Radioactivity in the Environment, Volume 16: Environmental Radionuclides (Tracers and Timers of Terrestrial Processes)

Radioactivity-in-the-Environment.pdf......Page 2
Environmental-Radionuclides-Tracers-and-Timers-of-Terrestrial-Processes.pdf......Page 3
Copyright-Page.pdf......Page 4
Contributors......Page 5
Foreword......Page 7
Introduction......Page 10
Primordial and Natural Decay-Series Radionuclides......Page 11
Non-series radionuclides......Page 13
Decay-series radionuclides......Page 14
Cosmogenic Radionuclides......Page 16
Cosmic-ray particle fluxes......Page 17
Cosmogenic nuclides in the Earth’s atmosphere......Page 19
Subsurface produced radionuclides......Page 23
Production of nuclear fuels......Page 25
Power reactors......Page 27
Nuclear weapons......Page 29
References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 35
Radioactivity......Page 36
Beta minus decay......Page 38
Beta plus decay......Page 40
Alpha decay and nuclear fission......Page 41
Exponential decay law......Page 43
Radioactive parent-stable daughter nuclide......Page 44
Rubidium-strontium method......Page 46
230Th/234U dating method
......Page 48
Introduction......Page 49
The concept of residence time......Page 50
Piston flow model......Page 52
Exponential model......Page 53
Dispersion model......Page 54
Conclusion......Page 55
On the Definition of Environmental Tracers......Page 56
References......Page 57
Radionuclides as Tracers of Atmospheric Processes......Page 59
Radon and its decay products......Page 60
Flux of radon from soil to the atmosphere......Page 62
Short-lived decay products of 222Rn......Page 64
Tritium......Page 65
Beryllium-7......Page 66
Beryllium-10......Page 67
Anthropogenic radionuclides......Page 68
Nuclear reactor accidents......Page 69
Fuel reprocessing......Page 70
Distribution of 222Rn in the atmosphere......Page 71
Distribution of 210Pb in the atmosphere......Page 73
Distribution of 7Be in the atmosphere......Page 74
Activity size distribution of aerosols......Page 78
Health effects of radioactive aerosols......Page 80
Deposition of aerosols......Page 81
Application of Radionuclides in Atmospheric Studies......Page 83
Atmospheric residence time of aerosols - use of 222Rn daughters......Page 86
Atmospheric mixing and transport: use of 7Be and 210Pb......Page 88
Identification of ozone sources......Page 90
14CO research......Page 91
References......Page 92
Radiocarbon as a Tracer in the Global Carbon Cycle......Page 97
Introduction......Page 98
Carbon inventories......Page 100
Carbon isotope geochemistry......Page 102
The Suess effect......Page 103
The bomb effect......Page 104
Brief history......Page 105
Fundamental theory......Page 107
First assumption......Page 109
Fourth assumption......Page 110
The calibrated timescales......Page 111
Calibration programmes......Page 112
Methods of calibration......Page 113
Sample selection and potential pitfalls......Page 114
Methods of Isotope Measurement4......Page 115
13C Measurement......Page 116
14C Measurement......Page 117
Relative advantages of the methods......Page 120
14C Half-life......Page 121
14C Standards......Page 122
13C enrichment......Page 123
AMS 14C age calculation......Page 124
International quality assurance in natural 14C measurement......Page 125
Statistical significance of a 14C age......Page 127
14C as a Tracer......Page 128
Atmospheric studies......Page 130
Ocean studies......Page 131
Soil studies......Page 132
Local effects......Page 135
Radiocarbon Literature......Page 136
References......Page 137
Radionuclides as Tracers and Timers in Surface and Groundwater......Page 146
Introduction......Page 147
Catchment and river basin hydrology......Page 149
Tritium......Page 150
Carbon-14......Page 159
Chlorine-36......Page 161
Sulfur-35......Page 163
Radon and radium......Page 165
Uranium......Page 170
Tritium and 36Cl......Page 173
Bomb-produced radionuclides......Page 177
Artificial and contaminant tracer studies......Page 179
References......Page 181
Radionuclides and Transient Gas Tracers in Studies of Lakes and Inland Seas......Page 188
Tritium......Page 189
