Reduced Inequalities (Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals)

Series Preface
Volume Preface
List of Topics
About the Editors
About the Section Editors
Contributors
A
	Access to Higher Education
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Equality and Equity of Higher Education Access: Conceptual Differences Underlie Various Actions
		Global, National, and Institutional Perspectives Toward Inclusion Through a Widening of Access to Higher Education
			Institutional Autonomy and Access
			Elite Higher Education Institutions and Barriers of Access
			From Elite to Mass Higher Education Systems
			Toward a More Inclusive Higher Education System
		Microlevel Aspects to Higher Education Access
		From Goals to Action: How to Promote Wider Access to Higher Education?
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Access to Public Goods
	Accessibility as a Precondition for Equality for Persons with Disabilities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Accessibility in International Development and Cooperation
			The Uptake of Accessibility in International Instruments: A Brief Overview
			Accessibility in the Development Agenda: From the Millennium Development Goals to the 2030 Agenda
		What Actions Have Countries Taken to Enhance Accessibility? Global and Regional Progress at a Glance
			Mapping Inequality in the Context of SDG 10: The Condition of Persons with Disabilities Today
			Advancement of Accessibility at the Country-Level: Global and Regional Perspectives on the Implementation of the Accessibility...
		Balancing Accessibility, Particularly Universal Design, with Assistive Products and Reasonable Accommodation to Achieve Equal ...
		Conclusions
		Annex I. Descriptive Statistics: Reporting Rates Against the CRPD
		References
	Addressing Inequality Through an Integral Design Approach for Sustainable Development in Rural Communities
		Definition
		Introduction
		Background
		Sustainable Development Policy for the Built Environment
		Sustainable Development and Economic Inequality
		Sustainable Rural Development and Self-Determination
		Sustainable Building through Participatory Design Processes
		Integral Sustainable co-Design in Rural Sri Lanka and India
		Conclusion
		References
	Age-Based Discrimination
	Ageism
	Ageism: Conceptualizing and Contrasting Age-Related Discrimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Conceptualization of Ageism
			Acting Ageism
			Experiencing Ageism
		Age-Related Discrimination in Employment
		Contrasting Ageism: Policies for Workplaces
		Conclusions and Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Ageist
	Age-Related Bias
	Alleviating
	Alternative Globalization
	Anti-racism
	Assault
B
	Belief Reasoning
	Bias
	Bioengineering
	Biotech
	Biotechnology and Poverty-Related Diseases
	Biotechnology in the Developing World
	Brain Drain
C
	Casteism - Racism
	Children as Citizens
	Classification
	Climate Change
	Climate Change Justice
	Cohesion, Unity
	Contribution of Fair Trade in Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Concept of Fair Trade
		The Development of Fair Trade Movement
		The Main Principles of Fair Trade
		The Relationship Between Fair Trade and Sustainable Development
			Social Dimension of Fair Trade
			Economic Dimension of Fair Trade
			Environmental Dimension of Fair Trade
		Pursuing Sustainable Development Goals: The Role of Fair Trade
		Barriers to Fair Trade and Way Forward
			Natural Limits to Success
			High Membership Fees
			Limited Number of Customers
			Reduced Choice of Product
			Higher Cost of Administration
			Little Accountability
			Lack of Buyer´s Attraction to Fair Trade
			Failure to Develop Standard Community
			No Drive to Create Better Efficiencies
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Cross-Culturalism
	Cultural Diversity and Implications in Social Environment
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Culture
		Cultural Diversity
		The Migratory Process
		Impacts of Cultural Diversity
			Urban Environment
			Politics and Intersections with Religion and Language
			Education
			Media
			Workplace
			Healthcare
			Psychological Aspects
			Migratory Psychopathologies
			Sustainable Development
		Ideas to Foster Sustainable Changes
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Cultural Inequality and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		What Is Culture?
		How Cultural Process Leads to Cultural Inequality?
