Recent Advances in Energy Systems, Power and Related Smart Technologies: Concepts and Innovative Implementations for a Sustainable Economic Growth in ... in Systems, Decision and Control, 472)

General Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
Batteries and Energy Storage Technologies
Assessing Control of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Storage System in Photovoltaic Based DC Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description and Modelling of Energy Source, and Storage Mediums
		2.1 System Description
		2.2 Modelling of PV Power Generator and Energy Storage Mediums
	3 PV-Battery-Supercapacitor Control Strategy
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Batteries, Energy Storage Technologies, Energy-Efficient Systems, Power Conversion Topologies, and Related Control Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Li-Ion Battery Cell Imbalance and Weak Cell Issues
	3 State of the Art for Li-Ion Battery Equalizers
		3.1 Passive Equalizers
		3.2 Active Equalizers
		3.3 Commercial Active Equalizers
		3.4 Combined Active Passive (Hybrid) Equalizer: The Bilevel Equalizer
		3.5 Equalizer Design Tools
		3.6 Sustainability Comparison Between the BEQ and Commercial AEQs
		3.7 Li-Ion Battery Aging
		3.8 Review of Expected Life of Large Li-Ion Batteries Per Applications
	References
Generation Expansion Planning Using Renewable Energy Sources with Storage
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview
	3 Literature Review
	4 Planning for Lowest Cost Generation Expansion with Solar Plant
		4.1 GEP Problem Formulation
		4.2 Cost Objective
		4.3 Constraints
		4.4 Reliability Indices
		4.5 Assumptions Made
		4.6 Discussion of the Results
		4.7 BCS—Model Solutions
		4.8 LSS—Solutions of the Model
	5 Generation Expansion Planning Based on Solar Plants with Storage
		5.1 Analysis of Model
		5.2 Results and Discussion
		5.3 Case 1: GEP Without Solar Plants
		5.4 Case 2a: 5–10% RES Penetration/SPWNS Replacing Oil Plants
		5.5 Case 2b: 5–10% RES Penetration/SPWS Replacing Oil Plants
		5.6 Case 3a: 10–20% RES Penetration/SPWNS Replacing Oil Plants
		5.7 Case 3b: 10–20% RES Penetration/SPWS Replacing Oil Plants
		5.8 Case 4a: 5–10% RES Penetration/SPWNS as Alternative Investment Candidate
		5.9 Case 4b: 5–10% RES Penetration/SPWS as Alternative Investment Candidate
		5.10 Case 5a: 10–20% RES Penetration/SPWNS as Alternative Investment Candidate
		5.11 Case 5b: 10–20% RES Penetration/SPWS as Alternative Investment Candidate
		5.12 Level 1 Study: GEP Without Solar Plants (Policy Case 1) (Tables 5, 6, 7 and 8)
		5.13 Level 2 Study: GEP Based on the Introduction of Solar Plants as an Alternative Investment Candidate or as an Oil Plant Replacement (Table 5)
		5.14 Overall Costs and Capacity Additions
		5.15 EENS
	6 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
Distributed Generation, Smart Grids and Supply Reliability
A Smart Grid Ontology for Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 The Evolution of Smart Grid
	3 Conceptual Models for a Contextualized Smart Grid
	4 Moving from a Syntactic to a Semantic Level of Interoperability
	5 Exploring SAREF4ENER Ontology for African Smart Grids
	6 Suitable Models and Ontologies for African Smart Grids
	References
Smart Micro-Grid Energy Management with Renewable Energy Sources and Local SCADA
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Smart Microgrid
		3.1 Smart Micro Grid Energy Management System of an Apartment
		3.2 Proposed Micro-Grid Schematic Diagram with Its SCADA Functions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improving Electricity Supply Reliability: A Case Study of Remote Communities of Limpopo in South Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Microgrid Architecture
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Description of the Study Areas
		3.2 Assessment of Resources
		3.3 Assessment of Electricity Demand
		3.4 Techno-Economic Parameters of der Technologies
		3.5 Economic Parameters and Assumptions
		3.6 Sensitivity Variable Inputs
	4 Modelling of Hybrid Energy System Components
		4.1 Utility Grid Modelling
		4.2 Solar PV Modelling
		4.3 Diesel Generator (DG) Modelling
		4.4 Energy Storage Modelling
		4.5 Power Converter Modelling
		4.6 Wind Turbine (WT) Modelling
		4.7 System Reliability
		4.8 Economic Assessment
		4.9 Emission Factor
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Optimization and Simulation
		5.2 Optimal Sizing and Cost Summary of Proposed MG System Architecture
		5.3 Optimized Designs for Tjiane, Phosiri, and Malekapane
		5.4 Electricity Production and Consumption
		5.5 Emission
		5.6 Reliability
	6 Conclusion
	References
Control of Static Converters, Power Quality, FACTS Devices and Hybrid Circuit Breaker Technology
Control of Grid-Connected Voltage Source Converters During Unsymmetrical Faults