Dating of subsurface lake waters with transient gas tracers......Page 194
Carbon-14......Page 198
Chlorine-36......Page 199
U and Th series radionuclides: physical and chemical tracers of water in lakes and inland seas......Page 200
Radionuclides tracing chemical fluxes and contaminants in lakes......Page 204
References......Page 207
Introduction......Page 211
Stable isotopes......Page 212
Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes......Page 213
Other stable isotopes used in groundwater studies......Page 218
Radioactive environmental nuclides......Page 219
Dating of young groundwater......Page 221
Krypton-85 (85Kr)
......Page 223
Carbon-14 (14C)
......Page 225
81Kr, 36Cl, 129I......Page 227
Uranium isotope disequilibrium......Page 228
Geothermal systems......Page 229
Radioactive isotopes......Page 230
References......Page 232
Examining Processes and Rates of Landscape Change with Cosmogenic Radionuclides......Page 238
Introduction......Page 239
Systematics of in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides......Page 240
Exposure ages and erosion rates......Page 247
Paired analysis: Exposure age, erosion rate, and burial age determinations......Page 250
The depth profile......Page 254
10Be......Page 256
14C......Page 257
41Ca......Page 258
3He......Page 259
38Ar......Page 260
Sampling considerations......Page 261
Establishing sequences of events in volcanic terrains......Page 264
Glacial landscapes: moraines and bedrock......Page 265
Dating of buried till deposits......Page 266
Bare bedrock erosion rates......Page 268
Soil production and creep rates......Page 269
Dating of large mass movements: bedrock and boulders......Page 270
Fluvial incision rates......Page 271
Catchment-wide erosion rates from river sediment......Page 273
Paleoerosion rates derived from sedimentary deposits......Page 276
Chemical weathering and physical erosion rates......Page 277
Archeology......Page 278
Multi-nuclide studies......Page 279
Combining cosmogenic nuclides with other methods......Page 280
Outlook......Page 281
References......Page 282
Introduction......Page 302
Radionuclides as Tracers of Soil Movement......Page 305
Principles of the use of 137Cs, 210Pb and 7Be in erosion and sedimentation studies......Page 306
137Cs......Page 307
210Pb......Page 308
7Be......Page 309
Description of the 137Cs technique......Page 311
Advantages and limitations of the 137Cs technique......Page 314
Developments in the harmonisation of the 137Cs technique......Page 315
Recent Developments of Fallout Radionuclide Techniques......Page 316
Future Research......Page 318
Concluding Remarks......Page 321
References......Page 322
Introduction......Page 330
Stable isotopes......Page 332
210Pb and 137Cs......Page 336
14C......Page 337
230Th/234U dating
......Page 339
In situ-produced cosmogenic radionuclides......Page 340
Sea sediments......Page 341
A case study......Page 345
Ice cores......Page 349
A case study: Vostok ice core record......Page 351
Phanerozoic CO2 from soil carbonate and organic matter......Page 352
Model for estimation of atmospheric pCO2......Page 355
A case study: calculation of pCO2 in the ancient atmosphere......Page 356
Himalayan foothill sediments: Story of past monsoon and Asian climate......Page 358
References......Page 362
Introduction......Page 369
Basics of radiometry......Page 371
Basics......Page 376
Chemical pretreatment......Page 377
Measurement system......Page 378
Applications......Page 379
Basics......Page 380
Counter construction and counting gases......Page 381
Applications......Page 384
Basic principles and detector construction......Page 385
Applications......Page 387
Basics......Page 388
Detector types......Page 390
HPGe (high-purity germanium)......Page 391
Applications......Page 393
Isotopic Enrichment......Page 394
Thermal diffusion enrichment......Page 395
Mass Spectrometry......Page 396
Basics......Page 397
TIMS......Page 399
MC-ICP-MS......Page 400
AMS......Page 401
Ingrowth technique......Page 403
Future Perspectives......Page 404
References......Page 409
Author-Index.pdf......Page 413
Subject-Index.pdf......Page 432