Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Brief Table of Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Text Development......Page 16
New in This Edition......Page 18
Features of the Text......Page 23
Support Materials......Page 25
About the Authors......Page 26
Acknowledgements......Page 27
History of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Cooling)......Page 29
Section 1: Theory of Heat......Page 40
1.2 Temperature......Page 41
1.3 Introduction to Heat......Page 43
1.4 Conduction......Page 44
1.5 Convection......Page 45
1.8 Latent Heat......Page 46
1.10 Sizing Heating Equipment......Page 48
1.12 Atmospheric Pressure......Page 49
1.13 Pressure Gages......Page 50
1.15 Pressure Measured in Metric Terms......Page 51
2.2 Mass and Weight......Page 53
2.6 Gas Laws......Page 54
2.7 Energy......Page 56
2.8 Conservation of Energy......Page 57
2.11 Purchase of Energy......Page 58
2.14 Electrical Power—The Watt......Page 59
3.1 Introduction to Refrigeration......Page 61
3.3 Rating Refrigeration Equipment......Page 62
3.4 The Refrigeration Process......Page 63
3.5 Temperature and Pressure Relationship......Page 64
3.7 The Evaporator......Page 69
3.8 The Compressor......Page 71
3.9 The Condenser......Page 73
3.10 The Refrigerant Metering Device......Page 75
3.11 Refrigeration System and Components......Page 76
3.13 Refrigerants Must Be Safe......Page 79
3.17 Popular Refrigerants and Their Important Characteristics......Page 80
3.19 Recovery, Recycle, or Reclaim of Refrigerants......Page 82
3.20 Plotting the Refrigerant Cycle......Page 84
3.21 Plotting the Refrigerant Cycle for Blends with Noticeable Temperature Glide (Zeotropic Blends)......Page 101
Section 2: Safety, Tools and Equipment, Shop Practices......Page 104
4.1 Pressure Vessels and Piping......Page 105
4.2 Electrical Hazards......Page 108
4.3 Heat......Page 113
4.5 Mechanical Equipment......Page 115
4.6 Moving Heavy Objects......Page 116
4.7 Refrigerants in Your Breathing Space......Page 118
4.8 Using Chemicals......Page 120
5.1 General Hand Tools......Page 122
5.2 Specialized Hand Tools......Page 128
5.3 Tubing Tools......Page 129
5.4 Specialized Service and Installation Equipment......Page 131
5.5 Refrigerant Leak Detectors......Page 133
6.2 Staples and Rivets......Page 144
6.3 Threaded Fasteners......Page 145
6.4 Concrete Fasteners......Page 147
6.5 Other Fasteners......Page 148
7.2 Types and Sizes of Tubing......Page 152
7.3 Tubing Insulation......Page 153
7.6 Bending Tubing......Page 154
7.7 Soldering and Brazing Processes......Page 157
7.8 Heat Sources for Soldering and Brazing......Page 158
7.9 Soldering Techniques......Page 163
7.10 Brazing Techniques......Page 164
7.11 Practical Soldering and Brazing Tips......Page 165
7.12 Making Flare Joints......Page 167
7.13 Making a Double-Thickness Flare......Page 168
7.14 Swaging Techniques......Page 169
7.16 Joining Steel Pipe......Page 170
7.18 Plastic Pipe......Page 173
7.19 Alternative Mechanical Piping Connections......Page 174
8.2 Standing Pressure Test......Page 178
8.3 Leak Detection Methods......Page 180
8.4 Leak Detection Tips......Page 181
8.5 Repairing Leaks......Page 182
8.6 Purpose of System Evacuation......Page 183
8.8 Measuring the Vacuum......Page 184
8.10 The Vacuum Pump......Page 188
8.12 Multiple Evacuation......Page 189
8.14 Removing Moisture with a Vacuum......Page 191
8.15 General Evacuation Procedures......Page 194
8.16 Systems with Schrader Valves......Page 197
8.20 Cleaning a Dirty System......Page 198
9.2 Ozone Depletion......Page 203
9.3 Global Warming......Page 205
9.6 HCFC Refrigerants......Page 206