			Identification
			Rationalization
		SDGs and Cultural Inequality
		Culture as an Overreaching Dimension of Sustainable Development
		Cultural Contributions to Sustainable Development
		Impacts of Cultural Inequality to Sustainable Development Goals
		Beyond Cultural Inequality that Hinders SDGs
		Conclusions
		References
	Culturally Pluralism
	Cumulative Disadvantage in Education
D
	Debt
	Debt Sustainability
	Defy
	Degradation
	Development and Equality: UN´s Effort with Least Developed Countries (LDC)
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Evolving Concepts: (In)Equality and Equity
		Sustainable Development Goals
		Development and Equality: The Effort with Least Developed Countries (LDC)
		International Efforts as Examples of International Equality
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Diaspora
	Differentiation
	Digital Divide: From a Peripheral to a Core Issue for All SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Origin and Development of the Concept ``Digital Divide´´
		Three Levels of Digital Divide
			First-Level Digital Divide: Access
			Second-Level Digital Divide: Inequalities in Skills and Use
			Third-Level Digital Divide: Outcomes of Internet Use
		New Divides
		Measuring the Digital Divide
		Explaining the Divide
		Digital Divide and Sustainable Development Goals
		Dealing with the Divide
		Concluding Thoughts
		Cross-References
		References
	Digital Gap
	Digital Inequality
	Dimensions and Causes of Systemic Oppression
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Terminology
		Dimensions of Systemic Oppression
			Social Oppression
			Civilized Oppression
			Institutional(-ized) Oppression
		Causes of Systemic Oppression
		Empirical Manifestation and Examples
			Racial/Ethnical Oppression
			Class Oppression
			Gender Oppression
			Sexual Oppression
		Systemic Oppression and the SDGs
		Cross-References
		References
	Diminishing Inequality Through Coaching in Education
		Definitions
		Introduction
		National Contexts
			South African Context
			UK Context
		Case Reviews
			The Recruitment Process
			The Project Curriculum
		BS2 Business School - Mentoring and Coaching for Leadership
			Mentoring and Coaching for Leadership Curriculum
		BS3 - BAIB and Coaching in Leadership and Employability
			BS3 BAIB Coaching Curriculum
		The BS1 Project Outcomes
		Outcomes from BS2´s Coaching Project
		Outcomes from BS3 Coaching Project
		Combined Learning from the Projects
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Direct Investment
	Disadvantaged
	Disaster Management
	Discrimination: Concept, Types, Impact, and Remedies
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Thick Concept
			Distinctions Between People
			Grounds of Discrimination
			Arbitrary Distinctions
		Why People Discriminate
			Discrimination With and Without Prejudice
			Causes of Prejudice
		Types of Discrimination
			Direct Discrimination
			Indirect Discrimination
			Statistical Discrimination
			Individual, Organizational, and Structural Discrimination
		Equality, Fairness, and Freedom of Association
			Observing (In)equality
			Discrimination and Equality
			Fairness of Discrimination
			Freedom of Association and the ``Right´´ to Discriminate?
		Impact of Discrimination
		Discrimination, Inequality, and Development
		Conclusion and Remedies Against Discrimination
		Cross-References
		References
	Dispersion
	Displacement
	Distinction
	Domestic Violence
	Domestic Work
E
	Earth Citizenship
	Eco Citizenship
	Economic Inequality: Measures and Causes
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theories of Inequality
		Economic Measures of Inequality
			Wealth Distribution
			Income Distribution
			Measurement Methods and Indicators of Inequality
			Causes of Economic Inequality
		Factors at Microlevel
			Starting Lines
			Sequence of Opportunities in Life
			Gender Inequality
			Rentierism
			Global Influences
			State Governance Policies and Taxes
		Factors at Macrolevel
			Governance, Policies, and Their Implementation
			Corruption and Inflation
			Education, Civil Rights, and Liberty
			Geography and Population
			Labor Market
			Globalization and Information Technology (IT)
			Price Policies
			Natural Calamities and Climate Change
		Minimizing Inequality
			Psychological Preparedness
			Education
			Payments
			Distribution of Resources
			Regional Development
			Welfare Programs
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Economic Policy to Reduce Inequality
		Definition
		Introduction
		Inequality and Challenges to the Growth Objective
		Determinants of Inequality Within and Between Countries
		Policy Measures to Reduce Inequality
			Measures to Increase Income for Middle and Lower Classes
				Full Employment
				Minimum Wage Systems and Labor Standards
				Minimum Income Schemes Including Universal Basic Income
				Comprehensive Public Provisioning of Social Benefits
				Reduced Working Hours and Work-Sharing
				Reducing the Transaction Costs of Migrant Remittances
				Public, Worker-Owned and Cooperative Business Models
				Participatory Budgeting
				Industrial Policy to Reduce Inequality
				Protection of Communal Property and Commons
			Measures to Minimize the Concentration of Wealth
				Progressive Wealth Taxation
				Eliminating Tax Evasions and Repatriating Profits Equitably
				Financial Sector Reform
				Negotiating Fair Trade Agreements
		Conclusion: Political Struggles over Economic Policy to Reduce Inequality
		Cross-References
		References
	Economic, Monetary
	Education for Reducing Inequalities
	Education for Sustainable Development
	Educational Differentiation
	Educational Stratification
	Effects of Trade Barriers on Development and Growth
		Definition
		Introduction
		Types of Trade Barriers
			Tariffs
			Quotas
			Other Trade Barriers
		Effects of Trade and Trade Barriers on Development
		Conclusions: What Way Forward?
