Quick Review Series for BDS 4th Year - Prosthodontics

Front cover
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
I Topic Wise Solved Questions of Previous Years
	I COMPLETE DENTURES
		Topic 1 Introduction to complete dentures
			Long essays
				Edentulism
					Causes of edentulism/reasons for loss of teeth
					Mechanism of complete denture support in edentulous state
						A. Masticatory loads
						B. Area of support
						C. Residual ridge
						D. Psychological effect of edentulous state on retention
						E. Effect on mastication and swallowing
						F. Distribution of stress in denture-supporting tissues
						Viscoelastic character of denture-supporting tissues
						G. Changes in morphological facial height and temporomandibular joints
						H. Cosmetic changes in edentulous state
					Treatment options for edentulous state
				Mandibular poor foundation
					I. Non-surgical methods
					II. Surgical methods
						A. Procedures to improve bony foundation
						B. Procedures to improve soft tissue foundation
						C. Procedures to improve ridge relationships
						D. Implants
						Non-surgical methods
						A. Rest for denture-supporting tissues
						B. Occlusal correction of old prosthesis
						C. Good nutrition
						D. Conditioning of patient’s musculature
					II. Surgical methods
						A. Surgical procedures to improve mandibular denture base foundation
						a. Procedures to improve bony foundation
						i. Retained dentition
						ii. Removal of pathologic bony conditions
						iii. Techniques to deal with mandibular alveolar excess
						a. Alveoloplasty
						i. Simple compression
						ii. Cortical alveoloplasty
						iii. Intercortical alveoloplasty
						b. Reduction of knife edge/irregular/sharp mylohyoid ridge
						c. Genial tubercle reduction or reattachment
						d. Removal of mandibular torus
						e. Alveolar repositioning
						iv. Techniques to deal with excessive alveolar bone resorption
						A. Techniques to reduce alveolar atrophy
						B. Techniques to correct alveolar atrophy
						v. Techniques to compensate for alveolar atrophy
						a. Vestibuloplasty
						b. Lowering the mental foramen
					B. Procedures to improve soft tissue foundation
						i. Hypermobile tissue correction
						ii. Excision of fibrous hyperplasia of the retromolar pad
						iii. Frenectomy for hyperplastic lingual frenum
					C. Procedures to improve the ridge relationship
						Surgical techniques to improve ridge relationship (for mandible)
				Reasons for loss of teeth
				Consequences of loss of teeth
				Methods of prosthodontic replacements in case of tooth loss
			Short essays
				Metallic denture base
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Pre-prosthetic surgery
					A. Procedures to improve bony foundation
						iv. Techniques to deal with excessive alevolar bone resorption
						v. Techniques to compensate for alveolar atrophy
					B. Procedures to improve soft tissue foundation
				Vestibuloplasty
					Objectives
					Three basic techniques
						i. Mucosal advancement
						ii. Secondary epithelialization
						iii. Epithelial graft vestibuloplasty
			Short notes
				Advantages of metal bases
				Polished surface
		Topic 2 Diagnosis and treatment planning
			Long essays
				Complete denture treatment
					Pre-extraction records
					Examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning
						i. Recording the general information
						Psychological evaluation
						a. Philosophical
						b. Exacting (critical)
						c. Indifferent
						d. Hysterical
						e. Sceptical
						ii. Recording the chief complaint and assessment of patient’s expectations
						iii. Recording the medical history
						iv. Recording current medication
						v. Recording the dental history
						iii. Performing oral examination
						Extraoral examination
						Intraoral examination
						I. Cheeks
						II. Tongue
						a. Tongue size
						b. Tongue position
						c. Tongue mucosa
						III. Frenal attachments
						IV. Floor of the mouth
						V. Maxillary tuberosity
						VI. Hard palate
						VII. Palatal torus
						VIII. Mandibular tori
						IX. Smoker’s palate (stomatitis nicotina)
						X. Soft palate
						XI. Residual alveolar ridge
					Saliva
						XII. Radiographic examination
				Prosthodontic diagnostic index (pdi) for complete edentulism
					Pdi for the edentulous class 4 patient
				Examination of patient
				Clinical significance of anatomical landmarks of maxilla and mandible
					A. Maxilla
						I. Supporting structures
						ii. Rugae area
						iii. Median palatine raphe
						iv. Hard palate
						v. Incisive papilla
						vi. Zygomatic process (malar process)
						vii. Maxillary tuberosity
						II. Limiting structures (valve seal areas)
						i. Labial frenum
						ii. Buccal frenum
						iii. Labial vestibule
						iv. Buccal vestibule
						v. Coronoid process
						vi. Masseter muscle
						vii. Pterygomaxillary notch
						viii. Pterygomandibular raphe
						ix. Palatine fovea
						x. Posterior palatal seal area
					B. Mandible
						I. Supporting structures
						ii. Slopes of the residual alveolar ridge
						iii. Buccal shelf area
						iv. Mylohyoid ridge
						v. Mental foramen
						vi. Torus mandibularis
						II. Buccal limiting structures of mandible
						I. labial frenum
						ii. Buccal frenum
						iii. Labial sulcus/vestibule
						iv. Buccal vestibule
						v. External oblique ridge
						vi. Masseter muscle influence area
						vii. Distal border of denture