9.9 Naming Refrigerants......Page 207
9.10 Refrigerant Blends......Page 208
9.11 Popular Refrigerants and Their Compatible Oils......Page 209
9.12 Refrigerant Oils and Their Applications......Page 212
9.13 Oil Groups......Page 213
9.14 Regulations......Page 214
9.15 Recover, Recycle, or Reclaim......Page 215
9.16 Methods of Recovery......Page 217
9.17 Mechanical Recovery Systems......Page 219
9.18 Recovering Refrigerant from Small Appliances......Page 225
9.19 Reclaiming Refrigerant......Page 227
9.20 Refrigerants and Tools in the Future......Page 228
10.2 Vapor Refrigerant Charging......Page 231
10.3 Liquid Refrigerant Charging......Page 233
10.5 Using Charging Devices......Page 236
10.6 Using Charging Charts......Page 238
10.7 Subcooling Method of Charging for TXV Systems......Page 241
10.8 Charging Near-Azeotropic (Zeotropic) Refrigerant Blends......Page 242
11.2 Calibration......Page 247
11.3 Temperature-Measuring Instruments......Page 248
11.4 Pressure Test Instruments......Page 251
11.5 Electrical Test Instruments......Page 254
11.6 Refrigerant Leak Detection Devices......Page 255
11.7 Flue-Gas Analysis Instruments......Page 257
11.8 General Maintenance......Page 258
Section 3: Basic Automatic Controls......Page 260
12.1 Structure of Matter......Page 261
12.5 Electricity Produced from Magnetism......Page 262
12.8 Electrical Units of Measurement......Page 263
12.10 Making Electrical Measurements......Page 264
12.11 Ohm’s Law......Page 265
12.13 Characteristics of Parallel Circuits......Page 267
12.15 Magnetism......Page 268
12.16 Inductance......Page 269
12.17 Transformers......Page 270
12.18 Capacitance......Page 271
12.20 Electrical Measuring Instruments......Page 272
12.21 Sine Waves......Page 276
12.22 Wire Sizes......Page 277
12.23 Circuit Protection Devices......Page 279
12.24 Semiconductors......Page 281
13.2 Devices That Respond to Thermal Change......Page 288
13.3 The Bimetal Device......Page 289
13.4 Control by Fluid Expansion......Page 292
13.5 The Thermocouple......Page 295
13.6 Electronic Temperature-Sensing Devices......Page 297
14.2 Temperature Controls......Page 300
14.3 Space Temperature Controls, Low Voltage......Page 302
14.4 Space Temperature Controls, High (Line) Voltage......Page 305
14.5 Sensing the Temperature of Solids......Page 308
14.6 Measuring the Temperature of Fluids......Page 311
14.9 Pressure-Sensing Devices......Page 312
14.10 Pressure Transducers......Page 316
14.11 High-Pressure Controls......Page 317
14.12 Low-Pressure Controls......Page 318
14.13 Oil Pressure Safety Controls......Page 319
14.14 Air Pressure Controls......Page 321
14.17 Water Pressure Regulators......Page 322
14.19 Mechanical Controls......Page 323
14.21 Maintenance of Mechanical Controls......Page 324
14.23 Service Technician Calls......Page 325
15.1 Introduction to Troubleshooting......Page 329
15.2 Troubleshooting a Simple Circuit......Page 330
15.3 Troubleshooting a Complex Circuit......Page 331
15.4 Troubleshooting the Thermostat......Page 333
15.6 Troubleshooting Voltage in the Low-Voltage Circuit......Page 336
15.7 Electrically Troubleshooting Switches and Loads......Page 337
15.8 Pictorial and Line Diagrams......Page 343
15.9 Service Technician Calls......Page 345
16.2 Types of Control Systems......Page 351
16.4 Cleaning and Drying Control Air......Page 353
16.5 Control Components......Page 354
16.6 Direct Digital Controls (DDCs)......Page 359
16.7 Residential Electronic Controls......Page 366
Section 4: Electric Motors......Page 372
17.2 Parts of an Electric Motor......Page 373
17.3 Electric Motors and Magnetism......Page 374