		Cross-References
		References
	Empowerment of Civil Society
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Theoretical Perspectives on Civil Society and Empowerment
			Civil Society
			Empowerment
		Role of Civil Society and Empowerment: Points of Departure
		Conclusion: Partnership as Tool to Empower Civil Society
		Cross-References
		References
	Empowerment of Community Associations
	Empowerment of Nongovernmental Organizations
	Empowerment of Philanthropic Organizations
	Empowerment of Voluntary Organizations
	Enhancing Collaboration Between Societal Stakeholders for Reduced Inequalities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Societal Collaborations for SDG 10
			Policies and Principles for SDG 10
			Participatory Approaches for Partnership Building
			SDG 10 and Target 10.2: Some Examples of Implementation in Practice
				Participation for People with Disabilities in Life, Municipality in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
				The Sao Paulo Community Gardens
					Participation for Neighbourhood Improvement and Co-existence in Costa Rica
			Way Ahead: Transdisciplinary Collaboration
		Cross-References
		References
	Environmental Services
	Equal Resilience for Global Risks: Mitigating Social, Economic, and Environmental Inequalities
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
		The Context of Equal Resilience for Global Risks
		Identifying Global Risks Facing the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development
			Equal Resilience for Economic Development at Regional and Urban Level
		Equal Resilience for Social Risks
		Modern-Day or Contemporary Thinking on Resilience on Social Resilience
		Social Resilience to Infectious Diseases and Pandemics
		Equal Resilience for Environmental Risks
		The Relationship Between Sustainability and Resilience
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Equality
	Equality Laws
	Equality of Opportunities
	Equality, Nondiscrimination, and Sustainable Development of Persons with Disabilities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Background
		An Inclusive 2030 Agenda
		Equality and Nondiscrimination
		The Crosscutting Nature of the SDGs and CRPD
		Why Inclusion Matters
		Recommendation for Inclusion of Persons with Disabilities
			Partnerships
			Data
			Finance and Budgeting
			Education
			Employment
			Health Care
			Accessibility
			Environment and Climate Risk
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Equity
	Exclusion
F
	Facilitating Rural Community Participation: Construction and Design of an Anganwadi Center in Ajjarkad, Udupi, India
		Definition of terms and Introduction to Anganwadi Centers (AWCs)
		Collaborative and Participatory Research Methods
		Models of Anganwadi Center Design and Construction
			The Anganwadi Project (TAP) Model
			Gram Panchayat-Led (Local Government) Model of Anganwadi
		Challenges in Design and Construction of Anganwadi Centers
			Government-Decided Needs Versus Stakeholder-Decided Needs
		Way Forward Through Co-design and Participatory Design
			Various Types of Participation
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		References
	Factors Effecting Valued-Resource Distribution
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Valuation
		Distribution
			Restriction of Elements of Resource Rights
				Right to Income from Resource
				Right to Access
				Right to Ownership
				Right to Manage and Use
		Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Fair Debt
	Fair Debts Management for Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Meaning of ``Debt´´
		The General Structure of Debt
		Debt for Sustainable Development
		Fair Debts Management for Sustainable Development
		Discussion
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Financial Soundness and Macroprudential Regulation of Banks in ASEAN-5 Countries
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Macroprudential Bank Regulations
			Capital Regulation
			Activity Restrictions
			Deposit Insurance
			Official Supervision
		Pre-Asian Financial Crisis Liberalization and Deregulation
		Bank Restructuring During the Asian Financial Crisis
		Post-Global Financial Crisis Banking Deregulation in ASEAN-5
		Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Foreign Direct Investment and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		The Concept of FDI
		Legal Framework for the Protection and Promotion of FDI
		Investor-State Dispute Settlement
		FDI and Sustainable Development
		FDI, Sustainability and Soft Law
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Foreign Direct Investments in Least Developed Countries
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Pros and Cons of FDI in Least Developed Countries
			Pros of FDI
			Cons of FDI
		Effective FDI Strategies
		Ultimate Achievement and Benefits from FDI
		Incentives Provided to Attract FDI
		FDI: Malaysia´s Experience
		Relationship Between FDI and SDGs
		Role of FDI in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals in Malaysia
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Foreign Investment
G
	Gender Bias
	Gender Bias and Sustainable Development
	Gender Development
	Gender Discrimination
	Gender Gap
	Gender Imbalance
	Gender Inequality and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Theoretical Notes
			Gender
			Gender Inequality (GI)
		Gender Equality, Women´s Empowerment, and Sustainable Development
		Forms and Causes of Gender Inequality
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Gender-Based Violence
	Gender-Related Discrimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Classification of Gender Discrimination
			Direct Discrimination
			Indirect Discrimination
		Forms of Gender Discrimination
			Gender Discrimination in Employment and Wages
			Gender Discrimination in Respect to Sexual Violence
			Gender Discrimination in Respect to Property Ownership
			Gender Discrimination in Respect to Education
			Gender Discrimination in Freedom of Expression
		Gender Discrimination as a Violation of Human Rights