						viii. Retromolar pad
						ix. Pear-shaped pad
						Lingual limiting structures of mandible
						i. Retromylohyoid curtain
						ii. Alveololingual sulcus (lingual vestibule)
						iii. Lingual frenum
						iv. Mylohyoid muscle
						v. Mylohyoid ridge
						vi. Genial tubercles
						vii. Sublingual gland region
			Short essays
				Examination, diagnosis, and treatment planning in complete denture patients
				Diagnosis
				Prosthodontic diagnostic index (pdi) for complete edentulism
				Treatment plan
			Short notes
				Importance of intraoral radiographic examination
				Soft tissues and their relevance to complete dentures
				Soft palate
				Muscles of the soft palate
		Topic 3 Diagnostic impressions in cd and mouth preparation for cd and objective of impression making
			Long essays
				Retention
					Anatomical factors
					Physiological factors
					Physical factors
						i. Adhesion
						ii. Cohesion
						iii. Interfacial surface tension
						iv. Capillarity or capillary attraction
						v. Atmospheric pressure and peripheral seal
					Mechanical factors
					Muscular factors
				Impression
				Biological considerations of maxillary impression
					Supporting structures
						i. Residual alveolar ridge
						ii. Rugae area
						iii. Median palatine raphe
						iv. Hard palate
						v. Incisive papilla
						vi. Zygomatic process (malar process)
						vii. Maxillary tuberosity
					Limiting structures (valve seal areas)
					i. Labial frenum
					ii. Buccal frenum
					iii. Labial vestibule
					iv. Buccal vestibule
					v. Coronoid process
					vi. Masseter muscle
					vii. Pterygomaxillary notch
					viii. Pterygomandibular raphe
					ix. Palatine fovea
					x. Posterior palatal seal area
				Impression
				Principles of impression making
				Objectives of impression making
					Preservation of alveolar ridge
				Retention
					Stability
					IV. Support
					V. Aesthetics
			Short essays
				Preprosthetic evaluation importance
				Diagnostic cast
					Ideal requirements of a diagnostic cast
					Uses of diagnostic cast
				Objectives of complete denture prosthodontics
			Short notes
				Preprosthetic surgery
				Mandibular stress-bearing areas
					Boundaries
				Buccal shelf area
					Boundaries
					Anteriorly: Buccal frenum.
					Histology
					Function
				Incisive papilla
				Muscles of the soft palate
				Alveolingual sulcus
				Muscles of mastication and facial expression
				Balanced occlusion
					Characteristic requirements of balanced occlusion
					Importance of balanced occlusion
					Factors affecting balanced occlusion
				Retromolar pad
					Contents
					Significance
				Anterior reference points
		Topic 4 Primary impression in complete dentures and lab procedures prior to master impression making
			Long essays
				Impression
					Objectives of impression making
					Classification of impression techniques
					Theories of impression
						A. Pressure theory
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						B. Minimal pressure theory
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Technique
						C. Selective pressure theory
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					Impression technique for upper anterior movable flabby ridges
						Post-insertion instructions to the patient
				Complete denture impression
					Classification
						Based on elasticity
						Based on its prosthodontic use
					Preliminary impression materials
						I. Modelling compound
						II. Alginate
						Final impression materials
						I. Alginate
						II. Rubber base
						III. Zinc oxide eugenol
						IV. Tissue conditioners
						V. Impression plaster
						VI. Waxes
			Short essays
				Saliva and its influence on retention and stability
					Amount
				Impression technique for flabby ridges
				Classification of impression techniques
				Pressure theory of impression making
					Technique
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Various philosophies of impression making in complete denture
					i. Pressure theory
						Technique
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					ii. Minimal pressure theory
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Technique
					iii. Selective pressure theory
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Impression compound
					Composition
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Alginate impression materials
			Short notes
				Zinc oxide eugenol
					Composition
						Base paste
						Reactor paste
				Pressure theory
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Selective pressure theory
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Syneresis and imbibition
				Disadvantages of condensation silicone
		Topic 5 Secondary impression in complete dentures and lab procedures prior to jaw relation
			Long essays
				Posterior palatal seal
					Functions/significance of posterior palatal seal area
					Parts of posterior palatal seal
					Boundaries of posterior palatal seal
						Anterior vibrating line
						Shape
						Location method
						Posterior vibrating line
						Location method
					Methods to record posterior palatal seal
						A. Arbitrary techniques
						i. Conventional technique by winkler
						Method
						ii. Boucher’s technique
					Method
						Advantage
						B. Physiological techniques
						i. Fluid wax technique
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						ii. Stick compound technique
						iii. Extended palatal technique by silverman in 1971.