17.4 Determining a Motor’s Speed......Page 375
17.6 Starting and Running Characteristics......Page 376
17.7 Electrical Power Supplies......Page 377
17.8 Single-Phase Open Motors......Page 378
17.9 Split-Phase Motors......Page 379
17.12 Capacitor-Start Motors......Page 380
17.13 Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motors......Page 381
17.14 Permanent Split-Capacitor Motors......Page 382
17.16 Three-Phase Motors......Page 383
17.17 Single-Phase Hermetic Motors......Page 385
17.18 The Potential Relay......Page 386
17.19 The Current Relay......Page 387
17.21 Two-Speed Compressor Motors......Page 388
17.23 Three-Phase Motor Compressors......Page 389
17.24 Variable-Speed Motors......Page 391
17.26 Inverters......Page 394
17.27 Electronically Commutated Motors......Page 395
17.28 Cooling Electric Motors......Page 396
18.2 The Power Supply......Page 399
18.4 Insulation Type or Class......Page 404
18.5 Types of Bearings......Page 405
18.6 Motor Mounting Characteristics......Page 407
18.7 Motor Drives......Page 409
19.1 Introduction to Motor Control Devices......Page 414
19.3 The Relay......Page 415
19.4 The Contactor......Page 416
19.5 Motor Starters......Page 417
19.6 Motor Protection......Page 419
19.8 External Motor Protection......Page 420
19.11 Magnetic Overload Devices......Page 421
19.12 Restarting the Motor......Page 422
20.3 Removing Drive Assemblies......Page 424
20.4 Belt Tension......Page 426
20.7 Open Windings......Page 427
20.8 Shorted Motor Windings......Page 428
20.9 Short Circuit to Ground (Frame)......Page 429
20.10 Single-Phase Motor Starting Problems......Page 431
20.11 Checking Capacitors......Page 432
20.12 Identification of Capacitors......Page 433
20.14 Troubleshooting Hermetic Motors......Page 434
20.15 Service Technician Calls......Page 435
Section 5: Commercial Refrigeration......Page 439
21.1 Refrigeration......Page 440
21.3 The Evaporator......Page 441
21.5 The Evaporator and Boiling Temperature......Page 442
21.7 Heat Exchange Characteristics of the Evaporator......Page 443
21.8 Types of Evaporators......Page 444
21.9 Evaporator Evaluation......Page 449
21.11 The Flooded Evaporator......Page 450
21.13 Evaporator Superheat......Page 451
21.15 Pressure Drop in Evaporators......Page 453
21.17 Evaporators for Low-Temperature Application......Page 455
21.18 Defrost of Accumulated Moisture......Page 456
22.3 Tube-Within-a-Tube Condensers......Page 459
22.4 Mineral Deposits......Page 460
22.6 Shell-and-Coil Condensers......Page 461
22.7 Shell-and-Tube Condensers......Page 462
22.8 Wastewater Systems......Page 463
22.9 Refrigerant-to-Water Temperature Relationship for Wastewater Systems......Page 464
22.10 Recirculated Water Systems......Page 465
22.12 Natural-Draft Towers......Page 466
22.13 Forced- or Induced-Draft Towers......Page 467
22.15 Air-Cooled Condensers......Page 469
22.16 High-Efficiency Condensers......Page 473
22.17 The Condenser and Low Ambient Conditions......Page 474
22.18 Head Pressure Control......Page 475
22.20 Heat Reclaim......Page 483
22.23 Service Technician Calls......Page 484
23.1 The Function of the Compressor......Page 487
23.2 Types of Compressors......Page 489
23.3 Reciprocating Compressor Components......Page 494
23.4 Belt-Drive Mechanism Characteristics......Page 503
23.5 Direct-Drive Compressor Characteristics......Page 504
23.6 Reciprocating Compressor Efficiency......Page 505
23.8 New Technology in Compressors......Page 506
23.10 System Maintenance and Compressor Efficiency......Page 516
24.2 Thermostatic Expansion Valve......Page 521