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of a Grid-Connected VSC
	3 Virtual-Flux-Based Control
		3.1 Coordinate Transformation
		3.2 Virtual-Flux Estimation
		3.3 Synchronization
		3.4 Power Estimation
		3.5 Power Control
	4 Analysis with Unbalanced Grid Voltage
		4.1 Symmetrical Components
		4.2 Unsymmetrical Voltage Instantaneous Power
		4.3 Instantaneous Power Based on Positive Sequence Virtual Flux
		4.4 Positive-Sequence Virtual Flux Estimation
	5 Proposed Control Method
	6 Simulation Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Power Quality Control of a PV-Assisted Realistic Microgrid Structure
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description and Methodology
		2.1 System Description
		2.2 Schematic and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Power Quality Enhancement Using VD, THD, F, and PF (Case-1)
		3.2 Power Quality Assessment Using Voltage Sag and Swell (Case-2)
		3.3 Localized Power Backup for the Critical Load (Case-3)
		3.4 Effect of Line Impedance on Power Quality Parameters (Case-4)
		3.5 Power Sharing and Losses in Utility Grid and DERs (Case-5)
		3.6 Effect of Communication Delay on Power Quality Parameters (Case-6)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Harmonics Reduction by Distributed Power Flow Control Using FACTs Devices in Power Supply
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Power Flow Control Theory
		1.2 Power Flow Controlling Devices
		1.3 Classification of the Power Flow Controlling Devices
		1.4 Problem Definition
		1.5 Objective of This Book Chapter
		1.6 Literature Survey
	2 Distributed Power Flow Controller
		2.1 DPFC Topology
		2.2 DPFC Control
		2.3 Advantages of Distributed Power Flow Controller
		2.4 Disadvantages of Distributed Power Flow Controller
	3 Control Scheme for the Distributed Power Flow Controller
		3.1 Summary of DPFC Model
		3.2 Connection of Separated Model
		3.3 Modelling of Network
		3.4 Series Converter Model
		3.5 Modelling of the Shunt Converter
	4 Results
		4.1 Simulation Results of the Distributed Power Flow Controller
		4.2 FFT Analysis of the Three-Phase Load Voltage of the Distributed Power Flow Controller
	5 Conclusion
	6 Future Work
	References
Advances in Protection and Testing of Power Distribution Systems Within Emerging Markets
	1 Chapter Overview
		1.1 Advancement in Moulded Case Circuit Breakers Technology
		1.2 Advancement in Solid-State and Hybrid Circuit Breakers Technology
		1.3 Advancement in Monitoring and Protection Technology of Power Distribution Systems
		1.4 Design Considerations for Low Voltage Circuit Breaker Tester
		1.5 Design Considerations for Battery Tripping Units
		1.6 Summary
	References
Access to Clean Energy for Sustainable Development, Power System Infrastructure, and Policy Options
Green Energy for Sustainable Agriculture: Design and Testing of an Innovative Greenhouse with an Energy-Efficient Cooling System Powered by a Hybrid Energy System for Urban Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition of Concepts and Existing Technologies
		2.1 Greenhouse Technology
		2.2 Greenhouse Energy Balance
		2.3 Greenhouse Cooling Technologies
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Data Collection and Analysis
		4.2 Greenhouse Design
		4.3 Physical Model of the Proposed System
		4.4 Interpretation of CFD Simulation Results
		4.5 Design of Hybrid Energy System
		4.6 Greenhouse Configuration and Sized Components
		4.7 The IoT-Based Testing Phase
		4.8 Greenhouse Cost Estimation
		4.9 Limitations and Prospective Researches
	5 Conclusion
	References
Comparative Study of Solar and Geothermal Renewable Energy Resources for Desalination of Seawater with Latest Case Studies
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Solar and Geothermal Energy
	2 Case Study: Jordan
		2.1 Large SMADES Flat Plate Solar Collector SPMD System
		2.2 Results and Discussions
	3 Case Study: Geothermal
		3.1 Case Study of Geothermal Energy in Poland
		3.2 Difference Between Solar and Geothermal
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Impact of Market-Based Policies on Access to Electricity and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Status of Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa
		2.1 Demand Projections, Installed Grid Capacity and Investment Cost Implications per Sub-region
	3 Agricultural Expansion: Food Security and Suppression of Undernourishment in SSA
		3.1 The United Nations\' Sustainable Development Goals
		3.2 Electricity Poverty: Major Barriers to Agricultural Production and Rural Development
	4 Policy Options for Improving Access to Electricity
		4.1 Review of Regional Strategies
		4.2 From State Monopoly to Market-Based Policies
	5 Six-Step Policy Analysis Framework
		5.1 Problem Definition
		5.2 Evaluation Criteria
