Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials: Recycling for Sustainable Developments

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Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials
Recycling and Reusing of Engineering Materials: Recycling for SustainableDevelopments
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Contents
1 - Introduction
	1. Introduction
		1.1 General background
		1.2 Recycling: an overview and growth
		1.3 Recent advances in recycling
			1.3.1 Recycling of petroleum-based wastes
			1.3.2 Cracking processes
		1.4 Recycling of agricultural wastes
		1.5 Classification of waste streams
		1.6 Legislative policies on environment and societal issues
			1.6.1 Federal policy on recycling
			1.6.2 Societal impact of recycling
		1.7 Recycling priorities, importance, and goals
		1.8 Life cycle assessment of recycled materials
		1.9 Energy saving of recycled materials
		1.10 Economic benefits of recycling
	2. Market analysis of recycled materials
	3. Conclusions
	References
2 - Environmental impacts of recycling
	1. Introduction
	2. Toxic materials and sources
	3. Heavy metals
	4. Heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms
		4.1 Arsenic
		4.2 Cadmium
		4.3 Chromium
		4.4 Lead
		4.5 Mercury
	5. Toxic compounds
	6. Handling of toxic materials
		6.1 Safety precautions for handling toxic materials
	7. Storing toxic materials
	8. Transporting toxic materials
	9. Reusing toxic materials
	10. Conclusions
	References
3 - Wet and dry recycling processes
	1. Introduction
	2. Dry recycling processes
		2.1 Size reduction and characterization of wastes
			2.1.1 Size reduction and classification
			2.1.2 Characterization
		2.2 Hand-sorting
		2.3 Dry screening
		2.4 Electrostatic separation
		2.5 Magnetic separation
		2.6 Eddy current separation
		2.7 Optical and pneumatic separation
		2.8 Melting temperature–based centrifugal separation
		2.9 Shredding
	3. Wet recycling processes
		3.1 Wet screening
		3.2 Gravity separation
			3.2.1 Heavy media separation
			3.2.2 Shaking table separation
			3.2.3 Spiral concentrator
			3.2.4 Multigravity separation
		3.3 Centrifugal separation
		3.4 Froth flotation
		3.5 Hydrocyclone
		3.6 Biological separation
		3.7 Chemical leaching
	4. Conclusions
	References
4 - Recycling and reusing of papers
	1. Introduction
		1.1 General background
		1.2 Paper making and recycling
	2. Paper recycling facts
		2.1 It saves natural resources
		2.2 It reduces the waste disposal cost
		2.3 Recycling saves energy
		2.4 It saves landfill space
		2.5 Recycling reduces air and water pollution
		2.6 Recycling paper creates jobs
	3. Processing of recycled paper
		3.1 Phase 1
		3.2 Phase 2
		3.3 Phase 3
	4. Properties of fibers from recovered paper
	5. Paper aging and degradation
	6. Hazardous substance in recycled paper
	7. Conclusions
	References
5 - Recycling and reusing of construction materials
	1. Introduction
	2. Waste materials in construction
	3. Construction waste recycling
		3.1 Brick
		3.2 Asphalt
		3.3 Concrete
		3.4 Ferrous metal
		3.5 Masonry
		3.6 Nonferrous metals
		3.7 Paper and cardboard
		3.8 Glass
		3.9 Plastics
		3.10 Timber
	4. Construction waste minimization
	5. Conclusions
	References
6 - Recycling and reusing of glasses and ceramics
	1. Introduction
	2. Glass recycling facts
	3. Glass recycling statistics
	4. Glass and ceramic recycling: challenges and opportunities
	5. Processing of recycled glasses and ceramics
		5.1 Recyclable glasses and ceramics
		5.2 Nonrecyclable glass and ceramics
		5.3 Step-by-step process of recycling glass
			5.3.1 Step 1: sorting