24.4 The Valve Body......Page 522
24.6 Needle and Seat......Page 525
24.7 The Spring......Page 527
24.10 The Liquid Charge Bulb......Page 528
24.12 The Vapor Charge Bulb......Page 530
24.14 Functioning Example of a TXV with Internal Equalizer......Page 531
24.15 TXV with External Equalizers......Page 532
24.17 TXV Valve Selection......Page 534
24.18 Balanced-Port TXV......Page 536
24.21 Servicing the TXV......Page 537
24.23 The Solid-State Controlled Expansion Valve......Page 538
24.24 Step-Motor Expansion Valves......Page 539
24.25 Algorithms and PID Controllers......Page 541
24.29 The Capillary Tube Metering Device......Page 543
24.30 Operating Charge for the Capillary Tube System......Page 546
25.3 Two-Temperature Controls......Page 548
25.4 Evaporator Pressure Control......Page 549
25.5 Multiple Evaporators......Page 550
25.6 Electric Evaporator Pressure-Regulating Valve......Page 551
25.7 Crankcase Pressure Regulator......Page 552
25.9 Relief Valves......Page 553
25.11 Fan-Cycling Head Pressure Controls......Page 554
25.14 Condenser Flooding for Controlling Head Pressure......Page 555
25.15 The Solenoid Valve......Page 556
25.17 Low-Pressure Switch......Page 558
25.19 Automatic Pumpdown Systems......Page 559
25.20 High-Pressure Control......Page 562
25.22 Oil Pressure Safety Control......Page 564
25.28 Defrost Using Internal Heat (Hot Gas Defrost)......Page 569
25.29 External Heat Type of Defrost......Page 570
25.30 Defrost Termination and Fan Delay Control......Page 571
25.32 Receivers......Page 572
25.34 Filter Driers......Page 573
25.37 Liquid Refrigerant Distributors......Page 575
25.38 Heat Exchangers......Page 576
25.39 Suction-Line Accumulators......Page 577
25.40 Suction-Line Filter Driers......Page 578
25.42 Discharge Service Valves......Page 579
25.46 Oil Separators......Page 582
25.47 Vibration Eliminators......Page 583
25.48 Pressure Access Ports......Page 584
25.49 Crankcase Heat......Page 585
26.2 Reach-In Refrigeration Merchandising......Page 588
26.3 Self-Contained Reach-In Fixtures......Page 589
26.5 Multiple Evaporators and Single-Compressor Applications......Page 591
26.6 Parallel Compressor Systems......Page 595
26.7 Secondary-Fluid Refrigeration Systems......Page 600
26.8 Pressurized Liquid Systems......Page 601
26.9 Unitary Stand-Alone Refrigeration Systems......Page 602
26.11 Interconnecting Piping in Multiple-Evaporator Installations......Page 603
26.14 Chest-Type Display Fixtures......Page 604
26.17 Controlling Sweating on the Cabinet of Fixtures......Page 606
26.18 Maintaining Store Ambient Conditions......Page 607
26.21 Walk-In Cooler Doors......Page 608
26.22 Evaporator Location in a Walk-In Cooler......Page 609
26.24 Refrigeration Piping......Page 610
26.26 Vending Machine Refrigeration......Page 611
26.27 Water Coolers......Page 617
26.28 Refrigerated Air Driers......Page 619
27.2 Making Flake Ice......Page 623
27.3 Making Cube Ice......Page 632
27.4 Microprocessors......Page 649
27.6 Water and Ice Quality......Page 656
27.7 Package Ice Machine Location......Page 660
27.8 Troubleshooting Ice Makers......Page 661
27.9 Service Technician Calls......Page 664
28.2 Transport Refrigeration......Page 670
28.3 Truck Refrigeration Systems......Page 671
28.4 Railway Refrigeration......Page 677
28.5 Extra-Low-Temperature Refrigeration......Page 678
28.6 Cascade Systems......Page 679
28.7 Quick Freezing Methods......Page 680
28.8 Marine Refrigeration......Page 681
28.9 Air Cargo Hauling......Page 685
29.1 Organized Troubleshooting......Page 688
29.2 Troubleshooting High-Temperature Applications......Page 689
