Race in the Jury Box: Affirmative Action in Jury Selection

Race in the Jury Box......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 10
TABLE OF CASES......Page 18
1. INTRODUCTION TO RACIALLY MIXED JURIES......Page 20
RACIALLY MIXED JURIES AND JURY VERDICTS......Page 25
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MINORITY JURORS IN THE JURY BOX......Page 33
REFORM AND ITS BARRIERS......Page 36
CONCLUSIONS......Page 37
2. DEFINING AND MEASURING RACE AND RACIAL IDENTITY......Page 39
MEASURING AND IDENTIFYING RACE......Page 40
SOCIAL DECONSTRUCTION OF RACE: SOCIAL ELEMENTS AND CONCEPTS......Page 42
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF RACE AS A MEASUREMENT......Page 51
RACIAL IDENTITY AND ANCESTRAL BACKGROUNDS......Page 60
DECONSTRUCTING RACE AND THE IMPORTANCE OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS......Page 70
CONCLUSIONS......Page 78
3. RACIALLY MIXED JURIES AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION......Page 80
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN JURY SELECTION......Page 82
THE JURY “DE MEDIETATE LINGUAE” MODEL......Page 84
THE HENNEPIN COUNTY MODEL......Page 88
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE MODEL......Page 89
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF RACIALLY BALANCED JURIES......Page 91
RESULTS......Page 92
RACIALLY DIVERSE JURIES, RACIAL QUOTAS, AND PEREMPTORY CHALLENGES......Page 102
CONCLUSIONS......Page 108
4. EUGENE “BEAR” LINCOLN AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN JURY: Affirmative Action in Jury Selection and Peremptory Inclusion......Page 109
PEOPLE V. EUGENE “BEAR” LINCOLN......Page 111
DEFENSE STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF A RACIALLY DIVERSE JURY......Page 121
AFFIRMATIVE JURY STRUCTURES AND PEREMPTORY INCLUSION......Page 130
THE NEED FOR PROGRESSIVE LEGISLATIVE AND COURT ACTION......Page 140
CONCLUSIONS......Page 142
5. THE SIXTH AMENDMENT AND THE RACIALLY MIXED JURY......Page 144
IMPARTIALITY......Page 145
THE FAIR CROSS-SECTION REQUIREMENT......Page 150
JURY OF ONE’S PEERS......Page 157
CONCLUSIONS......Page 165
6. SHORTCOMINGS OF PROCEDURALLY BASED REMEDIES: Jury Representation from the Beginning to the End of the Jury Selection Process......Page 168
THE GOAL OF RANDOM SELECTION AND THE FAIR CROSS-SECTION DOCTRINE......Page 169
EMPIRICAL CHECKPOINTS IN JURY SELECTION......Page 172
JURY REPRESENTATION FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE END OF JURY SELECTION......Page 174
ANALYSES AND FINDINGS......Page 175
PARTIAL REMEDIES AND THEIR IMPACTS ON JURY SELECTION......Page 186
FINAL JURY COMPOSITION: INEQUITIES, REMEDIES, AND FUTURE REFORMS......Page 188
CONCLUSIONS......Page 193
7. JURY NULLIFICATION AND THE MINORITY-DOMINANT CRIMINAL JURY: The O. J. Simpson Verdict and Acquittal by Race......Page 195
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE, THE BURDEN OF PROOF, AND REASONABLE DOUBT......Page 199
THE SIMPSON JURY AND A HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIO......Page 203
A HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIO: RESULTS AND FINDINGS......Page 204
JURY NULLIFICATION, RACIAL IDENTITY, AND LEGAL CONCEPTS......Page 209
CONCLUSIONS......Page 214
8. JURY NULLIFICATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION JURIES......Page 216
JURY NULLIFICATION......Page 218
JURY NULLIFICATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION JURIES......Page 221
JURY NULLIFICATION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONCEPTS......Page 225
JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF JURY NULLIFICATION......Page 230
CONCLUSIONS......Page 232
THE JURY AND THE POTENTIAL FOR DEMOCRACY......Page 234
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN JURY SELECTION......Page 236
CONCLUSIONS......Page 240
COMMUNITY SURVEYS (4 DATA SETS)......Page 243
COLLEGE STUDENT SURVEY (1 DATA SET)......Page 247
JURY PANEL SURVEY (1 DATA SET)......Page 249
COLLEGE STUDENT EXPERIMENT (1 DATA SET)......Page 250
CENSUS INFORMATION......Page 251
Appendix B: METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGIES ON HOW TO DETERMINE AND MEASURE RACE IN COURTROOMS......Page 252
1: INTRODUCTION TO RACIALLY MIXED JURIES......Page 254
2: DEFINING AND MEASURING RACE AND RACIAL IDENTITY......Page 255
3: RACIALLY MIXED JURIES AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION......Page 258
4: EUGENE “BEAR” LINCOLN AND THE NATIVE AMERICAN JURY......Page 260
5: THE SIXTH AMENDMENT AND THE RACIALLY MIXED JURY......Page 261
6: SHORTCOMINGS OF PROCEDURALLY BASED REMEDIES......Page 263
7: JURY NULLIFICATION AND THE MINORITY-DOMINANT CRIMINAL JURY......Page 264
8: JURY NULLIFICATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION JURIES......Page 265
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 268
B......Page 284
E......Page 285
J......Page 286
P......Page 287
S......Page 288
Z......Page 289