		Addressing Gender-Related Discrimination
			Legal Reform
			Broad Collaboration
			Role and Control of Information and Communication Technology
			Education
			Beyond Gender-Related Discrimination
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Citizenship and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Global Citizenship and the Sustainable Development Goals
			Introduction
			Historical Background
			Global Citizenship Today
			Global Citizenship and the 17 SDGs
			Global Citizenship Education
			Global Ecological and Environmental Citizenship
			Children and Youth as Global Citizens
		Conclusion and Final Thoughts
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Climate Change and Inequalities
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Connection Between Climate Change and Inequality
		Drivers of Disaster Risk for Displacement
		Climate Displacement and Inequality of People
		Climate-Displaced People, Inequality, and SDG 10
		Conclusions
		References
	Global Compact for Migration (aka Global Compact on Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration)
	Global Compact on Refugees
	Global Dweller
	Global Economic Change and Inequality
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Globalization, Inequality, and Poverty
		Dimensions of Globalization
		Globalization and Economic Growth
		Winners versus Losers
		Dimensions of Inequality
		Economic Growth and Inequality
		Global Economic Inequality
		The Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Economy
	Global Family Member
	Global Financial Markets: Historical Context and Relationship with Inequalities
		Definition
		Introduction
		Elements of Global Financial Markets
		Historical Context of Global Financial Markets
		Global Markets and Domestic Policy
			Policy Autonomy
		Financial Market Crises and Inequalities
			Financial Integration and Crises
			Financialization and Inequalities
		Key Issues
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Governance of Migration
	Global Justice Movement
	Global Policy on Migration
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Global Compact on Safe, Regular, and Orderly Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees
			Timeline and Phases of the Global Compact
			The Significance and Main Aims of the Global Compact for Migration and Refugees
		Key Issues
			Migration Data
			Burden- and Responsibility-Sharing
			Better Protection and Cooperation Without Exclusion
		Future Directions
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Policy-Making Process of Inequality Reduction: Equalities and Non-equalities of Inequality
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Stems of Inequality
		Trends in Inequality
		The Equality and Non-equality of Inequality Policies
		Global Policy-Making Process for the Reduction of Inequality
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Global Social Governance
	Global Social Policy and Inequality
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Global Social Policy: An Introduction
		Inequality and its Relationship with Global Social Policy
			The Policy Impact of Globalization
		International Actors and Global Social Policy
		Governance of Global Social Policy
		GSP Processes
			Redistribution
			Regulation
			The Future for GSP
		Cross-References
		References
	Globalization
	Globalization and Inequality: Sustainable Human Development in the Anthropocene Epoch
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Reducing Inequalities Through Sustainable Development
		The Political Economy of Globalization
		Planetary Tipping Points and Sustainable Human Development
		Global Poverty: The Responsibility Question
		Reframing Sustainable Development
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Governmental Policies for Anti-discrimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions of Terms
			A Policy
			Government Policy
			Discrimination
		Governmental Policies for Anti-discrimination
			Introduction
		Review of Government Policy for Anti-discrimination in the European Union
		The Aims of Having Governmental Policies for Anti-discrimination
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP) and Sustainable Development
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Origins of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
		GDP as an Indicator of Sustainable Development
		Green Growth and Sustainable Green GDP
		Sustainable Green Technology
		The Role of Green Technologies in Sustainable Development (Case Study: Corn Production in Mexico)
		Conclusions
		References
	Guidelines
H
	Happiness Inequality and Income Inequality: Theories, Measurement, and Trends
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Background and Conceptualization of Income and Happiness Inequality
		Theories of Income and Happiness Inequality
		Measurement of Income and Happiness Inequality
		Trend Analysis of Income and Happiness Inequality
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Harassment
	Healthcare Biotechnology Development
	Household Expenditure, Inequality, and Sustainability
		Definition
		Introduction
		Household Expenditure and Inequality
		Household Expenditure and Sustainability
		Means by Which Household Data Integrity Is Maintained
		Conclusion
		References
	Human Capabilities Approach to Reduce Inequalities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		The Human Capabilities Approach
		The Core Factors of the Capabilities Approach
			Functioning
			Freedom
				Agency
				Capabilities
		Capability Approach to Reduce Inequality
		Issues of Capability Approach for Identifying the Inequality
			Complexity of Capability Approach in the Context of Understanding Inequality
			Role of Wealth and Income in Studying Capability Approach to Identify Inequality
			Challenge of Understanding Inequality Without Linking with Resources
		Conclusion
		References
	Human Rights
	Human Rights Law: Tool for Achieving Equality and Social Justice
		Definition
		The Role of Human Right Law in Attaining SDG 10