29.4 Troubleshooting Low-Temperature Applications......Page 691
29.6 Calculating the Correct Head Pressure for Air-Cooled Equipment......Page 692
29.7 Typical Operating Conditions for Water-Cooled Equipment......Page 693
29.9 Typical Operating Conditions for Recirculated Water Systems......Page 694
29.11 Low Refrigerant Charge......Page 697
29.12 Refrigerant Overcharge......Page 698
29.13 Inefficient Evaporator......Page 700
29.14 Inefficient Condenser......Page 701
29.15 Refrigerant Flow Restrictions......Page 703
29.16 Inefficient Compressor......Page 705
29.18 Closed-Loop Compessor Running Bench Test......Page 707
29.20 Compressor Running Test in the System......Page 709
29.21 Service Technician Calls......Page 711
Section 6: Air Conditioning (Heating and Humidification)......Page 731
30.2 Portable Electric Heating Devices......Page 732
30.4 Electric Baseboard Heating......Page 733
30.7 Central Forced-Air Electric Furnaces......Page 734
30.9 The Low-Voltage Thermostat......Page 735
30.10 Controlling Multiple Stages......Page 736
30.11 Wiring Diagrams......Page 737
30.13 Fan Motor Circuits......Page 738
30.15 Airflow in Electric Furnaces......Page 742
30.16 Service Technician Calls......Page 744
Unit 31 Gas Heat......Page 749
31.2 Types of Furnaces......Page 750
31.3 Gas Fuels......Page 752
31.4 Gas Combustion......Page 754
31.5 Gas Regulators......Page 757
31.8 Diaphragm Valve......Page 758
31.9 Heat Motor–Controlled Valve......Page 759
31.10 Automatic Combination Gas Valve......Page 760
31.13 Burners......Page 765
31.14 Heat Exchangers......Page 766
31.15 Fan Switch......Page 769
31.16 Limit Switch......Page 771
31.17 Pilots......Page 772
31.18 Safety Devices at the Standing Pilot......Page 773
31.19 Ignition Systems......Page 775
31.20 Flame Rectification......Page 779
31.21 High-Efficiency Gas Furnaces......Page 781
31.22 Electronic Ignition Modules and Integrated Furnace Controllers......Page 786
31.23 Two-Stage Gas Furnaces......Page 791
31.25 Venting......Page 792
31.26 Gas Piping......Page 797
31.27 Gas Furnace Wiring Diagrams and Troubleshooting Flowcharts......Page 798
31.28 Troubleshooting the Safety Pilot-Proving Device—The Thermocouple......Page 800
31.29 Troubleshooting Spark Ignition and Intermittent Pilot Systems......Page 801
31.30 Combustion Efficiency......Page 813
31.31 Service Technician Calls......Page 815
32.2 Physical Characteristics......Page 822
32.3 Fuel Oils......Page 823
32.4 Oil Storage......Page 826
32.5 Fuel Oil Supply Systems......Page 827
32.6 Combustion......Page 832
32.8 By-Products of Combustion......Page 833
32.9 Gun-Type Oil Burners......Page 834
32.12 Cad Cell Safety Control......Page 849
32.13 Combustion Chamber......Page 855
32.14 Heat Exchanger......Page 856
32.15 Condensing Oil Furnace......Page 857
32.16 Service Procedures......Page 858
32.17 Combustion Efficiency......Page 862
32.18 Service Technician Calls......Page 866
33.1 Introduction to Hydronic Heating......Page 871
33.2 The Heat Source......Page 872
33.3 The Basic Hydronic System......Page 875
33.4 The Point of No Pressure Change......Page 881
33.5 Other Hydronic System Components......Page 882
33.6 High-Temperature Hydronic Piping Systems......Page 893
33.7 Radiant, Low-Temperature Hydronic Piping Systems......Page 904
33.9 Tankless Domestic Hot Water Heaters......Page 910
33.10 Service Technician Calls......Page 913
34.3 Controlling Indoor Air Contamination......Page 917
34.4 Common Pollutants......Page 918
34.6 Ventilation......Page 923
34.7 Air Cleaning......Page 924
34.8 Duct Cleaning......Page 927
34.9 Air Humidification......Page 928
