Radical Left Parties and National Identity in Spain, Italy and Portugal: Rejecting or Reclaiming the Nation

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 The State of the Field
	1.2 Case Study
	1.3 Methodology
		1.3.1 Discourse Analysis
		1.3.2 Semi-structured Interviews
		1.3.3 Participant Observation
	1.4 Research Design
	1.5 Book Outline
	References
Chapter 2: Conceptual Framework
	2.1 Discourse Theory
	2.2 Mapping the «National»
	2.3 Locating Radical Left Parties
	References
Chapter 3: Setting the Scene: The Radical Left and the Nation
	3.1 A Puzzling Story
	3.2 Marxism and the Nation
		3.2.1 Marx, Engels and Nationality
		3.2.2 Otto Bauer and the Marxist Debate on the National Question
	3.3 Left-Wing Populism and the Nation
		3.3.1 The People and the Nation
		3.3.2 The «National-Popular»
	References
Chapter 4: The Spanish Case. What Is Spain? Franco’s Legacy and Podemos’ Patriotism
	4.1 A Spanish Radical Left?
	4.2 The Breakthrough of Podemos
		4.2.1 Why Has Podemos Embraced Patriotism?
			4.2.1.1	 The Populist Strategy on Nationality
		4.2.2 What Type of Patriotism Does Podemos Embrace?
			4.2.2.1	 (a) Welfare Policies and Solidarity
			4.2.2.2	 (b) History from Below and People’s Mobilisation
			4.2.2.3	 (c) Cultural and National Pluralism
			4.2.2.4	 A Counter-Hegemonic Approach to Nationality
		4.2.3 A Flagless Patriotism
	4.3 Old and New Competitors
		4.3.1 Izquierda Unida
		4.3.2 Anticapitalistas
		4.3.3 Más País
	4.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 5: The Italian Case: Italy’s Wheezing Left Between the Shadow of Its Past and New Challenges
	5.1 What’s Left of the Italian Radical Left?
		5.1.1 What About the Nation?
	5.2 A Long Journey from Patriotism to Cosmopolitanism
		5.2.1 Anti-fascist Patriotism
		5.2.2 Class Comes First
		5.2.3 Beyond the Nation
	5.3 New Rifts Over the Nation?
		5.3.1 The European Question
		5.3.2 Constitutional «Patriotism»
		5.3.3 Reacting to the Nationalist Right
	5.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 6: The Portuguese Case. Left-Leaning Banal Nationalism in Portugal?
	6.1 Seizing the Nation: The Portuguese Radical Left and the Echoes of the Revolution
	6.2 The Patriotism of the Communists and the New Left
		6.2.1 The Patriotism of the PCP
		6.2.2 The Novelty of the Left Bloc
		6.2.3 A Common Adversary: The European Union
	6.3 Is Right-Wing Nationalism Back in the Game?
	6.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 7: Comparing the Results
	7.1 Commonality of Factors and Differences in Outcomes
		7.1.1 Divergent Transitions to Democracy
		7.1.2 The Outcome of the 2011 Protests
		7.1.3 The Hegemony of the Nationalist Right and Migration Flows
		7.1.4 Left-Populist Strategy and Patriotism
		7.1.5 National Pride and Euroscepticism
	7.2 Propounding a Typology
		7.2.1 Social Patriotism
		7.2.2 Counter-Hegemonic Patriotism
		7.2.3 National Cosmopolitanism
		7.2.4 Post-national Cosmopolitanism
	References
Chapter 8: Conclusion
	8.1 Arguments and Findings
	8.2 Contribution to the Literature and Suggestions for Further Research
	References
Appendix 1
	A1.1 For the Spanish Case
	A1.2 For the Italian Case
	A1.3 For the Portuguese Case
Appendix 2
	A2.1 For the Spanish Case
		Elite Interviews
		Expert Interviews
	A2.2 For the Italian Case
		Elite Interviews
		Expert Interviews
	A2.3 For the Portuguese Case
		Elite Interviews
		Expert Interviews
Appendix 3
	A3.1 Semi-structured Elite Interviews
	A3.2 Semi-structured Expert Interviews
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Index