			Introduction
			Problem Statement
		Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights Law
		Key Issues
		Future Directions/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Rights Policy and Sustainable Development Goals
		Definition
		Human Rights Discourse
		Contemporary Human Rights Policy: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
		Sources of Human Rights Law
		Human Rights System
		International Organizations and States
		Nongovernmental Organizations
		Promises and Limitations
		Sustainable Development Goals and Human Rights
		Cross-References
		References
	Human Trafficking
I
	Immigrant Integration
	Immigrant Political Incorporation and Social Inclusion
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Integration Indexes and Empirical Challenges
			Measuring Immigration Policy
			Measuring Immigrant Subjective Well-Being
			Measuring Immigrant Outcomes
			Conceptual Challenges in Measurement
		Immigrant Political Opportunities
			Immigrant Voting Rights
			Immigrant Political Representation
		Immigrant Social Inclusion
			Race and Religion
			Labor Market Participation and Household Income
			Community Building Patterns
		Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Impact of Climate Change, Intergenerational Justice, and Human Rights on SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Future Generations and the Nonidentity Problem
			A Counterargument to Obligations to Future Generations
		Principles of Justice and Sustainable Development Goals
			Principles of Intergenerational Justice and Needs Sufficientarianism
			The Principles of Justice and Climate Change
			Intergenerational Global Justice and Climate Policies
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Impact of Energy Inequalities Within and Among Nations
		Definition
		Introduction
		Energy Inequalities Within and Among Nations
		Repurcussions of Energy Inequalities
			Impact on Sustainable Development
			Impact on Health
			Impact on Gender Equality
			Impact on Domestic Energy Requirements
			Impact on Education
			Persons with Disability
			Increasing Consumption by Corporate and Business Houses
		Energy Inequalities and Targets of SDG10
			SDG-10.1
			SDG-10.2
			SDG-10.3
			SDG-10.4
			SDG-10.5
			SDG-10.6
			SDG-10.7
			SDG-10.a
			SDG-10.b
			SDG-10.c
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Indigenous Farming Systems and Global Sustainability
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Features of Indigenous Farming System
			Indigenous/Indigenous Knowledge of Farming Practices
			Agricultural Management Strategies
			Water Management Strategies
		Significance of Indigenous Farming Systems
			Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change Mitigation
			Developing Resilience
			Biodiversity Conservation
			Economic Sustainability
			Food Security and Nutrition
			Toward Achieving SDGs
		The Marginalization of Indigenous Farming Systems
		Policy and Legal Framework for the Rights of Indigenous Farming Systems
		Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Inequality
	Inequity
	Injustice
	Institutional Oppression
	Interactive
	Interculturalism
	Intergenerational Justice
	Internalized Oppression
	International and National Experiences of Wage Policy
		Definitions
		Introduction
			What Is a Wage Policy?
		Collective Bargaining and Minimum Wages: Twin Processes
			Collective Bargaining, Wage Inequality, and Gender Pay Gap
			How Effective Is the Minimum Wage Tool?
			International Experiences with Minimum Wage Systems
		Developing Economies: The Case of India
			Dualism of the Formal and the Informal
			Wage Employment and Wage Policy in India
			Decoding the Code on Wages: Emerging Concerns
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	International Integration
	International Investment
	International Organizations That Work on Inequality
		Definition
		Introduction
		A Review of the Historical Development of International Organizations on Inequality and the Role of the UN in Their Expansion
		The Role of the UN in the Development of International Organizations Dealing with Inequality in the Twentieth Century
			Development of International Organizations Dealing with Inequality in the Twentieth Century
		International Institutions and International Nongovernmental Organizations Addressing Inequality
			IMF, WB, and OECD in Fight Against Inequality
		International Nongovernmental Organizations Dealing with Inequality
			Think Tanks
			Academic Centers
			Public Interest Groups
			Organizing Projects
		International Human Rights Organizations as a Special Form of International Organizations Dealing with Inequality
		Concluding Summary
		Cross-References
		References
	Internationalization
	Intertwined
	Intimate Partner Violence
	Investment
	Invisible Work
J
	Justice
L
	Labor Migration: Issues and Challenges in the Context of Sustainable Development Goals
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			The Four Intersecting Causes and Outcomes Between Migration and Development
		Labor Migration
			Labor Migrants: Where and Who Are They?
			Labor Migrants: Where Are They From?
			Labor Migrants: How Much Are They Remitting?
			Benefits from Labor Migration
		Issues and Challenges in Labor Migration
			Negative Social Impacts of Labor Migration
				Negative Impacts on the Side of Labor Migrants
				Negative Impacts on the Side of Labor Migrants´ Families and Countries
			Mismatched/Ineffective Migration Policies
			Lack of High-Quality and Comprehensive Data
		Prospects for the Future
			Stronger Cooperation Between Home and Host Countries
			More Liberal and Rational Labor Migration Policies
			Better, Reliable, and Comprehensive Data
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Leave No One Behind
	Life Satisfaction
	Livelihood Assets
	Livelihood Risk Assessment
	Localizing the SDGs
M
	Marginalized
	Measurement of Absolute Disparity
	Measurement of Absolute Inequality
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		What Do We Use to Measure and Assess Inequality?