34.11 Installation......Page 932
34.12 Service, Troubleshooting, and Preventive Maintenance......Page 933
Section 7: Air Conditioning (Cooling)......Page 936
35.2 Food Energy and the Body......Page 937
35.3 Heat Transfer to and from the Body......Page 938
35.7 Absolute and Relative Humidity......Page 939
35.8 Superheated Gases in Air......Page 943
35.9 Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Temperatures......Page 944
35.10 Dew Point Temperature......Page 945
35.12 The Psychrometric Chart......Page 946
35.13 Plotting on the Psychrometric Chart......Page 947
35.14 Fresh Air, Infiltration, and Ventilation......Page 950
36.2 Structural Heat Gain......Page 960
36.5 The Evaporator......Page 962
36.7 Design Conditions......Page 964
36.9 The Compressor......Page 966
36.11 Compressor Speeds (RPM)......Page 967
36.13 Compressor Mountings......Page 968
36.15 The Rotary Compressor......Page 969
36.18 Side-Air-Discharge Condensing Units......Page 971
36.19 Top-Air-Discharge Condensers......Page 972
36.22 Cabinet Design......Page 973
36.25 Installation Procedures......Page 974
37.2 Correct Air Quantity......Page 978
37.4 The Blower......Page 980
37.5 System Pressures......Page 982
37.6 Air-Measuring Instruments for Duct Systems......Page 983
37.7 Types of Fans......Page 984
37.8 Types of Fan Drives......Page 985
37.9 The Supply Duct System......Page 986
37.11 The Extended Plenum System......Page 988
37.12 The Reducing Plenum System......Page 989
37.15 Duct Materials......Page 990
37.16 Galvanized-Steel Duct......Page 991
37.17 Fiberglass Duct......Page 993
37.18 Spiral Metal Duct......Page 995
37.20 Combination Duct Systems......Page 996
37.22 Balancing Dampers......Page 999
37.23 Zoning......Page 1000
37.24 Zoning with a Single-Speed Blower Motor......Page 1002
37.25 Zoning with a Multispeed Compressor and Variable-Speed Blower......Page 1003
37.27 Duct Insulation......Page 1004
37.29 The Return Air Duct System......Page 1005
37.30 Sizing Duct for Moving Air......Page 1007
37.31 Measuring Air Movement for Balancing......Page 1010
37.32 The Air Friction Chart......Page 1012
37.34 Residential Duct System Problems......Page 1019
37.35 Commercial Duct Systems......Page 1021
38.2 Square and Rectangular Duct......Page 1024
38.4 Insulation for Metal Duct......Page 1025
38.6 Flexible Duct......Page 1027
38.7 Electrical Installation......Page 1028
38.8 Installing the Refrigeration System......Page 1029
38.9 Installing Split-System Air Conditioners......Page 1034
38.10 The Split-System Condensing Unit......Page 1036
38.11 Installing Refrigerant Piping......Page 1039
38.12 Equipment Start-Up......Page 1042
39.1 Controls for Air Conditioning......Page 1045
39.3 Low-Voltage Controls......Page 1046
39.6 Operating Controls for Older Air-Cooled Systems......Page 1047
39.7 Safety Controls for Older Air-Cooled Systems......Page 1049
39.8 Operating Controlsfor Modern Equipment......Page 1050
39.9 Safety Controls for Modern Equipment......Page 1051
39.11 Electronic Controls and Air-Conditioning Equipment......Page 1053
40.2 Relative Humidity and the Load......Page 1057
40.4 Evaporator Operating Conditions......Page 1058
40.5 High Evaporator Load and a Cool Condenser......Page 1060
40.6 Grades of Equipment......Page 1061
40.7 Documentation with the Unit......Page 1062
40.8 Establishing a Reference Point on Unknown Equipment......Page 1063
40.9 Metering Devices for High-Efficiency Equipment......Page 1064
40.11 Typical Electrical Operating Conditions......Page 1067
40.15 Determining the Compressor Running Amperage......Page 1068
40.18 Current Draw and the Two-Speed Compressor......Page 1069