			5.3.2 Step 2: breaking
			5.3.3 Step 3: trommel
			5.3.4 Step 4: bed drier fluidization
			5.3.5 Step 5: rotary screen (primary stage)
			5.3.6 Step 6: pulverizer
			5.3.7 Step 7: rotary screen (secondary stage)
			5.3.8 Step 8: the final products
	6. Advantages and disadvantages of recycling glass and ceramics
		6.1 Advantages of recycling glass and ceramics
		6.2 Disadvantages of glass and ceramic recycling
	7. Advanced uses of recycled glasses and ceramics
	8. Conclusions
	References
7 - Recycling and reusing of polymers and plastics
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Solid plastic waste
	2. Hierarchy of waste management
		2.1 Prevention
		2.2 Reuse
		2.3 Recycling
		2.4 Energy recovery
		2.5 Disposal and landfill
	3. Mechanical and chemical recycling
		3.1 Mechanical recycling
			3.1.1 Primary mechanical recycling
			3.1.2 Secondary mechanical recycling
			3.1.3 Challenges for mechanical recycling
				3.1.3.1 Polymer incompatibility
				3.1.3.2 Polymer degradation
				3.1.3.3 Additives
				3.1.3.4 Case of PET
				3.1.3.5 Postconsumer PET by mechanical recycling
		3.2 Chemical recycling
			3.2.1 Hydrogenation
			3.2.2 Gasification
			3.2.3 Chemolysis (solvolysis)
			3.2.4 Hydrolysis
			3.2.5 Methanolysis
			3.2.6 Ammonolysis
			3.2.7 Aminolysis
			3.2.8 Chemical recycling glycolysis
				3.2.8.1 Solvent-assisted glycolysis
				3.2.8.2 Supercritical glycolysis
				3.2.8.3 Microwave-assisted glycolysis
				3.2.8.4 Catalytic glycolysis
		3.3 Other recycling methods for plastics and polymers
			3.3.1 Catalytic and thermal depolymerization
				3.3.1.1 Limitations of thermal depolymerization
			3.3.2 Dissolution and reprecipitation
			3.3.3 GreenMantra technologies
	4. Applications of recycled thermoplastics
		4.1 High-density polyethylene
		4.2 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)
		4.3 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
		4.4 PET
		4.5 Polypropylene
	5. Conclusions
	References
8 - Recycling and reusing of thermoplastic and thermoset composites
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2. Recycling techniques for thermoset and thermoplastic
	3. Literature review
		3.1 Recycling waste thermoplastic for energy-efficient construction materials
		3.2 Experimental evaluation of a fully recyclable thermoplastic composite
		3.3 Processing and recycling of thermoplastic composite fiber/peek aerospace parts
	4. Recent recycling results and discussion
		4.1 Recycling waste thermoplastic for energy-efficient construction materials
		4.2 Experimental evaluation of a fully recyclable thermoplastic composite
		4.3 Processing and recycling of thermoplastic composite fiber/PEEK aerospace parts
	5. Conclusions
	References
9 - Recycling and reusing of metals and alloys
	1. Introduction
		1.1 General background
		1.2 Ferrous metals and scraps
		1.3 Difference between iron and steel for recycling
	2. Processes for recycling scrap ferrous materials
		2.1 Types of scrap ferrous materials
		2.2 Hazardous chemical issues in shipbreaking operations
		2.3 Methods of calculating recycled materials
		2.4 Sorting scrap ferrous materials
		2.5 Melting of virgin steelmaking and recycling scrap materials
			2.5.1 Virgin steelmaking process
			2.5.2 Recycling ferrous materials steelmaking processes
	3. Relationship between recycling and environment
	4. New establishments
	5. Conclusions
	References
10 - Recycling and reusing of nonferrous metals
	1. Introduction
	2. Technology for recycling nonferrous metals
		2.1 Electrowinning
		2.2 Precipitation
		2.3 Metal sensors
	3. Benefit of recycling and reusing nonferrous metals
