Reading and Re-reading Scripture at Qumran

Reading and Re-Reading Scripture at Qumran, Volume 1: Genesis and Its Interpretation......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Introduction to Volume 1: Genesis and Its Interpretation......Page 22
1. What is “Pentateuchal Interpretation”?......Page 32
2. Pentateuchal Interpretation in Antiquity as Understood
Before the Qumran Discoveries......Page 34
3. Previous Research on Pentateuchal Interpretation at Qumran......Page 35
4.1 Works Encompassing the Whole Pentateuch......Page 37
4.2 Works Encompassing Genesis......Page 39
5.1 Works Focusing on Parts of Genesis......Page 40
5.2 Works Focusing on the Pentateuch Outside of Genesis......Page 43
6. Pentateuchal Legal Exegesis......Page 44
7.1 Genesis Apocryphon: A Rewritten Biblical Narrative......Page 47
7.2 Genesis Commentary A—Selective Interpretation......Page 52
7.3 11QTemple—A Different Kind of Rewritten Bible......Page 55
Introduction......Page 60
Géza Vermes (1961)......Page 63
Daniel J. Harrington (1986) and George W.E. Nickelsburg (1984)......Page 66
Emanuel Tov (1994)......Page 69
George J. Brooke (2000)......Page 73
Sidnie White Crawford (1999 and 2000)......Page 75
Michael Segal (2005)......Page 77
The Temple Scroll: A Brief Excursus......Page 80
Conclusion......Page 82
3 Contours of Genesis Interpretation at Qumran: Contents, Context, and Nomenclature......Page 84
I. Introduction: Simple-Sense Interpretation in Antiquity......Page 113
II. 4Q252: A Commentary on the Commentary......Page 117
A. Column i 1–3 (Genesis 6:3)......Page 119
B. Columns i 3–ii 5 (Genesis 7:11–8:15)......Page 120
C. Column ii 5–8 (Genesis 9:24–27)......Page 124
D. Column ii 8–10 (No lemma [Genesis 11:26–12:4])......Page 127
| E. Column iv 1–3 (Genesis 36:12)......Page 130
| F. Column iv 3–6 (Genesis 49:3)......Page 133
G. Column v 1–7 (Genesis 49:10)......Page 134
A. Lim......Page 137
B. Eisenman-Wise......Page 138
| IV. An “Exegetical” Approach......Page 141
V. Appendix: 4Q252 and Jubilees......Page 145
Final Note......Page 146
5 4Q252 i 2 לא ידור רוחי באדם לעולם: Biblical Text or Biblical Interpretation?......Page 147
6 4Q252: Method and Context, Genre and Sources (A Response to George J. Brooke, “The Thematic Content of 4Q252”)......Page 154
7 From the Watchers to the Flood: Story and Exegesis in the Early Columns of the Genesis Apocryphon......Page 172
I. Introduction......Page 196
II. Re-Arrangement......Page 198
III. Anticipation......Page 203
A. Non-Constructive Harmonization......Page 206
B. Constructive Harmonization......Page 209
V. Concluding Remarks......Page 213
9 Divine Titles and Epithets and the Sources of the Genesis Apocryphon......Page 216
| I. Part I (Columns 0–17)......Page 220
II. Part II (Columns 19–22)......Page 225
III. Conclusions......Page 231
1. The Genesis Apocryphon and Jubilees......Page 233
2. The Genesis Apocryphon and Genre......Page 234
3. Implications for the Further Study of the Genesis Apocryphon and Related Works......Page 236
10 The Genre(s) of the Genesis Apocryphon......Page 238
I. Introduction......Page 260
A. Explicit Divisions within the Text......Page 262
B. Stylistic Differences within the Text......Page 265
C. Divine Epithets......Page 267
D. Written, Not Oral, Sources......Page 268
E. Summary......Page 269
A. Earlier Arguments for Unity......Page 270
B. A Less Unified Unity......Page 273
C. Formal and Thematic Unifiers of the Genesis Apocryphon......Page 274
1. First-Person Narrative......Page 275
2. Husbands and Wives Talking to Each Other......Page 276
3. Noah-Abram Links......Page 278
| 4. Geography......Page 280
a. Dreams......Page 281
b. Enoch......Page 282
IV. Conclusions......Page 283
V. Final Remarks......Page 284
I. Introduction......Page 287
II. The Early Years......Page 288
III. The Current State of the Question......Page 292
IV. Reformulating the Issue in Light of Recent Scholarship......Page 295
V. The Employment of Biblical Texts in the Composition of the Apocryphon......Page 298
VI. A Further Hypothesis......Page 302
VIII. Appendix: Further Reflections Beyond Vienna......Page 304
13 Three Notes on 4Q464......Page 307
Introduction......Page 312
Pentateuch......Page 313
Prophets and Hagiographa......Page 314
Noah and the Flood in the Apocrypha......Page 315
| Noah and the Flood in Enoch and Jubilees......Page 316
Genesis Apocryphon......Page 319
| Other “Narrative” Texts......Page 323
Commentaries......Page 328
Legal and Liturgical Texts......Page 332
Other Possible References to Noah and the Flood at Qumran......Page 333
| Conclusion......Page 335
A Concluding Question: Was There a “Book of Noah” at Qumran?......Page 339
15 Angels at the Aqedah: A Study in the Development of a Midrashic Motif......Page 344
I. Introduction......Page 345
A. Demonic or Satanic......Page 346
B. Jealous “Accusing Angels”......Page 352
III. Watching Angels, Weeping Angels, (and Singing Angels)......Page 356
A. Watching Angels......Page 357
