Recent wireless power transfer technologies via radio waves

Front Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN COMMUNICATIONS......Page 3
Title Page - Recent Wireless Power TransferTechnologies via Radio Waves......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
List of Figures......Page 18
List of Tables......Page 38
List of Abbreviations......Page 40
 1.1 Introduction – History of Wireless Power Transfer......Page 44
 1.2 Wireless Power Transfer Technologies......Page 49
 References......Page 50
PART I - Technologies......Page 52
   2.1 Introduction......Page 54
  2.2 Low-Power WP Harvesting......Page 55
   2.3.1 Medium-Power Microwave Transmitter Circuits......Page 69
   2.3.2 Medium-Power Microwave Rectifier Circuits......Page 70
   2.4.1 Rectifiers for High Power at Microwave Frequencies......Page 75
  2.5 High-Power Near-Field Reactive WPT......Page 81
  References......Page 85
   3.1 Introduction......Page 92
   3.2.1 Operating Principles......Page 93
   3.2.2 Noise Reduction Methods for an Oven Magnetron......Page 95
   3.2.3 Ingection Locked Magnetron......Page 96
   3.2.4 Phase-Controlled Magnetron......Page 97
   3.2.6 Power-Variable Phase-Controlled Magnetron......Page 100
   3.2.7 Demonstrations of Microwave Power Transfer by Magnetrons......Page 102
   3.3.1 Operating Principles......Page 104
   3.3.2 Demonstrations of Wireless Power Transfer by Klystrons......Page 105
  3.4 Amplitron......Page 106
  References......Page 108
   4.1 Introduction......Page 114
  4.2 Beam Efficiency at Far Field......Page 116
  4.3 Beam Efficiency at Radiative Near Field......Page 117
  4.4 Beam Efficiency at Reactive Near Field......Page 119
  4.5 Beam Receiving Efficiency at the Receiving Antenna......Page 122
  4.6 Beam Forming by Using a Phased Array Antenna......Page 125
  4.7 Direction of Arrival......Page 131
  References......Page 136
   5.1.1 What Is Rectenna......Page 138
   5.1.2 Rectenna for Energy Harvesting......Page 140
   5.1.3 Historical Perspective......Page 142
   5.1.5 Towards Maximum Rectenna Efficiency......Page 144
   5.2.1 High Efficiency Antenna......Page 146
   5.2.3 High Impedance Antenna (Better for the Matching......Page 148
   5.2.5 Rectenna Integrated Design without Matching Network......Page 149
   5.2.6 Large Solid Angle High Gain Rectenna......Page 150
  5.3 Matching Network......Page 151
   5.3.2 Rectifiers with a Large Operating Input Range......Page 156
   5.4.1 Conversion Efficiency......Page 158
   5.4.2 Parasitic Efficiency......Page 161
   5.4.3 DC Source to Load Power Transfer Efficiency......Page 162
   5.4.4 Enhanced Nonlinearity......Page 163
   5.4.6 Low Temperature Operation......Page 165
   5.4.7 Enhance Input Power......Page 166
   5.4.8 Synchronous Switching Rectifiers (Self-Synchronous Rectifier......Page 169
   5.4.9 Harmonics Management......Page 170
   5.5.1 Commercial Circuits......Page 173
   5.5.2 Notable Lab Results......Page 174
  References......Page 175
PART II - Applications......Page 184
  6.1 Introduction......Page 186
  6.2 Planted RF Harvesting......Page 187
   6.2.1 WISP......Page 188
   6.2.2 WISPCam......Page 190
    6.2.2.1 Duty-cycling......Page 191
   6.2.3 Applications......Page 192
    6.2.3.1 Computationally light applications......Page 193
     6.2.3.1.1 Analog gauge monitoring......Page 194
     6.2.3.1.3 Self-localizing cameras......Page 195
    6.2.3.2 Computationally demanding applications......Page 198
  6.3 Ambient RF Harvesting......Page 199
   6.3.1 Building a Power Supply......Page 200
    6.3.1.1 Pulling power from the air......Page 201
    6.3.1.2 An ambient RF-powered sensor node......Page 203
   6.3.2 Multiband Harvesting......Page 205
     6.3.2.1.1 Prototyping the multiband harvester......Page 207
   6.3.3 Ambient Backscatter......Page 209
    6.3.3.1 Summary......Page 210
  6.4 Conclusion......Page 211
  References......Page 212
  7.1 Introduction......Page 216
   7.2.1 IoT Enabled by WPT (Some Examples at Present......Page 218
   7.2.2 IoT Future Trajectories......Page 220
   7.2.3 Sensors for Future IoT Development, Some Examples......Page 221
   7.2.4 Impedance-Based Sensors......Page 222
   7.2.5 Zero-Power Wireless Crack Sensor......Page 227
   7.2.6 “Multi-Bit”, Chip-Less Sensor Tag......Page 231
   7.2.7 Evolution Towards Distributed Sensing Enabled by WPT......Page 232
   7.2.8 RF-Powered Environmentally-Friendly Transponders for Identification and Localization......Page 234
   7.2.9 RF-Powered Implantable Sensors for Wireless Prosthesis Control......Page 236
   7.2.10 RF-Power Temperature Sensor for Ambient Monitoring......Page 240
   7.3.1 The Eco-System......Page 241
   7.3.2 The Future Trajectory of IoS......Page 242
   7.3.3 Satellite Cluster Vision......Page 244
  7.4 Conclusions......Page 245
  References......Page 246
  8.1 Introduction......Page 252
   8.1.1 Backscatter Communication......Page 253
    8.1.1.1 High data rate backscatter QAM modulation......Page 256
   8.1.1.2 Backscatter QAM with WPT capabilities......Page 262
   8.1.1.3 Efficient wireless power transfer system for a moving passive backscatter sensor......Page 264
  References......Page 272
  9.1 Introduction......Page 274
  9.2 Long-Distance Beam-type WPT to Fixed Target......Page 276
  9.3 Mid- and Short-Distance Beam-type WPT to Fixed Target......Page 279
  9.4 Beam-type WPT to Moving Target......Page 283
  9.5 Solar Power Satellite (SPS......Page 288
  References......Page 294
PART III - Coexistence of WPT......Page 298
  10.1 Introduction......Page 300
  10.2 Historical Background on Electromagnetic Fields and Health......Page 301
   10.3.1 Overview......Page 302
   10.3.2 Epidemiological Studies......Page 304
   10.3.3 Animal Experiments......Page 307
   10.3.4 Cellular Experiments......Page 309
  10.4 WHO and IARC Assessments, and Related Trends......Page 310
  10.6 Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields and Risk Communication......Page 315
  10.7 Conclusion......Page 316
  References......Page 317
 Chapter 11 - Coexistence of WPT and Wireless LAN in a 2.4-GHz Band......Page 320
   11.1 Introduction......Page 321
   11.2.1 Experimental Setup for Continuous WPT......Page 322
   11.2.2 Measurement Results......Page 323
  11.3 Co-Channel Operation of Intermittent WPT and WLAN Data Transmission......Page 324
   11.3.2 Estimation of Frame Loss Rate of Co-channel Operation......Page 325
    11.3.3.1 Data rate......Page 329
    11.3.3.2 Frame loss rate......Page 330
   11.4.1 Rate Adaptation Schemes......Page 333
   11.4.2 Rate Adaptation Scheme Based on Exposure Assessment Using Rectenna Output......Page 334
  11.5 Conclusion......Page 336
  References......Page 337
Index......Page 340
About the Editor......Page 344
Back Cover......Page 346