		3.1 Impact on energy conservation
		3.2 Environmental impacts
		3.3 Economic impacts
		3.4 Social impacts
		3.5 Health impacts
	4. Recycling strategy of some nonferrous metals
		4.1 Aluminum
		4.2 Copper
		4.3 Zinc
		4.4 Lead
			4.4.1 Acid drainage
			4.4.2 Breaking and sorting
			4.4.3 Desulfurization of paste
			4.4.4 Secondary smelting
	5. Conclusions
	References
11 - Recycling of electronic wastes
	1. Introduction
	2. Human toxicity of hazardous substances in e-waste
	3. Environmental impacts of e-waste through treatment processes
	4. Landfill disposal
	5. Recycling of e-waste
		5.1 Step 1: collection
		5.2 Step 2: sorting/dismantling
		5.3 Step 3: processing and manufacturing
	6. Mechanical recycling techniques
	7. Electromechanical separation process
		7.1 Shredding and washing
		7.2 Magnetic separation
		7.3 Eddy current separators
		7.4 Corona electrostatic separator
		7.5 Triboelectrostatic separation
		7.6 Gravity separation
	8. Chemical recycling techniques
	9. Thermal recycling processes
		9.1 Pyrolysis process
		9.2 Thermal treatment
	10. Conclusions
	References
12 - Recycling and reusing of used lubricating oils
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Lubricating oil
		1.2 Properties of lubricating oil
			1.2.1 Oil viscosity
			1.2.2 Density and specific gravity of lubricating oil
			1.2.3 Temperature-related characteristics of lubricating oil
				1.2.3.1 Pour point and cloud point
				1.2.3.2 Flash point and fire point
				1.2.3.3 Neutralization number
				1.2.3.4 Volatility and evaporation
				1.2.3.5 Water content
				1.2.3.6 Demulsibility
				1.2.3.7 Oxidation stability
				1.2.3.8 Thermal stability
				1.2.3.9 Carbon residue
			1.2.4 Degradation of lubricating oil
			1.2.5 Oxidation
			1.2.6 Thermal degradation
			1.2.7 Corrosion
			1.2.8 Contamination
	2. Recycling of used oil
		2.1 Physical methods
			2.1.1 Dewater/defuel
			2.1.2 Deasphalting (desludging)
			2.1.3 Fractionation
			2.1.4 Finishing
		2.2 Solvent extraction
		2.3 Acid-clay process
		2.4 Distillation-clay method
		2.5 Activated charcoal-clay method
		2.6 Vacuum distillation with hydrotreating
	3. Conclusions
	References
13 - Recycling and reusing of aircraft
	1. Introduction
		1.1 General background
		1.2 Aircraft recycling
	2. Recent progress in aircraft recycling
	3. Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association
	4. Process of advanced management of end-of-life aircraft
	5. Aircraft materials and parts
		5.1 Aircraft aluminum alloys
		5.2 Carbon fiber and fiber glass
		5.3 Aircraft composite recycling
		5.4 Reusable aircraft parts
	6. Economy and social impacts
	7. Challenges for cost-effective recycling
	8. Impacts from different perspectives
	9. Conclusions
	References
14 - Applications of nanotechnology in recycling
	1. Introduction
		1.1 General background
		1.2 Dimensions of nanomaterials
		1.3 Current state of nanotechnology
	2. Safety concerns of nanotechnology and recycling
		2.1 Concept of safety
		2.2 Effects of nanomaterials
		2.3 Working guidelines for engineered nanomaterials
		2.4 Occupational health surveillance
	3. Recycling of nanomaterials
		3.1 Most recycled nanomaterials
		3.2 Converting recycled materials into nanomaterials
	4. Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
15 - Treatment of radioactive waste
	1. Introduction
	2. Types of nuclear wastes
		2.1 High-level radioactive waste
		2.2 Low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste
		2.3 Mining and milling waste
		2.4 Transuranic radioactive waste
		2.5 Very low-level waste
	3. Effects of radioactive waste
