Studies
		Lateral Epicondylitis
		Achilles Tendinopathy
		Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
	Side Effects and Adverse Events
	References
Chapter 7: Regenerative Medicine for the Spine
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Anatomy
	Overview of Back Pain Pathology and Treatment
	Pain Generators of the Spine
		Intervertebral Disc Pain
		Radiculopathy
		Zygapophyseal Joint (Facet) Arthropathy
		Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction
		Back Musculature Atrophy
		Back Ligament Dysfunction
	Overall Levels of Evidence
	Limitations of Current Studies and Future Implications
	Regulation Concerns
	Future Directions
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Regenerative Medicine for the Shoulder
	Tendinopathy in the Shoulder: The Rotator Cuff and Proximal Biceps Tendon
		Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
		Rotator Cuff Tears
		Biceps Tendinopathy
	Tendinopathy in the Shoulder: Regenerative Medicine Applications
		Rotator Cuff Tendinopathies and Tears
		Biceps Tendinopathy
	Osteoarthritis in the Shoulder, Glenoid Labral Tears, and Adhesive Capsulitis
		Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis
		Acromioclavicular Osteoarthritis
		Glenoid Labral Tears
		Adhesive Capsulitis
	Osteoarthritis in the Shoulder, Glenoid Labral Tears, and Adhesive Capsulitis: Regenerative Medicine Applications
		Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis (GH OA)
		Glenoid Labral Tears
		Acromioclavicular Osteoarthritis
	References
Chapter 9: Regenerative Medicine for the Elbow
	Bones/Joints
		Arthritis
		Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD)
	Ligaments
		Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL)
		Lateral Collateral Ligamentous Complex
	Tendons
		Common Extensor Tendon
		Common Flexor/Pronator Tendon
		Distal Biceps Tendon
		Distal Triceps Tendon
	Treatment: The Standard of Care and Evidence
		Bone/Joint
			Arthritis
			OCD
		Ligaments
			UCL
		Tendons
			Common Extensor Tendon
			Common Flexor/Pronator Tendon
			Distal Biceps Tendon
			Distal Triceps Tendon
	Regenerative Treatments
		Bone/Joint
			Arthritis
			OCD
		Ligament
			Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL)
			Annular Ligament and Radial Collateral Ligament
		Tendon
			Common Extensor Tendon
				Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP)
				Autologous Blood Injection (ABI)
				Prolotherapy
				Autologous Tenocyte Injection
				Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
				Amniotic Membrane Injection
				Percutaneous Ultrasonic Tenotomy
			Common Flexor/Pronator Tendon
			Distal Biceps Tendon
			Distal Triceps Tendon
			Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Regenerative Medicine for Hand and Wrist Pain
	Osteoarthritis
	Tendinopathies
	Ligamentous Injuries
	Other Soft Tissue Injuries
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Regenerative Medicine for the Hip
	Introduction
	Osteoarthritis (OA)
		Tendinopathies
		Ligament Injuries
	PRP in Ligament Injuries
		Hip Labral Injury
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Regenerative Medicine for the Knee
	Knee Osteoarthritis
	Tendinopathies
	Ligamentous Injuries
	References
Chapter 13: Regenerative Medicine for the Foot and Ankle
	Plantar Fasciitis
	Stress Fracture: Metatarsal, Tarsal Navicular
	Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus
	Ankle Osteoarthritis
	Ankle Sprain
	Achilles Tendon Pathology
		Chronic/Degenerative Achilles Tendinopathy
		Achilles Tendon Rupture
	Peroneal Tendinopathy
	Summary
	References
Chapter 14: The Future of Regenerative Medicine
	Background on the Burden of MSK Conditions
	Definitions/Nomenclature
	Regulations and Standardization
	Registries
	Patient Access
	Science
	Outcomes and Post-Procedure Rehabilitation
	Genomics
	Conclusion
	References
Index