41.2 Mechanical Troubleshooting......Page 1071
41.4 Gage Manifold Usage......Page 1072
41.5 When to Connect the Gages......Page 1074
41.8 Temperature Readings......Page 1076
41.9 Charging Procedures in the Field......Page 1080
41.10 Electrical Troubleshooting......Page 1083
41.11 Compressor Overload Problems......Page 1084
41.12 Compressor Electrical Checkup......Page 1085
41.13 Troubleshooting the Circuit Electrical Protectors—Fuses and Breakers......Page 1088
41.14 Service Technician Calls......Page 1089
Section 8: All-Weather Systems......Page 1097
42.3 Add-On Air Conditioning......Page 1098
42.4 Insulation for Existing Ductwork......Page 1099
42.5 Evaluation of an Existing Duct System......Page 1100
42.8 Two Low-Voltage Power Supplies......Page 1102
42.10 Adding a Fan Relay......Page 1104
42.12 All-Weather Split Systems......Page 1105
42.14 Wiring the All-Weather System......Page 1106
42.15 Servicing the All-Weather System......Page 1108
43.1 Reverse-Cycle Refrigeration......Page 1110
43.2 Heat Sources for Winter......Page 1111
43.3 The Four-Way Reversing Valve......Page 1112
43.5 Refrigerant Line Identification......Page 1116
43.7 Thermostatic Expansion Valves......Page 1117
43.8 The Capillary Tube......Page 1118
43.10 Electronic Expansion Valves......Page 1119
43.12 Liquid-Line Accessories......Page 1120
43.15 Balance Point......Page 1121
43.16 Coefficient of Performance......Page 1123
43.17 Split-System Air-to-Air Heat Pump......Page 1124
43.18 The Indoor Unit......Page 1125
43.20 The Outdoor Unit Installation......Page 1126
43.21 Package Air-to-Air Heat Pumps......Page 1127
43.22 Controls for the Air-to-Air Heat Pump......Page 1128
43.23 The Defrost Cycle......Page 1135
43.25 Auxiliary Heat......Page 1138
43.27 Troubleshooting the Electrical System......Page 1140
43.28 Troubleshooting Mechanical Problems......Page 1141
43.29 Troubleshooting the Four-Way Valve......Page 1142
43.31 Checking the Charge......Page 1144
43.32 Special Applications for Heat Pumps......Page 1145
43.33 Heat Pumps Using Scroll Compressors......Page 1148
43.34 Heat Pump Systems with Variable-Speed Motors......Page 1149
43.35 Service Technician Calls......Page 1150
44.2 Geothermal Heat Pump Classifications......Page 1160
44.4 Water Quality......Page 1161
44.5 Closed-Loop Systems......Page 1164
44.7 System Materials and Heat Exchange Fluids......Page 1167
44.8 Geothermal Wells and Water Sources......Page 1169
44.9 Water-to-Water Heat Pumps......Page 1172
44.10 Troubleshooting......Page 1173
44.11 Waterless, Earth-Coupled, Closed-Loop Geothermal Heat Pump Systems......Page 1176
44.12 Service Technician Calls......Page 1179
Section 9: Domestic Appliances......Page 1184
45.1 Refrigeration......Page 1185
45.2 The Evaporator......Page 1186
45.3 Natural-Draft Evaporators......Page 1187
45.5 The Compressor......Page 1189
45.7 Defrost Condensate, Automatic Defrost......Page 1192
45.9 Metering Device......Page 1195
45.10 The Domestic Refrigerated Box......Page 1196
45.12 Compressor Controls......Page 1202
45.14 Defrost Cycle......Page 1203
45.17 Refrigerator Fan Motors......Page 1204
45.18 Ice-Maker Operation......Page 1206
45.19 Refrigerator Service......Page 1207
45.20 Cabinet Problems......Page 1208
45.21 Gage Connections......Page 1209
45.22 Low Refrigerant Charge......Page 1211
45.24 Refrigerant Leaks......Page 1214
45.25 Evaporator Leaks......Page 1215
45.27 Refrigerant Piping Leaks......Page 1216
45.28 Compressor Changeout......Page 1217
45.29 System Evacuation......Page 1220
45.30 Capillary Tube Repair......Page 1221
