RC Structures Strengthened with FRP for Earthquake Resistance

Contents
Design of Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars
	1 Introduction
	2 Critical Issues in Design for Bending Moment
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Design Philosophy
	3 Structural Design
		3.1 Design Properties of Materials
		3.2 Design Bending Moment Capacity ML
		3.3 Design Shear Force Capacity VL
	4 Experimental Study
		4.1 Test System
		4.2 Specimen Details
		4.3 Properties of Material Used
		4.4 Sensors Used
		4.5 Results and Observations
	5 Closing Comments
	References
FRP Based Earthquake Retrofitting of RC Columns
	1 Introduction
	2 Earthquake Retrofitting of RC Structures Using FRP
	3 Retrofitting of RC Columns Using FRP for Axial Strength
		3.1 Confinement Models
	4 Member Deformations and Plastic Hinge Length
		4.1 FRP Earthquake Retrofit Approach without Relocalization of Plastic Hinges
		4.2 Brittle Collapse Mechanisms
		4.3 Concrete Confinement Models
		4.4 Design Example
	5 Conclusions
	References
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Retrofitted Steel Profiles Using Automated Fibre Placement
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Retrofitting in Construction
		1.2 Reinforcement Techniques
		1.3 Composite Materials: Structures and Types
	2 Recent Studies
	3 Experimental Program
		3.1 Sample Preparation
		3.2 Column Specimens
		3.3 Beam Specimens
		3.4 Instrumentation and Testing of Column Specimens
		3.5 Instrumentation and Testing of Beam Specimens
	4 Performance Prediction of Reinforced Steel Profiles
		4.1 Strength of Steel Beams Reinforced with Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer
		4.2 Axial Strength of Steel Short Columns Reinforced with Thermoplastic Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
	5 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Seismic Performance of Hybrid Structures Subjected to Extreme Earthquakes
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Designing of Buildings
	3 Analytical Study
	4 Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Seismic Strengthening and Retrofitting of RC Structures Using Fibre Reinforced Composites
	1 Introduction
	2 Guidelines to Estimate the Flexural and Shear Capacity of FRP Strengthened RC Beams
	3 Experimental Study on the Flexural and Shear Strengthening of RC Beams
	4 Cyclic Behaviour of FRP Strengthened Exterior Beam Column Joints
	5 Conclusions
	References
Seismic Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structures
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Significance of Studying the Strengthening of Unreinforced Masonry (URM)
		1.2 Importance of Studying Reinforced Concrete (RC) Structures
		1.3 Importance of Studying Steel Structures
	2 Common Failure Mechanisms
		2.1 Failure Mechanisms of Masonry Structures
		2.2 Failure Mechanisms of RC Structures
		2.3 Failure Mechanisms of Steel Structures
	3 Strengthening Techniques
		3.1 URM Strengthening Technologies
		3.2 Basic Concept of Strengthening for RC Structures
		3.3 Strengthening Techniques of Steel Structures
	4 Guidelines
	5 Conclusive Remarks
	References
Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Fibre Reinforced Polymer
	1 Introduction
	2 Advantages of FRP in Retrofitting
		2.1 Design Specifications
	3 Types of FRP Composites and Installation
	4 Retrofitting of RC Structures
	5 Retrofitting of Axial Members
	6 Retrofitting of Flexural Members
		6.1 Flexural Strengthening
		6.2 Shear Strengthening
	7 Retrofitting of Beam Column Joints
	8 Retrofitting of Masonry Walls
	9 Performance of Seismic Retrofitting by FRP in RC Structures
	10 Fire Performance of FRP
	11 Conclusions
	References
Conventional and Emerging Materials Used in FRP-Concrete Composites for Earthquake Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Fibres Used in FRP
		2.1 Glass Fibres
		2.2 Carbon Fibres
		2.3 Basalt Fibres
		2.4 Aramid Fibres
		2.5 PET and PEN Fibres
		2.6 PA Fibres
		2.7 Flax Fibres
		2.8 Overview
	3 Matrix Used in FRP
		3.1 Epoxy Resin
		3.2 Polyester Resin
		3.3 Vinyl Ester Resin
		3.4 Phenolic Resin
		3.5 Polyurethane Resin
	4 Other Materials Used in FRP Concrete Composites
		4.1 Shape Memory Alloys
		4.2 FRP Anchors
		4.3 Thermal Insulation
	5 Summary
	References
Retrofitting of RC Structures Using FRP Techniques—Case Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Scenario of Retrofitting in India
	3 Prerequisites for Using FRP Based Solution
	4 Points of Focus in FRP Application
		4.1 Substrate Strength and Quality
		4.2 Surface Preparation
		4.3 Workmanship in FRP Application
		4.4 Bond Critical and Contact Critical Applications
	5 Case Studies
		5.1 Case study 1: Assam bridge project
		5.2 Case study 2: Fire damaged hydrocarbon storage tanks in Dhamra
		5.3 Case study 3: Ambet river bridge
		5.4 Case study 4: Rashtrapati Bhavan
	6 Key Take-Aways
	References
A Study on Ductility and Energy Absorption Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Filled UPVC Columns
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Comparison of Load Carrying Capacity of the Test Specimens with Standard Codes of Practice
	5 Conclusion
	References
Seismic and Fire Behaviour of FRP Strengthened Reinforced High Strength Concrete Structures—An Overview
	1 Background and Introduction
	2 Firm Choice of Comfort in FRP
	3 Few Inherent Capabilities of FRP (As Per ACI–440)
	4 Literature Review—Fire Resistance
	5 Literature Review—Earthquake Resistance
	6 Literature Review—High Strength Concrete
	7 Literature Review—Basalt Fibre—Sustainable Construction Material of the Future
	8 Manufacturing of Basalt Fibres
	9 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Retrofitting Methods for Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using CFRP
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Design and Casting of Beam Specimens
		2.2 Preparation of RC Beam Specimens
		2.3 Experimental Setup
	3 Test Results and Discussions
	4 Summary and Conclusions
	References
Use of FRP on Concrete Specimen, RC Elements and Components for Higher Load Resistance
	1 Introduction
	Annexure A1 Element Stiffness Matrices
	Annexure A2 Concrete Stress Strain Constitutive Relations and Equivalent Compressive Stress Block Parameters
	Annexure A3 N–Raphson Technique
	References