Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Human Pathogens (Developments in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology)

Front Cover
Recent Developments in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Human Pathogens
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
Preface
1 Progress in the development of smart and high-performing analytical tools to detect infectious diseases using nanomateria...
	Introduction
	Salient features for the development of nano-sensors in nanomaterials
		Possible types of reactions for the development of nanobiosensors
		Morphology and bio-mimicking
		Reaction conditions
	Requirements for colorimetric sensors/point-of-care kits for the detection of pathogens
	Requirements for fluorescence sensors/point-of-care kits for the detection of pathogens
	Requirements for conductometry sensors/point-of-care kits for the detection of pathogens
	Limitations and future prospectives
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
2 Nanosensors in detection of biological markers of pathogenic diseases: novel strategies in biology and medicine
	Introduction
	Role of biomarkers in diagnosis of infectious diseases
	Conventional methods and their limitations
	Nano sensors for detection of pathogens
	Biorecognition elements for nano biosensors
		Enzymes
		Nucleic acid
		Antibodies
		Aptamers
	Biomarkers and nano biosensors for detection of pathogens in current day biological and medical research
		Nucleic acid-based sensors
			DNA
			RNA
		Protein-based sensors
			Glycoproteins/surface antigens
			C-reactive proteins
			Cytokines
			Enzymatic substrates
			Hormones
		Whole cell-based sensors
		Toxin-based sensors
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	References
3 Nanodevices in neurological infections: an update
	Introduction
	Factors for neurodegeneration leading central nervous system–associated disorders
	Infections-mediated neurodegeneration: importance in the current scenario
		Viral infections
		Bacterial infections
		Parasitic infections
		Fungal infections
		Neurodegeneration-mediated protein abnormalities
		Infection arbitrated alterations in central nervous system
	Nanodevices role in various fields of health sector
	Nanodevices in medical science
		Origin of nanotechnology in biology
		Nanodevices as tools for disease diagnosis and treatment
	Nanodevices-mediated pathogens sensing in neurodegenerative diseases
	Possibilities of nanodevices-mediated treatments in neurodegenerative diseases
	Advantages and challenges of nanotechnology in neurodegeneration diagnosis and treatments
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgment
	References
4 Foodborne pathogen detection using nanomaterial-based biosensors: recent trends
	Introduction
	Methods for detecting foodborne pathogens currently in use
	Important features of nanosensors to detect pathogens
	Electrochemical nanosensors for foodborne bacterial detection
		Development of foodborne pathogen electrochemical nanosensors
	Electrochemical technique
		Voltammetry
		Amperometric
			Potentiometric
			Impedance
	Foodborne pathogen detection using optical nanosensors
		Concept of optical nanosensor
		Nanomaterials in the development of optical nanosensors for the detection of foodborne pathogens
	Techniques of optics
		Fluorescence
		Colorimetric
		Surface plasmon resonance
		Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
	Pathogen detection with other types of nanosensors
		Piezoelectric/mass nanosensors
			Microfluidic nanosensors
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of competing interest
	References
5 Biomarkers of human viral infections and their role in the diagnosis
	Introduction
	Types of biomarkers for viral infections
	Various biomarkers for different viral infections
		HCV infection
		HBV infection
		HIV infection
		SARS-COV-2 infection
	Rationale behind selecting biomarkers for the treatment of viral infections
		Conventional methods of diagnosis
		Advantages of diagnosis with biomarkers
		Validity of biomarkers
		Advantages and disadvantages of biomarkers
	Micro-RNA biomarkers for infectious diseases
		The potential for miRNAs to improve disease o.utcomes
		Advantages of miRNA biomarkers I: early detection
		Advantages of miRNA niomarkers II: improved pathogen identification
		Advantages of miRNA biomarkers III: detection of latent infections
		Platforms for miRNA detection currently available
		Platforms for miRNA detection that are new and emerging
	Commercially available diagnostic tool for viral biomarkers
		Myxovirus resistance protein A
		Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