	4. Fundamental principles of radioactive waste management
		4.1 Political challenges
		4.2 Technical challenges
		4.3 Ethical challenges
	5. Treatment of radioactive waste
		5.1 Treatment of aqueous waste
			5.1.1 Chemical precipitation
			5.1.2 Ion-exchange/sorption
			5.1.3 Evaporation
	6. Treatment of radioactive organic liquid
		6.1 Incineration
		6.2 Wet oxidation
		6.3 Acid digestion
		6.4 Distillation
	7. Treatment of solid waste
		7.1 Decontamination
		7.2 Compaction
		7.3 Cutting
		7.4 Shredding
	8. Electrochemical treatment of radioactive waste
		8.1 Electrochemical trends on the treatment of radioactive wastes
		8.2 Electrochemical remediation of contaminated soils
		8.3 Electrochemical treatment of radioactive organic wastes
		8.4 Electrochemical ion exchange
		8.5 Electroflotation, precipitation, and flocculation
	9. Conclusions
	References
16 - Biological waste disposal
	1. Introduction
	2. Types of biohazardous medical waste and disposal procedures
		2.1 Solid biohazardous waste
		2.2 Liquid biohazardous waste
		2.3 Sharp biohazardous waste
		2.4 Pathological biohazardous waste
		2.5 Microbiological waste
	3. Biomedical waste management
		3.1 Waste survey
		3.2 Segregation of waste
		3.3 Collection of biomedical waste
		3.4 Transportation
		3.5 Treatment of healthcare facilities waste
		3.6 Safety measures
		3.7 Worker training
		3.8 Management and administration
		3.9 Waste disposal
		3.10 Measures for waste minimization
	4. Methods of treatment and disposal of biomedical waste
		4.1 Anaerobic digestion
		4.2 Composting
		4.3 Pyrolysis and gasification
		4.4 Mechanical biological treatment
		4.5 Incineration
		4.6 Landfilling
		4.7 Autoclave
		4.8 Microwaves
	5. Risks associated with biological waste
	6. Conclusions
	References
17 - Waste landfill reclamation
	1. Introduction
	2. Landfill reclamation initiatives over time
	3. Landfill reclamation process
		3.1 Excavation
		3.2 Soil separation
		3.3 Processing for reclamation of recyclable material
	4. Benefits and drawbacks of reclamation process
		4.1 Potentials benefits
		4.2 Potentials drawbacks
	5. Municipal solid waste landfill standards
	6. Geotechnical properties of recovered materials
	7. Conclusions
	References
18 - Safety concerns in recycling plants
	1. Introduction
	2. Waste generation and waste types
		2.1 Municipal solid waste
		2.2 Industrial solid waste
		2.3 Agricultural waste and residues
		2.4 Hazardous waste
	3. Hazardous waste minimization techniques
		3.1 Source reduction
			3.1.1 Eliminating processes using hazardous materials
			3.1.2 Chemical substitution
			3.1.3 Quantity reduction
		3.2 Recycling
	4. Benefits of waste minimization
	5. Health and safety risks in recycling plants
		5.1 Exposure to dangerous chemicals and biological waste
		5.2 Shifting vehicles and heavy and improperly bundled material bales
		5.3 Moving machines
		5.4 Respiratory hazards
		5.5 Awkward body positions and repetitive motion injuries
		5.6 Facing extreme temperatures and fatigue
		5.7 Work-related stress
		5.8 Trip and fall hazard
	6. High level of injuries and illnesses in wholesale recycling industry
	7. Prevention techniques
		7.1 Eliminating and substitution of hazards
		7.2 Engineering controls
		7.3 Administrative controls and PPE
	8. Conclusions
	References
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
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	H
	I
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	M
	N
	O
	P
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	Z
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