Recent Advances in Entomological Research: From Molecular Biology to Pest Management

Cover_978-3-642-17814-6......Page 1
front-matter......Page 2
Title  Page\r......Page 4
Copyright Page\r......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Table of Contents\r......Page 8
Contributing Authors......Page 10
Section 1: Insect-Plant Interactions......Page 14
CHAPTER 1 Deciphering the Plant-Insect Phenotypic Arms Race......Page 16
1.2 Plant-insect phenotypic arms race......Page 17
1.3.1 Herbivore-derived signals......Page 20
1.3.2 Endogenous plant defense signals......Page 22
1.3.3 Plant defense signaling transduction pathway......Page 24
1.3.4 The features of the plant defense signaling pathway......Page 29
1.4 Signal perception and transduction in herbivorous insects......Page 31
1.5 Herbivore-induced plant defense transcriptomes and proteomes......Page 32
1.6 Plant defense-induced insect counterdefense transcriptomes and proteomes......Page 36
References......Page 37
2.1 Insect digestive system......Page 47
2.2 Involvement of a broad array of genes in defense against insects......Page 48
2.3.1 Protease inhibitors and lectins......Page 49
2.3.2 Plant enzymes that serve defense functions......Page 50
2.4 Insect adaptation to plant defense......Page 52
2.5 Phloem feeders interacting with plants......Page 53
2.6 Gene stacking......Page 54
References......Page 55
CHAPTER 3 Inducible Direct Defense of Plants Against Insects......Page 62
3.1 Categories of direct plant defense against insect herbivores......Page 63
3.2 Major characterized chemicals toxic to insect herbivores......Page 67
3.3 Conclusions......Page 75
References......Page 76
CHAPTER 4 Host Marking and Host Discrimination in Phytophagous Insects......Page 86
4.1.1 Concepts......Page 87
4.2.1 Mechanisms......Page 88
4.2.2 Current situation......Page 92
References......Page 94
CHAPTER 5 Nitrogen Modulation on Plant Direct and Indirect Defenses......Page 99
5.1 Introduction......Page 100
5.2.2 Biotic and abiotic factors affecting plant defenses......Page 102
5.2.3 Nitrogen nutrition versus “nitrogen pollution”......Page 103
5.2.4.1 Nitrogen effects on plant direct defense......Page 104
5.2.4.2.1 Nitrogen effects on plant VOC release pattern......Page 105
5.3 Sustainable management of nitrogen and pests synergistically in crop production......Page 107
References......Page 109
Section 2: Molecular Biology, Physiology, Behavior and Ecology......Page 116
6.1 Introduction......Page 118
6.2 Strucuture and class sification......Page 119
6.3 Infection and transmission......Page 122
6.4 Replication and pathogenesis......Page 124
6.5 Resistance and immunity......Page 127
6.6 Management of virus infections......Page 128
References......Page 130
CHAPTER 7 Biological Function of Insect Yellow Gene Family......Page 134
7.2 The insect yellow gene family......Page 135
7.3 Physiological functions of insect yellow gene families......Page 137
7.4 Outstanding questions and future research directions in insect yellow genes......Page 140
References......Page 143
CHAPTER 8 Bursicon, a Neuropeptide Hormone That Controls Cuticle Tanning and Beyond......Page 145
8.2.1 Discovery of bursicon......Page 146
8.2.2 Molecular nature of bursicon......Page 147
8.3.1 Bursicon receptor......Page 148
8.4.1 Cuticle sclerotization (tanning and hardening)......Page 150
8.4.2 Wing expansion......Page 151
8.5 Evidences for bursicon’s roles beyond cuticle tanning andwing expansion......Page 152
8.6 Prospect......Page 158
References......Page 159
9.1 Introduction......Page 163
9.2 Dispersal from the brood tree or overwintering site and search for host trees......Page 168
9.3 Deciding whether to accept a host tree or continue todisperse......Page 173
9.4 Theories of how bark beetles find suitable host treeswithout aggregation pheromone......Page 174
9.5 Strategies of “Pioneer” bark beetles......Page 176
9.6 Host semiochemicals attractive to bark beetles......Page 178
9.7 Avoidance of competition and unsuitable areas of hosts......Page 181
9.8 Avoidance of decaying or fully colonized hosts......Page 183
9.9 Avoidance of nonhosts......Page 185
9.10 Control of bark beetles with semiochemicals......Page 188
9.11 Ecological aspects and concluding remarks......Page 191
