Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants: The Right Balance

Preface
Contents
About the Authors
1: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): An Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Genesis of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites in Plants
		1.2.1 Superoxide Radical
		1.2.2 Singlet Oxygen
		1.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide
		1.2.4 Hydroxyl Radical
	1.3 Chemistry and Activity of Reactive Oxygen Species
		1.3.1 Superoxide Radical
		1.3.2 Singlet Oxygen
		1.3.3 Hydrogen Peroxide
		1.3.4 Hydroxyl Radical
	1.4 Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species
		1.4.1 Superoxide Radical
		1.4.2 Singlet Oxygen
	1.5 Hydrogen Peroxide
	1.6 Hydroxyl Radical
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2: ROS Generation in Plant Cells Orchestrated by Stress
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Abiotic Stress and ROS
	2.3 Extreme Temperature Events and Stress
	2.4 Water-Deficit/Logging Stress
	2.5 Salinity Stress
	2.6 Nutrient Deficiency Stress
	2.7 Metal/Metalloids Stress
	2.8 Pesticides-Induced Stress
	2.9 Light Stress
	2.10 Biotic Stress and ROS
	2.11 Conclusion
	References
3: Oxidative Stress Triggered Damage to Cellular Biomolecules
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 ROS Burst and Lipid Peroxidation
	3.3 Oxidation of Proteins
	3.4 ROS Induced Oxidation of Nucleic Acid
	3.5 Conclusion
	References
4: Senescence and Apoptosis: ROS Contribution to Stress Tolerance or Cellular Impairment
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Senescence
	4.3 ROS and Senescence
	4.4 Apoptosis
	4.5 ROS and Apoptosis Under Stress
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5: Photosynthetic Apparatus: Major Site of Oxidative Damage
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Chloroplast and Photosynthesis
	5.3 Photosynthesis and Stress
	5.4 Light Stress and Photosynthesis
	5.5 Salinity Stress and Photosynthesis
	5.6 Temperature Stress and Photosynthesis
	5.7 Water Stress and Photosynthesis
	5.8 Toxic Compounds and Photosynthesis
	5.9 Conclusion
	References
6: Generation and Fate of ROS in Mitochondria
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Structure and Functions of Plant Mitochondria
	6.3 ROS Production in Mitochondria Under Stress
	6.4 Oxidative Damage to Mitochondrial Biomolecules
	6.5 Defense Against Oxidative Damage in Mitochondria
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
7: Peroxisomes and ROS Under Stress Conditions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Peroxisomes: Source of ROS Under Stress
	7.3 Photorespiration Mediated ROS Generation in Peroxisomes
	7.4 Peroxisomal Enzymes Generating ROS
	7.5 Peroxisomal Electron Transport Chain
	7.6 Regulation of ROS in Peroxisomes
	7.7 Oxidative Stress in Peroxisomes
	7.8 Peroxisomal ROS-Mediated Signaling
	7.9 Conclusion
	References
8: ROS Production and Function at Plasma Membrane and Apoplast
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sources of ROS Generation in Extracellular Compartments
		8.2.1 NADPH Oxidases
		8.2.2 Peroxidases
		8.2.3 Amine Oxidases
	8.3 Apoplastic ROS in Cell Growth
	8.4 Oxidative Damage Induced by Extracellular ROS Under Stress
		8.4.1 Biotic Stress
		8.4.2 Abiotic Stress
	8.5 Antioxidants Maintaining Redox Homeostasis in Extracellular Compartments
	8.6 Extracellular ROS Role in Signaling
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
9: Antioxidant Defensive Mechanisms to Regulate Cellular Redox Homeostatic Balance
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Enzymatic Antioxidants as ROS Scavengers
		9.2.1 Superoxide Dismutase (EC: 1.15.1.1)
		9.2.2 Catalase (EC: 1.11.1.6)
		9.2.3 Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7)
		9.2.4 Ascorbate Peroxidase (1.11.1.11)
		9.2.5 Glutathione Peroxidase (EC: 1.11.1.9)
		9.2.6 Glutathione Reductase (EC: 1.6.4.2)
		9.2.7 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (EC: 1.6.5.4)
		9.2.8 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (EC: 1.8.5.1)
		9.2.9 Peroxiredoxin (EC: 1.11.1.15)
		9.2.10 Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase (EC: 1.8.1.9)
	9.3 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants Alleviating ROS-Induced Stress
		9.3.1 Ascorbate or Ascorbic Acid
		9.3.2 Glutathione
		9.3.3 Tocopherol
		9.3.4 Flavonoids
		9.3.5 Carotenoids
	9.4 Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10: Role of Osmolytes in Alleviation of Oxidative Stress
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Amino Acids Attenuating Oxidative Stress
		10.2.1 Proline
		10.2.2 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
	10.3 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
		10.3.1 Glycine Betaine
	10.4 Sugars
		10.4.1 Sucrose
		10.4.2 Trehalose
		10.4.3 Fructans
		10.4.4 Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides
	10.5 Sugar Polyols
		10.5.1 Mannitol
		10.5.2 Sorbitol
		10.5.3 Myo-Inositols
	10.6 Plant Metabolites/Compounds Attenuating Oxidative Stress
		10.6.1 Phytohormones
		10.6.2 Micronutrients
	10.7 Conclusion
	References
11: ROS as Signaling Molecule Under Unfavorable Conditions
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 ROS Signaling in Plants
	11.3 ROS Signaling on Plant-Pathogen Interaction
	11.4 Abiotic Stress-Mediated ROS Signaling
		11.4.1 ROS Signaling and Alleviation of Salinity Stress
		11.4.2 ROS Signaling and Alleviation of Heavy Metal Stress
		11.4.3 ROS-Mediated Tolerance to Heat Stress
	11.5 Compartment-Specific ROS Signaling in Plants
		11.5.1 Apoplast ROS and Signaling
		11.5.2 Chloroplastic ROS-Mediated Signaling
		11.5.3 Mitochondrial ROS Signal Transduction
		11.5.4 Peroxisomal ROS-Induced Signaling
		11.5.5 Inter-organellar Signaling
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12: Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Signaling Function of ROS
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Mechanism of ROS Signaling in Plants
	12.3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade Activation by ROS
	12.4 Cross-Talk Between ROS and Other Signaling Molecules
		12.4.1 Dialogue Between ROS and Ca2+ Signals
		12.4.2 ROS and Phytohormones Cross-Talk
		12.4.3 Interplay Between ROS and RNS
	12.5 Conclusion
	References