6 Advances in nanomaterial-mediated sensing methods for detecting human-pathogenic DNA viruses
	Introduction
		List of human pathogenic DNA viruses and their conventional detection methods
		Nanomaterial-based biosensors—mechanisms
		Nanoparticles—effective methods for detecting DNA viruses
			Quantum dots
			Carbon nanotubes
			Silica nanoparticles
			Silver nanoparticles
			Magnetic nanoparticles
			Aluminum nanoparticles
			Gold nanoparticles
		Future prospective
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
7 Nanotechnology advancements in detecting pathogenic human RNA viruses
	Introduction
	Diseases caused by RNA viruses
		Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses)
		Marburg and Ebola viruses
		Equine encephalitis virus
		Hantaviruses
		Japanese encephalitis
		Lassa fever
		Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
		Measles
		Mumps virus
		Hendra and Nipah viruses
		Human T-cell lymphotropic virus
		Middle East respiratory syndrome virus
		Rabies virus
		Rift Valley fever virus
		Rotaviruses
		West Nile fever
		Yellow fever
		Zika virus
		Picornaviruses
		Severe acute respiratory syndrome
		O\'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV)
		Chikungunya virus
		Dengue virus
	Existing viral diagnostic methods and their limitations
	Limitations
	Human-infective RNA viruses: diversity and epidemiological characteristics
	Importance of nanotechnology in detection and diagnosis of RNA viruses
	Recent trends in diagnosing pathogenic RNA viruses using nanotechnology
	Future prospective
	Summary and conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of competing interest
	References
8 Novel nanotechnology approaches for the detection of human viral pathogens: a comprehensive review
	Introduction
	Human pathogenic viruses
		Poxviruses
		Herpes viruses
		Adenoviruses
		Papillomaviruses
		Parvoviruses
		Paramyxoviruses
		Rhabdovirses
		Filoviruses
		Orthomyxoviruses
		Bunyaviruses
		Coronaviruses
		Picornaviruses
		Calciviruses
		Astroviruses
		Rotaviruses
		Togaviruses
		Flaviviruses
		Hepadnavirus
		Retroviruses
	Existing methods of virus detection and limitation
	Nanobiosensor
	Types of nanobiosensors
		Magnetic biosensors
		Acoustic wave biosensors
		Nanowire-based sensors
		Nanotube-based biosensors
		Optical biosensors
		Electrochemical biosensors
	Role and significance of substrates in molecular recognition processes in biosensors
	Emerging nanotechnology approaches for virus detection
		DNA tetrahedral nanostructure-based electrochemical biosensor for avian influenza A (H7N9) virus detection (Dong et al., 2015)
		Highly sensitive naked-eye assay for Enterovirus 71 detection (Xiong et al., 2017)
		Dual-labeled magnetic nanobeads amplification-based colorimetric and electrochemical immunosensor for EV71 detection (Hou e...
		Magnetic nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay sensing platform for influenza virus detection (Oh et al., 2018)
		Electrochemical biosensor based on graphene oxide-polycarbonate nanosieve for HIV-1 detection (Nehra et al., 2017)
		Gold nanotubes-based DNA biosensor for HPV detection (Shariati et al., 2019)
		Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for HIV-related DNA detection (Diao et al., 2018)
		Nanoplasmonic resonance sensor for rapid SARS-CoV-2 detection (Huang et al., 2021)
		Gold nanoparticle enhanced immuno-PCR test for Hantaan virus detection (Chen et al., 2009)
		AuNPs-based colorimetric LAMP assay for HPV detection (Kumvongpin et al., 2016)
		Label-free immunosensor for HIV-1 detection (Lee et al., 2013)
		Scanning fluorescence-based detection of dengue viral DNA (Iyer et al., 2014)
		Exonuclease III-assisted recycling amplification for HBV detection (Liu et al., 2014)
	Advantages of nano-based detection
	Disadvantages of nano-based detection
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of competing interest
	References
	Further reading
9 Bacterial pathogen biomarkers of human and their importance in rapid diagnosis
	Introduction
	Biomarkers for bacterial infection
	Procalcitonin
	Interleukin
	Serum amyloid A
	Cluster of differentiation 14
	Heparin-binding protein
	Other biomarkers
	Biosensors in detecting bacterial infection
	Potential application of nanoparticles as bacterial sensors
	Gold nanoparticles as bacterial sensors
	Silver nanoparticles as bacterial sensors
	Magnetic nanoparticles as bacterial sensors
	Other forms of nanoparticles and bacterial detection
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	Conflict of interest
	References
10 Nanotechnology integration in sensing platforms for significant improvements in pathogenic bacteria detection capabiliti...