B. Weeping Angels and Interfering Angels......Page 359
C. “Singing Angels”......Page 364
IV. Angels at the Aqedah in Poetical Jewish Texts......Page 366
V. Conclusion......Page 370
Reading and Re-Reading Scripture at Qumran, Volume 2: Pesher and the History of Interpretation......Page 376
Contents......Page 380
Introduction to Volume 2: Law, Pesher and the History of Interpretation......Page 384
I. Introduction......Page 394
II. Early Jewish Biblical Interpretation Before the Qumran Discoveries......Page 395
A. Stage One: 1947–1968......Page 400
B. Stage Two: 1978–present......Page 405
IV. Conclusions......Page 415
I. Introduction......Page 418
II. Rewritten Bible: (a) The Reworked Pentateuch Texts......Page 422
III. Aramaic Translation......Page 426
IV. Rewritten Bible: (b) The Genesis Apocryphon......Page 431
A. 4Q252 (Commentary on Genesis A)......Page 439
| B. Pesher: 4QpIsab......Page 442
| VI. Legal Interpretation: 4Q159—Ordinancesa......Page 445
VII. Conclusion......Page 449
I. Introduction......Page 452
II. Pseudepigraphy “Before” Qumran......Page 454
A. Introduction......Page 459
B. “Classic” Pseudepigraphic Texts at Qumran......Page 460
1. Introduction......Page 461
| 2. Reworked Pentateuch......Page 462
4. The Temple Scroll......Page 464
5. Genesis Apocryphon......Page 467
D. 11QPsa—Psalms Scroll and Non-Canonical Psalms......Page 469
E. Other Moses Pseudepigrapha......Page 471
F. Prophetic Pseudepigraphy......Page 474
G. Where Do We Not Find Pseudepigraphy at Qumran?......Page 476
IV. Conclusions......Page 477
19 The Interpretation of Biblical Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Forms and Methods (with Shlomo A. Koyfman)......Page 479
I. Forms of Interpretation......Page 483
A. Organization as Interpretation: Internal Interpretation......Page 484
| 1. Collocation/ Integration (11QT)......Page 485
2. Harmonization and Reconciliation......Page 486
1. Legal Interpretation with Citation......Page 489
2. Implicit Interpretation......Page 490
C. Non-Pentateuchal Legal Interpretation......Page 491
1. Definition and Limitation......Page 493
2. Specificity of Detail......Page 495
1. Varieties of Analogical Reasoning......Page 497
| 2. Gezera Shava (Argument from Analogous Expressions)......Page 502
3. “Nontechnical” Midrash......Page 504
III. Conclusion......Page 505
A. Prefatory Remarks......Page 507
B. The Identity of the 4QRP Manuscripts......Page 509
C. The Scope of the 4QRP Manuscripts......Page 510
D. Biblical or Non-biblical?......Page 512
| E. The “Text-type” of the 4QRP Manuscripts......Page 513
A. 4Q364......Page 515
B. 4Q365......Page 516
| C. 4Q365a......Page 519
D. 4Q366......Page 521
E. 4Q367......Page 523
F. 4Q158......Page 525
III. Conclusions......Page 526
21 The Re-Presentation of “Biblical” Legal Material at Qumran: Three Cases from 4Q159 (4QOrdinances)......Page 529
22 4Q159: Nomenclature, Text, Exegesis, Genre......Page 549
Introduction......Page 571
4Q159 Fragment 5......Page 573
| Context: Fragments 1–4......Page 574
| Fragment 5 Reconstructed......Page 577
Interpretation and Implications......Page 578
I. Introduction......Page 585
II. Editorial Presumptions About the Role of Scripture in 4QMMT......Page 587
III. Biblical Language and Style......Page 588
A. Implicit Scriptural Exegesis......Page 591
B. Exegesis Including כתוב -Formulas......Page 594
V. Scripture in Section C, “The Hortatory Epilogue”......Page 601
VI. Concluding Remarks......Page 604
25 Midrash Halakhah at Qumran? 11Q Temple 64:6–13 and Deuteronomy 21:22–23......Page 606
26 Heb. כי קללת אלהים תלוי (Deut. 21:23): A Study in Early Jewish Exegesis......Page 623
I. Introduction......Page 645
II. Where in the Texts Are the Women To Be Found?......Page 647
III. What Do the Texts Say About Women?......Page 651
A. Marriage Laws......Page 652
B. Other Laws......Page 657
C. Women and Children......Page 662
D. Laws Regarding Children......Page 663
| IV. Concluding Remarks......Page 664
I. Introduction: The Problems......Page 666
A. Inferential......Page 670
B. 1QpHab......Page 671
C. 4QpIsaa......Page 672
D. 4QpIsac......Page 674
E. 4QpIsae......Page 679
F. 4QpIsab......Page 680
G. Disputed Reconstructions......Page 682
A. Introduction......Page 685
B. 4QFlorilegium......Page 686
C. 4Q177 (Catenaa)......Page 689
D. 11QMelchizedek......Page 694
IV. Earlier Treatments of the Subject......Page 697
A. Shifting Paradigms and the Significance of Firstness......Page 699
| B. Pesher Technique and Pesher Genre:
Towards a More Nuanced Classification......Page 700
1. The Pesher and Its Problems......Page 705
2. Jubilees......Page 708
3. Re-reading and Re-writing the Pesher......Page 711
| 4. Concluding Remarks......Page 715
1. Introduction......Page 717
2. The First Forty Years......Page 718
3.1. 1987–1997......Page 720
3.2. 1997–2007......Page 722
4.1. Commentaries......Page 727
4.2. Nomenclature......Page 730
| 4.3. Outreach......Page 733
Index of Ancient Sources......Page 736
Index of Modern Scholars......Page 768