Quick review series for BDS 4th Year-Community Dentistry

Front cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
1 Topic Wise Questionsof Previous Years
	Topic 1 Introduction
		Long essays
			Similarities
			Objectives of public health dentistry
			Tools of dental public health
		Short essays
		Short notes
			Type 1: Complete examination
			Type 2: Limited examination
			Type 3: Inspection
			Type 4: Screening
			Complete examination
			Dentist
			Dental assistance
			Dental receptionist
			Cleaning personnel
			Dental laboratory
			Business manager
			Material usage
			Disposal of waste
	Topic 2 Public health
		Long essays
			Potable water
			Large-scale purification of water
				A. Storage
				B. Filtration
					Slow sand or biological filters
						i. Supernatant water
						ii. Sand bed
						iii. Filter box
						iv. Filter control
						Filtration
						Back washing
						Advantages
				C. Chlorination
					Action of chlorine
					Method of chlorination
					Break point chlorination
			Other agents
			Principles of health education
			Barriers of communication
			Audiovisual AIDS
			Methods in health communication
			Demonstrations
			Group discussion
				Limitations
			Panel discussion
			Symposium
			Mass approach – education of the general public
			Principles of health education
			Educational AIDS used in health education
			(a) Dumping
			(b) Controlled tipping
			(c) Incineration
				Types
				Disadvantages
				(d) Composting
			(e) Manure pits
			(f) Burial
			Aims of school dental service
			Objectives of school dental health
			Advantages of school-based programme
			School dental health programmes
				A. Askov dental health education
				B. School dental health nurse programme
				C. Learning about your oral health
					Programme philosophy and goals
				D. Tattle tooth program development
					Programme philosophy and goals
					Programme implementation
					Cost of materials
				E. Tooth keeper programme
					Philosophy and goals
					Implementation
				F. Theta programme (teenage health education teaching assistants)
					Philosophy and goals
					Implementation
					Cost of materials
		Short essays
			Environmental factors
			Health for all phase (2000)
			Comprehensive dental care
			Comprehensive health service criteria
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			Incremental dental care
				Disadvantages
			A. Audio AIDS
			B. Visual AIDS
				(a) Projected AIDS
				(b) Nonprojected AIDS
				(c) Other AIDS
			C. Combination of audio and visual AIDS
			Action of chlorine
			Methods of chlorination
			(a) Dumping
			(b) Controlled tipping
			(c) Incineration
				Types of incinerators
			(d) Composting:
			(e) Manure pits
			(f) Burial
			I. Thiamine or vitamin b₁
				Functions
				Deficiency
				Daily requirement
			ii. Riboflavin or vitamin b₂
				Sources
				Functions
				Deficiency
				Daily requirement
			iii. Niacin
				Source
				Functions
				Deficiency
				Daily requirement
			iv. Vitamin B₆
				Source
				Functions
				Deficiency
				Daily requirement
			v. Folate:
				Source
				Functions
				Deficiency
			vi. Vitamin B₁₂:
				Source
				Functions
				Deficiency
			Approaches to health education
			Panel discussion
			i. Clinical attire
				Gown, uniform or scrub suit
				Solid, closed front
				Hair and head covering
				Use of face mask
			ii. Eye protection
			iii. Hand care
			iv. Gloves
		Short notes
			Philosophy and goals
			Programme philosophy and goals
			Programme implementation
			Source
			Functions
			Deficiency
			Daily requirement
	Topic 3 Epidemiology
		Long essays
			Epidemiology of periodontal disease
			Aetiology of periodontal diseases
				I. Host factors
				II. Agent factors
				III. Environmental factors
			A. Host factors
			b. Agent factors
			c. Environmental factor
			Measure of mortality
			A. Establishing the objectives
			B. Designing the investigation
			C. Selecting the sample
			D. Conducting the examinations
			E. Analysing the data
			F. Drawing the conclusions and publishing the report
			G. Publishing the report
			Levels of prevention
				I. Primary prevention
				II. Secondary prevention:
				III. Tertiary prevention:
		Short essays
			a. Host factors
				Tooth
				Saliva
				Sex
				Race
				Age
				Familial heredity
				Developmental disturbances
				Economic status
				Concomitant disease
				Oral hygiene habits
			b. Agent factors
			c. Environmental factor
				Diet
			(A) Exposure rates
			(B) Estimation of risk
			Case–control study
			Cohort study