	Introduction
	Nanotechnology’s impact on pathogenic bacteria detection
	Biosensors for pathogenic bacteria detection
	Role of nanomaterials in biosensors
	Analytical performance and characteristics of a perfect nano-based biosensor for the detection of pathogenic bacteria
	Nano-based lab-on-a-chips in the detection of pathogenic bacteria
	Limitations of existing technologies versus nano-based LOC with reference to pathogenic bacteria detection
	Future prospective and conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
11 Role of molecular biomarkers in the diagnosis of fungal diseases using nanomaterial-based sensing platforms
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
		The fungus among us
		Mycobiota in the oral cavity
		Mycobiota in the gastrointestinal tract
		Mycobiota in the lung, vagina, and skin
		The role of molecular biomarkers in the detection of fungal infections
		Biomarkers of invasive candidiasis
		Biomarkers of invasive aspergillosis
		Galactomannan detection
		Characteristics of novel diagnostic tests
	Conventional diagnostic methods and limitations
		Microscopic methods
			Limitations
		Culture-based methods
			Limitations
		Nucleic acid-based techniques
			An overview of conventional molecular identification techniques
			Polymerase chain reaction
			Real-time polymerase chain reaction
			Limitations
		DNA microarray
	Biosensors for fungal detection
		Enzymatic sensors
		Immunosensors
		Aptamer sensors
		DNA sensors
		Whole-cell sensors
	Nanomaterial-based sensors
		Examples of nanoparticles used as sensors
	Steps involved in designing a biosensor for pathogen detection
		Biosensor preparation and characterization
			Sensor preparation
			Screen-printed electrode preparation
			Film deposition
			Sensor analysis
	Current and future fungal biosensors and biomarkers
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
12 Current fungal diagnostics and the development of novel biophysical technologies for selective new sensitive fungal bios...
	Introduction
	Dynamic impact of COVID-19 on the immune system: paving the path to severe fungal infections—significance of expedited diag...
		Severe immunocompromisation
		Hematological malignancies
		Transplant recipients
	Diagnostic techniques
		Selective and sensitive fungal biosensors
		Limitations
		Nonculture-based fungal diagnostics
		β-D-Glucan diagnostics
		Antibody testing
		Therapeutic drug monitoring
		Imaging tests
	Medical device-associated fungal infections: a complex challenge
		Advancements in medical device fabrication
		Harnessing nanoparticles for antifungal defense
		Key criteria for nanoparticle integration and action
		Innovative Diagndstics and their limitations
	Enhancing antifungal biocompatibility
	Revolutionizing nano-drug delivery systems
		Precision targeting through nanostructures
	Recent advances in utilizing nanoscale materials for fungal detection
		Limitations of novel diagnostic assays based on nanotechnology and biophysical methods
	Artificial intelligence and machine learning in fungal diagnostics
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
13 Identification of clinical features and biomarkers that predict mycoplasma-associated human diseases
	Introduction
	Clinical presentation of mycoplasma infection
	Biomarkers
		Chemokines as biomarkers
		APOC1 as biomarker
	Lactate dehydrogenase
	Immunoglobulin M assays
	Combination of initial markers
	Metabolomics
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Conflict of interest
	References
14 Recent trends in nanotechnology for managing protozoan diseases
	Introduction
	Existing laboratory tests for the intestinal protozoa in India and their limitations
	Microscopic examination
		Limitations of microscopy-based methods
	Immunodiagnosis of protozoan infections
		Limitations
	Molecular tests for protozoan infections
		Limitations
	Importance of nanotechnology in detecting human protozoan pathogens
	Recent developments in the detection of protozoan pathogens by nanotechnology
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of competing interest
	References
15 Rapid and sensitive nanotechnology-based Mycoplasma detection methods for clinical specimens: recent advances
	Introduction
	Mycoplasma infection in humans
		Mycoplasma pneumoniae
		Mycoplasma genitalium
		Mycoplasma hominis
		Mycoplasma fermentans
		Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum
	Current understanding of serological diagnostics and nucleic acid amplification methods and their limitations
	Importance of nanotechnology-based detection of Mycoplasma spp. for rapid and accurate detection
	Recent developments of nanotechnology-based detection of Mycoplasma spp
	Conclusion and future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	Declaration of competing interest
	References
Index
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