References......Page 192
10.1 General introduction......Page 204
10.3 Pheromone applications in aphid control......Page 205
10.4 Semiochemical-based biological control......Page 207
10.5 Summary......Page 210
References......Page 211
CHAPTER 11 The Responses of Insects to Global Warming......Page 214
References......Page 221
12.1 Introduction......Page 226
12.2 Termite castes......Page 227
12.4 Life cycle pathways......Page 229
12.5.1 Outbreeding......Page 232
12.5.2 Inbreeding......Page 233
12.5.3 Breeding structures......Page 234
12.6 Asexual facultative parthenogenesis......Page 235
References......Page 236
Section 3: Insect Toxicology and InsecticideResistance Management......Page 240
CHAPTER 13 P450–mediated Insecticide Detoxification and Its Implication in Insecticide Efficacy......Page 242
13.1 Insecticides......Page 243
13.2 Insect P450s......Page 244
13.3 Insect P450s and differential tolerance to insecticides among insect species......Page 246
13.4 Regulation of P450s and insect tolerance to insecticides......Page 248
13.5 Insect P450s and insecticide resistance......Page 250
13.6 Conclusions......Page 252
References......Page 253
14.1 Introduction......Page 259
14.2 The house fly......Page 260
14.3 Isolation of insect cytochrome P450 genes in ALHF house flies......Page 261
14.4 Constitutive overexpression and tissue specific expression patterns of P450 genes in house flies......Page 264
14.5 Co-up-regulation of P450 genes in response to permethrin exposure in house flies......Page 265
14.6 Linkage analysis of P450 genes and insecticide resistance......Page 266
14.7 Conclusions......Page 267
References......Page 268
CHAPTER 15 Metamorphosis of Cisgenic Insect Resistance Research in the Transgenic Crop Era......Page 271
15.1 Introduction......Page 272
15.2 Historical milestones in cisgenic insect resistance research......Page 273
15.3.1 Breakthroughs in Bacillus thuringiensis research......Page 276
15.3.2 Milestones in Agrobacterium tumefaciens research......Page 278
15.3.3 Concept formation and expansion for transgenic crops......Page 279
15.4.1 Conceptual revolution in biology......Page 281
15.4.2 Critical role of long-term basic research......Page 282
15.5 Metamorphosis of host plant resistance research......Page 283
15.5.1 Pyramiding cisgenes and transgenes......Page 284
15.5.2 Understanding susceptibility to improve resistance......Page 285
15.5.3 Unraveling insect-plant-microbe interactions to reduce mycotoxins......Page 286
References......Page 288
CHAPTER 16 Time for a New Look at the Relationship Between Bt Plants and Insect Natural Enemies......Page 293
16.1 Introduction......Page 294
16.2 Bt plants R&D......Page 295
16.3 New opportunities and challenges to managing insect pest complexes with Bt plants......Page 296
16.4.1 Lessons from synthetic insecticides......Page 297
16.4.2 Impact of Bt plants on insect natural enemies......Page 298
16.5 Can natural enemies regulate resistance evolution in target pests to Bt plants?......Page 301
References......Page 304
17.1 Introduction......Page 308
17.2 Culex quinquefasciatus and pyrethroid resistance in Alabama......Page 309
17.3 The effect of laboratory permethrin selection on mosquitoes......Page 310
17.4 Molecular mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance......Page 311
17.4.2 Role of sodium channel insensitivity in pyrethroid resistance......Page 312
17.4.3 Genes involved in mosquito resistance......Page 314
17.5 Conclusions......Page 315
References......Page 316
CHAPTER 18 Resistance to Transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis Crops in Target Insect Pests: Current Status and Prospect......Page 319
18.2 Current global adoption of Bt crops......Page 320
18.3 Bt traits of commonly used transgenic Bt corn and Bt cotton......Page 323
18.4.1 Resistance to Cry1F Bt corn in S. frugiperda in Puerto Rico......Page 325
18.4.2 Resistance to Cry1Ab corn in B. fusca in South African......Page 326
18.4.4 Resistance to Cry1Ac cotton in H. armigera in north China......Page 327
18.5 Bt resistance allele frequency in target pest species of Bt corn and Bt cotton......Page 328
18.5.2 Bt resistance allele frequency in target species of Bt cotton......Page 329
18.7 Fitness of Bt resistance......Page 330