		Measurements of Inequality
			The Distribution of Observations
			Distinguishing the Effects of Growth and Distribution on Changes in Poverty
			The Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient
			Generalized Entropy Measures: Theil L Index (Mean Log Deviation Measure) and Theil T Index
			Atkinson´s Inequality Measures
			Palma Ratio
		Conclusion
			Note 1: Goal 10 Targets in the SDGs
			Note 2: Survey Sampling and Statistical Distribution
			Note 3: Desirable Properties for Inequality Measures
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Measurement of Inequality
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Gauging Income Inequality
			Criteria for Inequality Metrics
			Measures to Gauge Inequality
				Simple Inequality Measures
				The Lorenz Curve
				Gini Coefficient
				Theil´s Index
				Coefficient of Variation (CV)
				Kuznets Ratio
				Decile Dispersion Ratio
				Palma Ratio
				20/20 Ratio
				Atkinson Index
				Hoover (Robin Hood) Index
				Pen´s Parade Graph
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Mediators
	Medical Biotechnology in Low-Middle-Income Countries
	Migrant
	Migrant Workers
	Migration, Remittances, and the Sustainable Development Goals
		Definitions
		Introduction and Context
			The Scale of Remittances
		Remittance Corridors
			North-South
			South-South
		Remittance Transaction Costs
		Mobile Money
		Remittance Dependency
			Remittance Dependency in Times of Crisis
		`Negative Remittances´
		Concluding Remarks
		Cross-References
		References
	Multiculturalism
	Mundialization
N
	National Libraries and Their Role as Agents for Equality
		Definitions
			National Library
		Introduction
		Sources of Inequality
		Reduced Inequality and National Library Engagement
			Empowerment
			Access to the World´s Knowledge
			Access to Expert Guidance
		National Libraries, Inequality, and the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)
		Summary
		References
	Nations´ Rankings in Terms of Inequality
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Inequality and Sustainable Development Goals
		Rankings on Income Inequality
			Implications of Income Inequality Ranking
			Limitations of Measuring Income Inequality
		Rankings on Gender Inequality
			UNDP (Gender Inequality Index)
			OECD (Gender Inequality Indicators)
			Implications of Gender Inequality Rankings
		Rankings of Inequalities in Health and Education
		Between-Country Inequalities
			Rankings on Inequalities in Access to Utilities (Water, Sanitation, and Electricity)
			Rankings on Inequalities in Terms of Resource Flows for Development
			Rankings on Inequalities in Technology Use
		Combined Measures of Inequality and Inequality-Related Policy
			Rankings on the Coefficient of Human Inequality
			Commitment to Reducing Inequality (CRI) Index
			Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by UNDP
			Implications of the Rankings of MPI
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Natural Resources
	Neoliberal Globalization
	New Economy
	New International Migration Management Technologies and Their Impact on Sustainability
		Definitions
		Sustainability, Migration and AI - Connecting the Dots
		Challenges in Harnessing Technology for International Migration Management
			Lawfulness
			Ethics
			Technical Robustness
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
	Non-discrimination
	Notion of Standard of Living: Singular, Qualitative, and Composite
		Definitions
			The Singular Notions of Standard of Living
			The Qualitative Notions of Standard of Living
			The Composite Notions of Standard of Living
			Different Levels of Standard of Living
			Discussion
		Cross-References
	Acknowledgment
		References
O
	Othering
	Overcoming Inequalities Through Economic System Design
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		An Overview of the Driving Forces Acting in the Economic System
			The Legal, Economic, Ideological, Scientific, and Technological Foundations of Capitalism
			Market Regulation, the Efficient Organization of the Capitalist System
			The Quest of Economic Growth
		Can Capitalism Solve Inequalities?
			The Economic System and the Economic Inequalities
			How the Economic System Generates Excessive Vulnerabilities for Humanity?
		The Holistic Account of Inequality
		Redesigning the Economic System: The SDGs Are Vital Goals
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Overseas Contract Workers
	Overseas Employment
	Overseas Workers
P
	Partnerships for the SDGs
	Patriarchy: Meaning, Origin, Theories, and Relationship with SDG10
		Definition
		Introduction
		Conceptual Clarifications
		Types of Patriarchy
		The Origin of Patriarchy
		Patriarchy and Feminist Theories
			Radical Feminism
			Marxist Feminism
			Socialist Feminism
		Patriarchy and Women´s Subordination
		The Relationship Between Patriarchy and the UN Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG10)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Perspective Taking: Reducing Inequality Within and Among Countries
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Inequality Within and Among Countries
		Perspective Taking
		Acknowledging the Perspective of Others
		Future Actions