			Tools of measurement in epidemiology
				a. Rate
				b. Ratio
				c. Proportion
			Concept of numerator and denominator
		Short notes
	Topic 4 Dental public health
		Long essays
			A. Public health sector
				(a) Primary health care
				(b) Hospitals/health centres
				(c) Health insurance schemes
				(d) Other health agencies
			B. Private sector
			C. Indigenous system of medicine
			D. Voluntary health agencies
			E. National health programmes
			A. Private fee for service
			B. Postpayment plans
			C. Private third party prepayment plans
			D. Salary
			E. Public programmes
				(a) Medicare
				(b) Medicaid
			Classification
			Revised classification
			Duties and obligations of dentists towards patients and public
			Duties of dentists towards their colleagues
			Unethical practice
			Legal vulnerability in dental practice
			Dentists act
			Composition of the dental council of india
			Functions of dental council of india
		Short essays
			Usual fee
			Customary fee
			Reasonable fee
			Indian dental association
				Composition
				Official relations
				Objectives
				Functions
			Principles
				i. To do no harm (nonmaleficence)
				ii. To do good (beneficence)
				iii. Autonomy
				iv. Justice
				v. Truthfulness
				vi. Confidentiality
			Dental council of india
			Functions of dental council of india
			Expanded function dental auxiliary
			Frontier auxiliaries
			Public programmes
			90th percentile
			World health organisation (who)
				Memberships
				Structure
			Work of who
			Delta dental plans
				Reimbursement of dentists in delta plans
			Private fee for service
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			Voluntary health agencies
				Functions of voluntary health agencies
			Voluntary health agencies in india
			Functions of unicef
			Organization of unicef
		Short notes
			Voluntary health agencies in india
			Classification
			Revised classification
			Indian dental association
				Composition
			Consumer protection act (copra)
	Topic 5 Preventive dentistry
		Long essays
			i. Primary prevention
			ii. Secondary prevention
			iii. Tertiary prevention
			Water fluoridation
			Salt fluoridation
			Milk fluoridation
			Community dentistry
				Primary prevention
				Secondary prevention
				Tertiary prevention
			Mechanical plaque control AIDS
			Toothbrushes
			Interdental cleaning AIDS
			Dental floss
			Interproximal/interdental brushes
			Powered interdental brushes
			Unitufted/single-tufted brushes
			Irrigation devices
				Gingival physiotherapy
			Tongue scraping
			Contraindications for sealant usage
			Some caries activity and susceptibility tests:
			Bacterial caries activity tests
				i. Lactobacilli count test:
					Principle involved:
					Procedure:
					Demerits of this test:
				ii. Snyder test:
					Principle involved:
					Procedure:
				Snyder test:
					Advantages of snyder test
				iii. Alban test (modified snyder test):
					Procedure
				iv. Swab test
					Principle involved:
					Procedure
				v. Dip slide methods:
				Tests based on streptococcus mutans
					Principle:
					a. Streptococcus mutans count tests:
					b. Dip slide method for s. mutans
					Scoring is done as follows:
					S. mutans in saliva
					Method:
				Salivary reductase test:
					Principle involved
					Procedure
					Buffer capacity test:
					Procedure
				Fosdick calcium dissolution test:
					Principle
					Procedure
		Short essays
			Diet counselling
			Principles of art
			Advantages of art
			Primary prevention
			Advantages of primary prevention
			Secondary prevention
				Advantage
				Disadvantages
			Tertiary prevention
			Utility of disclosing agents
			Properties of an acceptable disclosing agent
			Application of disclosing agent
			Fones method or circular scrub method (1934)
				Indication
				Technique
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			Mechanical plaque control AIDS
			Indications for placement of pit and fissure sealant
			Preventive resin restoration (PRR)
			Purpose of the study
			Method
			The main conclusions of the vipeholm study
			Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2%)
				Mechanism of action
			Chemical plaque control
				Ideal requisites of an antiplaque agent
				Classification of chemical plaque control agents
					First-generation antiplaque agents
					Second-generation antiplaque agents
					Third-generation antiplaque agents
			Indications
			Technique
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Indications
			Technique
			Disadvantages
		Short notes
