Reforms for an Ageing Society

Des réformes pour une société vieillissante......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 6
Executive summary......Page 8
Purpose of this report......Page 9
PROGRESS IN INTRODUCING AGE-RELATED REFORMS......Page 12
Summary and main results......Page 14
The present situation......Page 15
Repairing the work incentives in pensions – age of entitlement reforms......Page 17
Other ways of increasing participation rates......Page 18
Box 1.3. Raising the age eligibility for New Zealand Superannuation had a substantial effect on employment rates......Page 19
Box 1.4. Examples of reforms that increase the age of pension eligibility......Page 20
Box 1.5. Reforms that increase work incentives through benefit and contribution changes......Page 21
Box 1.7. Examples of reforms that close or restrict some pathways to retirement......Page 22
Box 1.8. United Kingdom highlighted reform to disability programme......Page 23
Box 1.9. Examples of reforms that strengthen new pathways to retirement......Page 24
The scale of the policy challenge and of national responses......Page 26
Helping older people find new jobs......Page 27
Promoting a work force for all ages......Page 28
Box 2.1. The employability of older workers – A policy principle of Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society......Page 29
Box 2.2. Examples of reforms specifically intended to retain older workers......Page 30
Box 2.3. Examples of reforms intended to help older people find new jobs......Page 31
Box 2.4. Examples of reforms intended to produce a workplace for all ages......Page 32
The present situation......Page 34
Cuts in expenditure or increases in contributions......Page 36
Strengthening the budgetary process......Page 37
Box 3.2. Selected examples of reforms to age-related programmes – Benefits have been cut or revenue increased......Page 38
Box 3.4. How fiscal action can relieve the pressures of ageing: the American example......Page 39
Box 3.5. How fiscal action can relieve the pressures of ageing: the Australian example......Page 40
Box 3.6. Selected examples of reforms to the budgetary process and to consensus-building......Page 41
Box 3.7. Strengthening of the budgetary discipline – The expenditure ceiling in Sweden......Page 42
The present situation......Page 44
Reforming public pensions......Page 47
A potential problem for the long run?......Page 48
The structure of the retirement income system – A policy principle of Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society......Page 49
Box 4.2. Mexico – Moving to a developed social security model based on individual accounts......Page 50
Box 4.3. Selected examples of reforms moving towards modernisation......Page 51
Box 4.4. Selected examples of reforms designed to strengthen private pensions......Page 52
Box 4.6. The Swedish reform......Page 53
Box 4.8. Canada – The policy advantages of a diversified system......Page 55
Summary and main results......Page 56
The present situation......Page 57
More adequate public pensions for low income people......Page 60
Box 4.9. Selected examples of reforms and programmes addressed to assist low-income people......Page 61
The present situation......Page 64
Information strategies for sustaining effective reforms......Page 66
Box 5.2. Australia – A reform history focusing on the role of the family care-giver......Page 67
Box 5.3. Ageing in place – Community and home-based long-term care......Page 68
Box 5.4. Reforms aiming at co-ordination of health and long-term care......Page 69
Box 5.5. Reforms targeted at the financing of health and, especially, long-term care......Page 70
Box 5.6. Austria – A reform focusing on the redesign of long-term care systems......Page 71
Box 5.7. Information strategies for strengthening the reform process......Page 72
Box 5.8. Reforms that improve the capacity to deal with ageing pressures......Page 73
The present situation......Page 74
Providing an adequate regulatory framework, including investment rules and monitoring......Page 76
Regulatory principles of employer pension plans – work in progress......Page 77
Box 6.2. Selected examples of reforms aimed at providing general support for an adequate financial market infrastructure......Page 78
Box 6.3. Selected examples of reforms creating an adequate regulatory framework for pension funds, including investment rules and monitoring......Page 79
Box 6.4. Additional examples of reforms related to the regulation of private pensions (based on a supplementary private pension survey)......Page 81
Main themes......Page 82
Box 7.1. Strategic frameworks for reform – A policy principle of Maintaining Prosperity in an Ageing Society......Page 83
Box 7.3. Selected examples of strategic frameworks......Page 84
Box 7.4. Examples of countries with experience in strategic approaches that warn of their limits......Page 85
TRANSITION TO RETIREMENT AND ACTIVE AGEING......Page 86
Summary and main results......Page 88
But older women are still leaving work faster than older men......Page 89
Gradual retirement is not yet common......Page 92
And nor is there a move to more self-employment in later life......Page 94
Becoming a pensioner versus becoming a retiree......Page 95
A change in living arrangement can constitute a third transition – one that can make a big difference to income in retirement......Page 97
Additional free time is not used “actively”......Page 100
Time use patterns vary greatly by country, gender and age......Page 104
A question about the targeting of active ageing policies......Page 106
The data only signal possible issues......Page 110
Summary and main results......Page 112
Expected lifetime years in work and out of work......Page 113
Share of the total population that is employed......Page 116
Can changing labour market patterns offset population ageing? Scenarios for the future......Page 120
A focus only on older people would miss the main target......Page 126
A focus on growing older would be too broad......Page 127
The content of future work......Page 128
OECD response......Page 129
NOTE ON THE QUESTIONNAIRE......Page 130
THE PRESSURES OF AGEING IN THE 29 OECD MEMBER COUNTRIES......Page 132
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 133
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 134
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 136
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 137
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 139
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 140
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 142
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 143
The Czech population is growing older – not far from the OECD average rate......Page 145
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 146
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 147
As a result old age dependency ratios are rising......Page 148
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 150
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 151
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 153
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 154
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 156
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 157
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 159
As a result, old age dependency ratios are rising......Page 160
The Hungarian population is growing older – at about the OECD average rate......Page 162
Old age dependency ratios are rising......Page 163
Lifetime years spent in work are much higher than the OECD average......Page 165
As a result old age dependency ratios will rise......Page 166
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 168
As a result, old age dependency ratios will rise......Page 169
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 171
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 172
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 174
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 175
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 177
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 178
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 180
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 181
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 183
Dependency ratios are growing at a below average rate......Page 184
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 186
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 187
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 189
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 190
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 192
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 193
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 195
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 196
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 198
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 199
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 201
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 202
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 204
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 205
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 207
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing......Page 208
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 210
As a result, old age dependency ratios are growing somewhat......Page 211
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 213
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 214
Lifetime years spent in work......Page 216
Old age dependency ratios are increasing......Page 217