45.31 Compressor Capacity Check......Page 1222
45.32 Service Technician Calls......Page 1224
46.1 The Domestic Freezer......Page 1234
46.2 The Cabinet or Box......Page 1235
46.3 Cabinet Interior......Page 1237
46.4 The Evaporator......Page 1239
46.6 The Condenser......Page 1241
46.7 The Metering Device......Page 1243
46.9 Typical Operating Conditions, Condenser......Page 1244
46.10 Typical Operating Conditions, Compressor......Page 1245
46.12 Servicing the Freezer......Page 1247
46.13 Moving the Freezer......Page 1249
46.14 Temporary Food Storage......Page 1251
46.15 Service Technician Calls......Page 1252
47.1 Air Conditioning and Heating with Room Units......Page 1259
47.2 Room Air Conditioning, Cooling......Page 1260
47.3 The Refrigeration Cycle, Cooling......Page 1261
47.4 The Refrigeration Cycle, Heating (Heat Pump)......Page 1265
47.5 Installation......Page 1267
47.6 Controls for Room Units, Cooling......Page 1272
47.8 Maintaining and Servicing Room Units......Page 1275
47.9 Service Technician Calls......Page 1281
Section 10: Chilled-Water Air-Conditioning Systems......Page 1287
Unit 48 High-Pressure, Low-Pressure, and Absorption Chilled-Water Systems......Page 1288
48.1 Chillers......Page 1289
48.4 Cylinder Unloading and Variable-Frequency Drives......Page 1290
48.6 Rotary Screw Compressor Chillers......Page 1292
48.7 Centrifugal Compressor Chillers (High Pressure)......Page 1293
48.10 Flooded Evaporator Chillers......Page 1296
48.11 Condensers for High-Pressure Chillers......Page 1300
48.13 Condenser Subcooling......Page 1301
48.14 Air-Cooled Condensers......Page 1302
48.15 Subcooling Circuit......Page 1303
48.19 Float-Type Metering Devices......Page 1304
48.20 Electronic Expansion Valve......Page 1305
48.21 Low-Pressure Chillers......Page 1306
48.22 Compressors......Page 1307
48.23 Condensers for Low-Pressure Chillers......Page 1309
48.26 Absorption Air-Conditioning Chillers......Page 1310
48.27 Solution Strength......Page 1315
48.28 Solutions Inside the Absorption System......Page 1316
48.30 Capacity Control......Page 1317
48.32 Purge System......Page 1318
48.33 Absorption System Heat Exchangers......Page 1319
48.35 Motors and Drives for Compression Cycle Chillers......Page 1320
48.37 Autotransformer Start......Page 1322
48.38 Wye-Delta......Page 1324
48.40 Motor Protection......Page 1325
48.41 Load-Limiting Devices......Page 1326
48.42 Mechanical-Electrical Motor Overload Protection......Page 1327
48.47 Phase Reversal......Page 1328
49.1 Cooling Tower Function......Page 1331
49.2 Types of Cooling Towers......Page 1332
49.4 Fill Material......Page 1335
49.6 Tower Materials......Page 1336
49.8 Tower Access......Page 1337
49.10 Makeup Water......Page 1338
49.11 Blowdown......Page 1339
49.12 Balancing the Water Flow for a Tower......Page 1340
49.13 Water Pumps......Page 1341
50.1 Chiller Start-Up......Page 1348
50.3 Reciprocating Chiller Start-Up......Page 1351
50.5 Valves for Large Systems......Page 1352
50.6 Centrifugal Chiller Start-Up......Page 1355
50.8 Large Positive Displacement Chiller Operation......Page 1356
50.10 Air-Cooled Chiller Maintenance......Page 1357
50.11 Water-Cooled Chiller Maintenance......Page 1358
50.13 Absorption Chiller Operation and Maintenance......Page 1362
50.14 General Maintenance for All Chillers......Page 1363
50.16 Recovering Refrigerant from a Low-Pressure Chiller......Page 1364
50.18 Refrigerant Safety......Page 1365
50.19 Service Technician Calls......Page 1366
Appendix A: Temperature Conversion Table......Page 1372
Appendix B: Electrical Symbols Chart......Page 1374
Glossary......Page 1375
Index......Page 1428