		5.3 Identification of Alternatives
		5.4 Evaluation of Alternatives
		5.5 Comparison of Alternatives
		5.6 Assessment of Outcomes
	6 Conclusion
	References
Development of OTP Based Switch System for Power System Infrastructure Security and Personnel Safety
	1 Introduction
	2 Existing and Proposed Model
	3 Tools
		3.1 Hardware Requirements
		3.2 Software Requirements
	4 Operation of OTP Switch
	5 Software Results and Discussion
		5.1 Software Results
	6 Hardware Results and Discussion
		6.1 Line in Normal Position
		6.2 Line in Open Condition
		6.3 OTP Message for Closing the Line
	7 Conclusion
	8 Challenges and Opportunities
	References
Concepts and Innovative Applications of Intelligent Systems and Technologies
Artificial Neural Net Based Performance Index for Voltage Security Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Networks Studied and MDNN Development
		2.1 Voltage Security
		2.2 Voltage Performance Index
	3 Sample Size Generated and Training Methodology
		3.1 ANN Based Voltage Security
	4 Case Studies and Application
		4.1 IEEE 14 Bus Standard Network
		4.2 Damodar Valley Corporation’s 46 Bus Network
	5 Comparisons Between the Methods
	6 Conclusions
	References
Multi-Class Classification of Power Network States Using Multi-Dimensional Neural Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Network Studied and MDNN Development
		2.1 MDNN Development Strategy
	3 Sample Size Generated and Training Methodology
		3.1 MDNN Training Methodology
	4 MDNN Development for Voltage Angle
	5 MDNN Development for Voltage Magnitude
	6 MDNN Development for MW Power/Active Power
	7 MDNN Development for MVAR Power/ Reactive Power
	8 Real-Time Application Methodology
		8.1 Time Consumption
	9 Conclusions
	References
Data Farming in a Smart Low Voltage Distribution System
	1 Background
	2 Introduction
		2.1 Data Recordings
		2.2 Data Tools
		2.3 Data Capturing in Smart Distribution Network Simulation Model
	3 Results Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Decision-Making Approach Using Fuzzy Logic and Rough Set Theory for Power Quality Monitoring Index of Microgrid
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description and Proposed Methodology
		2.1 System Description
	3 Proposed Methodology
		3.1 Fuzzy Logic Approach
		3.2 Rough Set Theory and Its Components
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Comparative Study and Case Analysis
		5.1 Comparative Analysis
		5.2 Case Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Enabling Technologies in IoT: Energy, Sensors, Cloud Computing, Communication, Integration, Standards
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Building IoT
		1.2 Characteristics of IoT
		1.3 Features of IoT
	2 Energy Sectors in IoT
		2.1 IoT in the Energy Production Chain
		2.2 IoT Applications in the Energy Sector
		2.3 Advantages of Transforming the Energy Sector with IoT Technology
		2.4 IoT Application in the Energy Industry
	3 Sensors in IoT
		3.1 Characteristics of the Sensor
		3.2 Classification of Sensors
		3.3 Types of IoT Sensors
	4 Cloud Computing in IoT
		4.1 IoT Cloud Functions and Benefits
		4.2 Relation Between IoT and Cloud Computing
		4.3 IoT\'s Use of Cloud Computing
		4.4 Advantages of Cloud Computing in IoT
		4.5 Challenges That Cloud and the IoT Bring Together
		4.6 IoT and Cloud Complement Each Other
	5 Communication in IoT
		5.1 Components for IoT Device Communication
		5.2 Local Communications Methods and Protocols
	6 Integration in IoT
		6.1 Cloud computing and IoT Integration
		6.2 Cloud-based Internet of Things
		6.3 Cloud-based IoT Architecture
		6.4 Integration Challenges
	7 Standards in IoT
		7.1 IEEE 802.15.4
		7.2 IEEE 802.11 AH
	8 Conclusion
	References
Secure Group Communication Among IoT Components in Smart Cities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Internet of Things
		1.2 Working of IoT
		1.3 IoT Architecture
		1.4 Technology for IoT to Build Smart City
		1.5 Application of Electronic Technology of IoT in Smart City
		1.6 Application of Electronic Technology for Internet of Things in Smart City
		1.7 IoT Applications
	2 Smart Cities
		2.1 Needs of Smart City Construction
		2.2 Design of the Smart City with IoT Applications
		2.3 Concepts of IoT in Smart City
		2.4 Smart City Applications
	3 Secure Group Communication
		3.1 Cluster Communication
		3.2 Dynamic Cluster
		3.3 Key Information
		3.4 Cluster Communication Among IoT
	4 Conclusion
	References
SCPS: An IoT Based Smart Car Parking System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 System Objective
	4 System Requirements
		4.1 Arduino
		4.2 IR Sensor
		4.3 NodeMCU ESP8266
	5 System Design
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Conclusions and Outlook
A Comprehensive Summary of the Contributions and the Quintessence of This Book
	1 Concluding Remarks
	2 Outlook