			Mechanical plaque control AIDS
			Indications
			Technique
			Disadvantages
			Classification of pit and fissure sealants
			Classification of resin sealants
			Salivary reductase test
				Principle
				Procedure
				Advantages
				Disadvantage
			Procedure
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
			Indications
			Technique
			Advantages
			Interdental cleaning AIDS
	Topic 6 Fluorides
		Long essays
			Topical fluorides
				Definition
				Classification
			A. Sodium fluoride 2%
				Method of preparation
				Advantages
				Disadvantage
			B. Stannous fluoride 8%
				Method of preparation (muhler’s solution)
				Advantage
				Disadvantages
			C. Acidulated phosphate fluoride 1.23%
				Method of preparation (brudevold’s solution)
				APF gel
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			D. Fluoride varnish
				Fluorprotector (silane fluoride)
					Composition
				Duraphat
			E. Fluoride mouth rinses
				Advantage
				Disadvantage
			Water fluoridation
			Feasibility
			Various systemic methods used in prevention of dental caries
				Community water fluoridation
					Grand rapids–muskegon study
					Newburgh–kingston study
					Evanston–oak park study
					Dutch study (Tiel–Culemborg)
					Benefits of community water fluoridation
					Disadvantages of water fluoridation
				School water fluoridation
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Systemic fluorides
			Mechanism of action of systemic fluorides
			Different systemic fluoridation
				A. Water fluoridation
					a. School water fluoridation
					b. Community water fluoridation
				b. Salt fluoridation
					Advantages
					Method of preparation
				C. Milk fluoridation
					Advantage
					Disadvantages
				D. Dietary fluoride supplements
					Indications for use
			Water fluoridation
			Water defluoridation
				A. Ion exchange process
				B. Addition of chemicals to water
					Nalgonda technique
				C. Reverse osmosis
				D. Electrolysis
			Dental fluorosis
			Knutson’s technique
				Method of preparation
				Method of application (knutson’s technique)
				Recommended ages
		Short essays
			Method of preparation
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
			Water defluoridation
				A. Ion exchange process
				B. Addition of chemicals to water
					Nalgonda technique
				C. Reverse osmosis
				D. Electrolysis
			I. Sodium fluoride application
				Method of application (knutson’s technique)
				Recommended ages
			ii. Stannous fluoride
				Method of application (muhler’s technique)
			iii. Acidulated phosphate fluoride – 1.23%
				Method of preparation (brudevold’s solution)
				APF gel
				Method of application
				Recommended frequency
			iv. Fluoride varnish
				Method of varnish application
			Composition
			Method of varnish application
			Recommended dose
			Fluoride mouth rinses
			Method of preparation
			Method of use
			Advantage
			Disadvantage
			Acute fluoride toxicity
				Factors affecting acute toxicity
				Signs and symptoms
				Management
		Short notes
			Acute fluoride toxicity
			Fluoride mouth rinses
				Method of preparation
				Advantage
				Disadvantage
	Topic 7 Indices used in preventive dentistry
		Long essays
			Decayed-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT index)
				Procedure/method
				Following are the criteria for identification of dental caries:
				Principles and rules in recording DMFT
				Who modification of DMF index (1986)
				Examination method for DMF (permanent teeth only)
				Coding criteria for DMF index
				Calculation of the index
				Limitations of DMFT index
			Decayed-missing-filled-tooth surfaces index (DMFS)
				Procedure/method
				The surfaces examined
				Total surface count for a DMFS index
				Individual DMFS index
			Method
			Scoring criteria
			Russell’s rule
			Calculation of the index
			Drawbacks of periodontal index
			Uses of PI
			CPITN index (community periodontal index of treatment needs)
				Major advantages of CPITN
				Codes and criteria
			Classification of treatment needs
			Silness and loe dental plaque index
				Method
				Procedure
				Scoring criteria: (silness and loe – 1964)
			Selection of teeth and surface
			Objectives of the PDI
			Components of periodontal disease index
			Plaque component of the periodontal disease index
				Method
				Scoring criteria
				Calculations
				Uses
			Calculus component of the periodontal disease index
				Teeth and surfaces examined
				Method
				Calculation of the index
				Uses
			Indices used to assess gingival inflammation.