		Cross-References
		References
	Philosophical Thoughts on Inequality from Ancient Greece to Pre-Enlightenment Period
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Origin and Nature of Inequalities in Ancient Society
		Concept of Justice in Ancient Philosophy
		Medieval Thoughts on Justice Against Inequality
		Thoughts on Inequality in the Pre-enlightenment Periods
		Conclusion
		References
	Planetary Citizenship
	Polarization, Separation
	Political Economy of Participatory Spatial Planning
		Definition
		Introduction: Political Economy and Participatory Spatial Planning
		Unpacking the Spatial Contexts of Inclusive Planning
			International Development Planning
			National Development Planning
			Regional, Urban, Community, and Neighborhood Planning
		Participatory Spatial Planning: Political Economy Framework
			Political Inclusion
			Social Inclusion
			Economic Inclusion
		Summary and Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Political Inclusion
	Political Integration
	Poverty Mitigation and Biotechnology
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Biotechnology for Poverty Mitigation
			Fighting Poverty by Tackling Diseases with Biotechnology in Developing Countries
				Poverty-Related Diseases
				The Biotechnology Promise
				Fighting Diseases with Biotechnology as a Poverty Mitigation Measure
			Barriers to Fighting Poverty with Medical Biotechnology: Gap Between Developed and Developing Countries
				Shortcomings of the Current Global Health R&D System
				Low-Income Countries Benefit from Treatments Originally Developed for High-Income Countries
				Poorly Developed Access and Delivery Systems as a Main Problem
			Fighting Poverty with Medical Biotechnology: Strategies to Bring it into Developing Countries
				Efficient Management of Intellectual Property Rights and Clear Patent Delineation
				Building Bridges Between Public and Private Stakeholders
				Increasing Biotechnology Financial Support
				Making Biotechnology Accessible Through Government Policies and International Agreements
				Establishing Open-Source Biotechnological Approaches
				Education to Empower the Fight against Poverty-Related Diseases
			Summary/Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Preference
	Prejudice
	Proliferation
	Pro-poor Growth Policies for Poverty Alleviation
		Definitions
			Concept of Poor and Poverty
		Introduction
		Approaches and Measurements of Poverty
		Pro-poor Growth (PPG)
		Pro-poor Policy
		Pro-poor Policies by Sector
			Agricultural Sector
			Rural Development
			Health
			Tourism
		Experiences by Countries: Programs and Impacts
			Africa
			Kenya
			Ghana
		Asian Countries and Southeast Asia
			Philippines
			Indonesia
			Thailand
			Malaysia
		Conclusion
		References
	Protection from Bullying and Harassment Under SDG10
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
		Classification of Bullying and Harassment at the Workplace
		Difference Between Bullying and Harassment
		Typology of Bullying and Harassment
		Daunting Effects and Diverse Arrays
		Human Rights Norms and Legal Frameworks
		ILO and Harassment
		Preventive Measures and Mechanisms
		Global Agreements Under SDG 10
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Public Debt
	Public Policies on Economic, Social, and Territorial Cohesion Regarding Inequalities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Regional Development and Its Factors
		The Concept of Economic, Social, and Territorial Cohesion
		Economic, Social, and Territorial Disparities in Selected Regions of the World
		Policies to Ensure Cohesion: Challenges and Perspectives
		The Support of Economic, Social, and Territorial Cohesion within the International Grouping: The European Union Example
		Conclusion
		References
	Public Policies, ``One Health,´´ and Global Inequalities Under the COVID-19 Lens
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Inequality Expressions at Global and Regional Level in the Pandemic Era
		``One Health´´ and Public Policies for Concept Implementation
		Concluding Remarks
		References
	Public Policy
R
	Racial Discrimination in Higher Educational Institutions
		Definition
		Introduction
		The United States
		Europe
		Australia
		Indian Context
		Cross-References
		References
	Rape
	Recombinant DNA Technology
	Red Biotechnology and Neglected Diseases
	Reduced Inequality
	Reducing Inequalities Through Education and Skill Development Courses
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
			SDG 10: Reducing Inequalities Through Education
			Gender Equality Through Education
			Identifying Missing Link to Bridge the Equality Gap
		Paths Forward: Linkages with Other Sustainable Development Goals
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Reducing Inequalities Through Trade with Less Developed Countries
		Definitions
		International Trade and Globalization: Since When?
		International Trade and Its Characteristics
		Developed, Less Developed, and Trade
			Developed Versus Less Developed
		Trade with Less Developed Countries
			A Brief Overview of Trade with Less Developed Countries
		Developed, Less Developed, and Trade
		A Final Word on Trade with Less Developed Countries: Where Are We Going?