18.9 Cross-resistance......Page 331
18.11 Current IRM strategies for Bt crops......Page 332
18.11.2 Gene pyramiding......Page 333
18.11.3 Other IRM strategies suggested for Bt crops......Page 334
18.13 Prospect......Page 335
References......Page 336
CHAPTER 19 Potential Use of Proteinase Inhibitors, Avidin,and other Bio-reagents for Synergizing Bt Performance and Delaying Resistance Development to Bt......Page 343
19.1 Experimental procedures......Page 345
19.2 Insecticidal potency and synergism to Bt......Page 347
19.3 Summary and discussion......Page 351
References......Page 355
Section 4: Emerging Pest ManagementStrategies and Technologies......Page 358
20.1 Introduction: Mechanism of RNAi and its applications in insect science......Page 360
20.2 Genetic basis of systemic RNAi and environmental RNAi in C. elegans......Page 361
20.3 Systemic and environmental RNAi in insects......Page 363
20.4 Plant-delivered RNAi and insect pest management......Page 365
20.5 Conclusion and future directions......Page 367
References......Page 370
CHAPTER 21 Anti-tick Vaccine Development: Status and Perspectives......Page 372
21.1 Interaction between tick and host......Page 374
21.2 Tick feeding and pathogen transmission......Page 375
21.3 Immunity induced by tick saliva (exposed antigens)......Page 376
21.4 Search for concealed tick antigens of significance......Page 378
21.5 Summary and perspectives......Page 380
References......Page 381
CHAPTER 22 Hymenopteran Parasitoids and Their Role in Biological Control of Vegetable Liriomyza Leafminers......Page 389
22.2 Parasitoid species......Page 390
22.3 Natural control......Page 393
22.4 Classical biological control using parasitoids......Page 395
22.5 Inoculative releases......Page 400
22.7 Host feeding......Page 401
22.8 Factors influencing biological control of Liriomyza......Page 402
22.9 Interactions among natural enemies......Page 404
22.11 Parasitoid conservation......Page 405
References......Page 409
23.1 Introduction......Page 417
23.2 Ecologically based management......Page 419
23.4 Chemical control......Page 421
23.5 Impact of the greenhouse whitefly management on strawberry fruit quality......Page 423
23.6 Combating insecticide resistance......Page 424
References......Page 426
24.1 Introduction......Page 430
24.2 New piperideine alkaloids found in venom of imported fire ants......Page 432
24.3 Piperidine alkaloids......Page 437
24.4 Proteins......Page 440
References......Page 443
CHAPTER 25 Utilization of Lignocellulose-feeding Insects for Viable Biofuels: an Emerging and Promising Areaof Entomological Science......Page 447
25.1 Introduction......Page 448
25.2.1 Composition of lignocellulosic biomass......Page 450
25.2.2 Cellulose......Page 452
25.2.3 Hemicellulose......Page 453
25.2.5 Lignocellulose degradation and depolymerization......Page 454
25.3 Diversity of lignocellulose-feeding insects and their lignocellulolytic systems......Page 460
25.3.1 Cellulose-feeding insects and their digestibility......Page 461
25.3.2 Lignocellulolytic systems in insects......Page 467
25.3.3 Insect guts and their microhabitats......Page 471
25.4 Cellulolytic symbionts from insect guts and their living environments......Page 474
25.4.1 Culture-dependent/independent symbionts from insect guts......Page 475
25.4.2 Lignocellulolytic microbes from insect nest environments......Page 479
25.5.1 Lignocellulose degradation machinery......Page 481
25.5.2 Distribution of lignocellulose degradation machinery......Page 483
25.5.3 Strategies to exploit Lignocellulases......Page 484
25.5.4 Genomics and metagenomics: a gateway to insect lignocellulase research......Page 487
25.6 Termite hydrogen production and its potential......Page 489
25.6.1 Capability of energy gas emission (H2 and CH4)......Page 490
25.6.2 Gut symbionts for hydrogen evolution and the mechanism insights......Page 493
25.7 Challenges and opportunities in utilization of lignocellulose-feeding insects for biofuels......Page 494
25.7.1 The present state of art for biofuels and their main challenges......Page 495
25.7.2 Advantages of lignocellulolytic systems in insects and their potentials......Page 497
25.7.3 Outlook of the future research......Page 500
References......Page 502