				Papillary marginal attachment index (PMA index)
					Method
					Scoring criteria
					Calculation of the index
					Uses
				Papillary marginal index (PM index)
					Scoring criteria
					Calculation of index
				Gingival index (GI)
					Method
					Calculation of the index
					Modifications of gingival index
					Uses
				Modified gingival index (MGI)
				Method
				Calculation
			Indices used for assessment of gingival bleeding
				Sulcus bleeding index (SBI)
					Method
					Scoring criteria
					Calculation
				Papillary bleeding index (PBI)
					Method
					Scoring criteria
					Calculation
				Gingival bleeding index (GBI)
					Method
					Procedure
					Scoring criteria
				Modified sulcular bleeding index (mSBI)
				Eastman interdental bleeding index (EIBI)
					Method
					Scoring criteria
					Calculation
			Selection of tooth surfaces
			Surfaces and teeth to be examined
			Examination methods and scoring system
				Calculus index simplified (CI-S)
			Calculation of the index
			Calculation example
			Uses of OHI-S index
		Short essays
			Codes and criteria
				‘code X’
				‘code 4’
				‘code 3’
				‘code 2’
				‘code 1’
				‘code 0’
			Classification of treatment needs
			Debris index simplified
			Method
			Modifications of gingival index
			Uses
			Method
			Scoring criteria
			Russell’s rule
			Calculation of the index
			Drawbacks of periodontal index
			Uses of PI
			Scoring criteria for field studies
			Interpretation
			For individual patients
			In research
			In community health
			Decayed-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT index)
				Procedure/method
				Principles and rules in recording DMFT
				Who modification of dmf index (1986)
				Examination method for DMF (permanent teeth only)
				Coding criteria for DMF index
				Calculation of the index
			Papillary marginal attachment index (PMA index)
				Method
				Scoring criteria
				Calculation of the index
				Uses
			Procedure
			Examination and recording
			Loss of attachment
			‘def’ index
				Examination method for def index (deciduous teeth only)
				Coding criteria for primary tooth dentition
				Calculation of def index
			Selection of tooth surfaces
			Examination methods and scoring system
				Debris index simplified (DI-S):
				Calculus index simplified (CI-S)
			Calculation of the index
			Probing procedure
			Method
			Scoring criteria
			Calculation
			Diagnostic criteria
			Equipments used
			Recording procedure
			Method
			Procedure
			Scoring criteria (silness and loe – 1964)
			Plaque component of the periodontal disease index
				Method
				Scoring criteria
				Calculations
				Uses
			Calculus component of the periodontal disease index
				Teeth and surfaces examined
				Method
		Short notes
			Procedure/method
			The major advantages of CPITN
			Limitations
			Method
			Scoring criteria
			Russell’s rule
			Uses of PI
			Uses of OHI-S index
	Topic 8 Health statistics
		Long essays
			Types of data
				i. Primary data
				ii. Secondary data
			Methods of collecting data
			Presentation of data
				I. Tabulation
				II. Charts and diagrams
				III. Line diagrams
				IV. Statistical maps
			Methods of sampling technique
				(A) Probability sampling
					a. Simple random sampling
					b. Stratified random sampling
					c. Systematic random sampling
					d. Area or cluster sampling
				(B) Non-probability sampling
			Methods of dispersion
				A. Range
				B. Mean deviation
				C. Standard deviation
			Test of significance
				Standard error test for large samples
				Chi-square test
				Standard error test for small samples
					i. T-test for paired comparison
					ii. The unpaired t-test
			Steps in planning process
				Conducting a needs assessment
				Determining priorities
				Development of programme goals, objectives and activities
				Identification of resources and constraints
				Alternative strategies
				Implementation, supervision, evaluation and revision
			Objectives
			Steps in survey
				i. Establishing the objective
				ii. Designing the investigation
				iii. Selecting the sample
				iv. Conducting the examinations
				v. Analysing the data
				vi. Drawing the conclusion
				vii. Publishing the reports
			Types of evaluation
				i. Formative evaluation
				ii. Summative evaluation
			Basic steps in evaluation
				i. Determine what is to be evaluated
				ii. Planning the methodology