		Cross-References
		References
	Reducing Inequality
	Regulation of Financial Markets in Reducing Inequalities
		Definition
		Introduction
			Banking Sector
				Microlending and Microfinance Institutions
			Banking Sector Regulatory Framework at the International Level
			Capital Market
				Green, Social, and Sustainability Bonds
				Stock Market
			Capital Markets Regulatory Framework at the International Level
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
S
	Segregation, Separation
	Sex Difference
	Sex Discrimination
	Sex Inequity
	Sexual Assault
	Sexual Harassment
	Sexual Violence
	Sexual Violence: Using Fiction to Inform Policy Solutions
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Sexual Violence in Literature
		Fiction and Policy
		Integrating Fiction into Policy Processes
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Sharing of Indispensable Resources
	Social Capital
	Social Polarization and Ghettoization: Economic and Policy-Driven Causes
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Contemporary Concern
		Urban Phenomenon
		Migration
		Housing
		Stigmatized Profile
		Education
		Health Care
		Sustainable Development Goals
		Toward 2030
		Cross-References
		References
	Social Policy
	Sociology of Inequality
		Definition
		Introduction
		Sociology of Inequality
			Objective
			Subjective
			Person-Blame
			System-Blame
		Sociological Theories and Inequality
			Functionalism
			Symbolic Interactionism
			Conflict Theory
			Other Theories
		Sociology and Social Class
		Consequences of Inequality
		Future of Inequality
		Addressing Inequality
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Strengthening Civil Society Organizations
	Structural Oppression
	Structural Sexism: Foundations, Reproduction, and Responses
		Definition
		Introduction
		Foundations of Structural Sexism
		Reproduction of Structural Sexism
			Ideology
			Gender Socialization and Conformity
			Harm and Violence
		Feminism as a Response to Structural Sexism
		Structural Sexism and Agenda 2030: A Way Forward
		Cross-References
		References
	Subjective Well-Being
	Sustainable Development
	Sustainable Economy
	Sustainable Growth
	Sustainable Livelihood Framework for Equitable Living in Crisis of a Global Pandemic
		Synonyms
		Definition(s)
		Introduction
		Deconstructing the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF)
		Relevance for Human Sustainable Living (Benefits and Limitations)
		Equality Dimension of Sustainable Livelihood Approach and Relations with the SDG Framework
		Conclusion and Way Forward on Equitable Living Conditions
	Acknowledgment
		References
	Sustainable Living
	Sustainable Transfer of Biotechnology
T
	Targeted Circulation or Flow of Valued Supplies/Property
	Technology, Infrastructure, and Their Regulatory Regimes in Reducing Inequalities
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Physical Infrastructure
		ICTs Infrastructure
		Technology Transfer Diffusion
		COVID-19 Impact
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Theoretical Frameworks on Tertiary Education Inequality in the SDG Era
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Persistent Inequality
			Theoretical Frameworks
				The Maximally Maintained Inequality
				Effectively Maintained Inequality
			Evidence on Persistent Inequality of Tertiary Education
				Inequality of Overall Access to Tertiary Education
				Heterogeneous Patterns of Inequality By Type of Tertiary Education
			Korean Context: Rapid Expansion of Educational Opportunity
		Cumulative Disadvantage
			Theoretical Framework: Life Course Perspective
			Evidence of Intergenerational Inequality of Tertiary Education
			European Context: Nordic Model of Lifelong Learning and Tertiary Lifelong Learning (TLLL)
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
	Theory of Mind
	Trade and Development
	Trade and Environment
	Trade and Health
	Trafficking in Persons
	Transculturalism
	Transnational Investment
	Transparency as a Tool for SDG Implementation
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		Basic Rights
		Transparency
		Transparency in Access to Basic Rights Data
		Conclusion
		Cross-References
		References
U
	UN Work on Anti-discrimination
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Introduction
		UN Work on Anti-discrimination
			UN Work on Discrimination Against Minorities
			UN Work on Discrimination Against People with Disabilities
			UN Work on Discrimination Against Women
			UN Work on Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
			UN Work on Discrimination Based on Racial Differences
			UN Work on Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief Differences
			UN Work on Discrimination Against Migrants
			UN Work on Discrimination Against Indigenous Peoples
		Conclusion
		References
	Unfair
	Unfairness
	Unjustness
	Unpaid Labor and the Quest for Equality
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		Unpaid Labor as ``women´s Work´´
			Theories and Models
		Factors to Narrow the Inequality Gap
		Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Unpaid Work
	Urban Metabolism as Driver for Inequalities: Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
		Definition
		Introduction
		The Theory of Urban Metabolism
			The Urban Metabolism Concept
			City Growth and Inequalities
				Economic Inequalities
				Social Inequalities
				Political Inequalities
				Spatial Inequalities
			Material Flows Within Urban Areas
			Mega Cities
		Urban Planning and Design
		The Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
		Conclusions
		Cross-References
		References
	Urban, Industrialized
V
	Violence
	Violence Against Women
	Violence Against Women and Girls
	Violence and Victimization: Gender Inequality
		Synonyms
		Definitions
		Background
		Gender-Specific Violence: Facts and Figures
			Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
			Human Trafficking and Enslavement
			Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
		Achieving the Target: Action Plan and Implementation Strategies
			Legal Framework
			Bridging the Data Gaps and Monitoring
			Decentralization of Implementation and Accountability
		Challenges in Implementation
		Dimensions That Need Attention of SDGs
		The Way Forward to 2030
		Cross-References
		References
W
	Welfare
	World Citizen
	World Trade Organization and Its Role in Supporting SDGs
		Synonyms
		Definition
		Introduction
		From the GATT System to the WTO
		The WTO Trade Principles
		GATT/WTO Agreements
		Dispute Settlement Mechanism
		The WTO Organization and Coalitions
			The WTO Organization Structure
			The Coalitions
		The WTO Doha Negotiations Round and Development
		The WTO and Sustainability
		Future of Multilateral Trade, Development, and Sustainability
		Cross-References
		References