				i. Gathering information
				ii. Analysis of results
				iii. Taking action
				vi. Evaluation of quality of dental care programmes
				vii. Re-evaluation
			Uses of statistics
				Standard deviation
				Mean
				Median
		Short essays
			Probability sampling
				a. Simple random sampling
				b. Stratified random sampling
				c. Systematic random sampling
				d. Area or cluster sampling
			Basic steps of evaluation
			Mean
				Advantages
				Disadvantage
			Median
				Advantages
			Mode
				Advantages
				Disadvantages
		Short notes
			Mean
			Median
			Mode
	Topic 9 Social sciences
		Long essays
			Social scientist
			Various forms of hard and soft tissue mutilations
			Mutilations of the soft tissues
				Tattooing
				Other mutilation practices
			Various classifications of child behaviour
				I. Frankl’s behaviour rating scale (1962)
				II. Lampshire’s classification
				III. Kopel’s classification
				IV. Wright’s modification of Frankl’s behaviour
			Behaviour management
				A. Nonpharmacological methods
				i. Audioanalgesia
				ii. Biofeedback
				iii. Voice control
				iv. Coping
				v. Relaxation
				vi. Aversive conditioning
					a. Hand-over-mouth exercise (home)
					b. Physical restraints
				vii. Implosion therapy
				viii. Retraining
			Classification
				Based on causative factors
				I. Classification of habits according to james
				II. According to Morris and Bohanna
				III. According to Klein
				IV. According to Finn
			Thumb sucking habit
				Classification
				Sucking habits can also be classified as
				Theories associated with thumb sucking
				Aetiology of sucking habits
				Causative factors: Various causative factors are as follows:
				Clinical effects of thumb sucking
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
					A. Psychological treatment
					B. Reminder therapy or mechanotherapy
					C. Chemical approach
			Mouth breathing habit
				Classification of mouth breathing
				Aetiology
				Clinical features
				Examination of a child for mouth breathing habit
					Diagnosis
					Treatment
			A. Psychoanalytical theory
				Elements of psychic triad
					Id
					Ego
					Superego
			B. Psychosexual theory
				a. Oral stage
				b. Anal stage
				c. Phallic stage
					Oedipus complex
					Electra complex
				d. Latency stage
				e. Genital stage
		Short essays
			Social stratification
			Occupational classification
			Other measures of social differentiation
			Attitude to disease
				Upper middle class
				Lower middle class
				Upper lower class
				Lower class
			A. Oral stage
			b. Anal stage
			c. Phallic stage
			d. Latency stage
			e. Genital stage
			Occupational hazards for dentists
				Physical hazards
				Chemical hazards
				Biological hazards
				Mechanical hazards
				Psychosocial hazards
			Tooth mutilations
			Tooth avulsion
			Mutilations of the tooth crown
			Lacquering and dyeing of tooth
			Decorative dental inlays and crowns
			Mutilations of the soft tissues
				Tattooing
				Other mutilation practices
			Types of fear
				Innate fear
				Objective fear
				Subjective fear
				Suggestive fear
				Imitative fear
				Imaginative fear
			a. Hand-over-mouth exercise (home) technique
			Modelling (imitation)
				Stages and requirements of modelling
				The advantages of modelling procedures
			I. Cooperative behaviour
			II. Lacking cooperative behaviour
			III. Potentially cooperative behaviour
		Short notes
			Oedipus complex
			Modelling (imitation)
				Objectives of TSD technique
				Indications
2 Multiple choice questions
	Section II Multiple choice questions
Section III Previous years question bank
	Section III Previous years question bank
		Topic 1 Introduction
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 2 Public health
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 3 Epidemiology
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 4 Dental public health
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 5 Preventive dentistry
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 6 Fluorides
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 7 Indices used in preventive dentistry
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 8 Health statistics
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Topic 9 Social sciences
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes
		Miscellaneous
			Long essays
			Short essays
			Short notes