						Method
			Short essays
				Functions/significance of posterior palatal seal area
					Parts of posterior palatal seal
					Boundaries of posterior palatal seal
						Anterior vibrating line
						Location method
						Posterior vibrating line
						Location method
				Pascal’s law
					Minimal pressure technique
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Technique
				Border moulding
					Importance of border moulding
					Materials used for border moulding
					Mandibular border moulding
				Rubber base impression materials
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Short notes
				Materials used for master impression
				Posterior palatal seal area
					Functions/significance of posterior palatal seal area
					Methods to record posterior palatal seal
				Disinfection of impression
				Border moulding
				Purpose of border moulding
				Custom tray for completely edentulous arches
					Materials used for its fabrication
		Topic 6 Maxillomandibular relations
			Long essays
				Orientation relation and face-bow
					Indications for face-bow use
					Basic parts of a face-bow
					Classification of face-bow
						Arbitrary face-bows
						A. Fascia type
						B. Earpiece type
						Kinematic face-bows
					Indications
						Plane of orientation
						Anterior reference point
						Posterior reference point
						Arbitrary method
						Kinematic method
						Advantages of the face-bow
				Jaw relation
					Classification
					Importance
					Face-bow index
				Horizontal jaw relations
					Classification
						i. Centric relation
					Significance of centric relation
						Difficulties in obtaining mandibular retrusion (centric relation)
						Methods of assisting the patient to retrude the mandible
						Recording centric relation or bite registration
						A. Minimal closing pressure
						B. Heavy closing pressure
						Advantage
						Disadvantages
						Methods used for recording centric jaw relations
						i. Interocclusal check records
						Uses
						Method
						Bite registration materials
						Requirements of bite registration materials
						ii. Functional method of recording centric relation
						iii. Excursive methods—gothic arch tracing:
						Uses
						Types
						iv. Other methods
						v. Eccentric relations
						Importance
						A. protrusive relation
					A. lateral jaw relations
						Recording lateral relations
				Vertical relations
					Types
					Physiologic rest position
					Rest vertical dimension (rvd)
					Occlusal vertical dimension (ovd)
					Interocclusal rest space (interocclusal distance —iod)
					Methods of determining vertical relation
						A. Mechanical methods
						B. physiological methods (post-extraction methods)
						1. Physiologic rest position tests
						2. Phonetics as guide
						Silverman’s closest speaking space
						3. Aesthetics as guide
			Short essays
				Jaw relation
					Classification
					Importance
				Physiologic rest position
					Importance
					Factors affecting jaw relations
					Physiologic rest position tests
					Disadvantage
				Orientation relation
				Plane of orientation
					Commonly used planes of orientation
					Anterior reference points
					Posterior reference points
						Arbitrary method
						Kinematic method
						Importance
				Vertical jaw relations
					Types
					Methods of determining vertical relation
					Effects of decreased vertical dimension
					Effects of increased vertical dimension
				Face-bow
					Indications for face-bow use
					Basic parts of a face-bow
					Classification
					Advantages of the face-bow
					Face-bow index
				Pre-extraction records
				Centric relation
					Significance of centric relation
					Classification of methods used for recording centric relation
				Gothic arch tracing
					Uses
					Attaching the tracing devices
					Types
			Short notes
				Vertical jaw relation
					Effects of decreased vertical dimension are as follows:
				Increased vertical dimension
				Interocclusal rest space (interocclusal distance, iod)
					Importance
				Methods of determining vertical relation
					Mechanical methods
					Physiologic methods
				Centric relation
					Classification of methods used for recording centric relation
					Methods of assisting the patient to retrude the mandible
				Physiologic rest position
					Importance
				Hinge axis
				Beyron’s point
				Orientation jaw relation
					Plane of orientation
				Importance of pre-extraction records
				Functional method of recording centric relation
				Overjet
				Overbite
				Occlusal rim
					Definition
					Uses
		Topic 7 Lab procedures prior to try-in
			Long essays
				Balanced occlusion
					Importance/rationale
					Condylar guidance
					Incisal guidance
					Compensating curve
						i. Anteroposterior compensating curves
						Compensating curve for curve of spee
						ii. Lateral compensating curves
						Compensating curve for monson’s curve
						Compensating curve for anti-monson or wilson’s curve
						Reverse curve
						Pleasure curve
						a. Relative cusp height
						Cuspal angulation
						Protrusive balanced occlusion
						b. Plane of occlusion or occlusal plane
				Articulator
					Uses of an articulator
					Requirements of an articulator
						Minimal requirements
						Additional requirements
						Advantages of articulators
					Disadvantages of articulators
						Classification of articulators
						a. Based on the theories of occlusion
						i. Bonwill theory of articulator
						ii. Conical theory of articulators (proposed by re hall)
						iii. Spherical theory articulators
						b. Based on the type of record used for their adjustment
						i. Interocclusal record adjustment
						ii. Graphic record adjustment
						c. Based on the ability to simulate jaw movements
						Class I
						Class II
						Class III
						Class IV
						d. Based on the adjustability of the articulator
						Non-adjustable articulators
						Semi-adjustable articulators
						Arcon articulators
						Non-arcon articulators
						Fully adjustable articulators
				Anterior teeth selection
					A. Size of the anterior teeth
						i. Methods using pre-extraction records
						II. methods using anthropological measurements of the patient
						iii. Methods using anatomical landmarks
						iv. Methods using theoretical concepts
						Psychological
						Biomechanical
						Physiological-biological
						• typical form theory by leon williams (1917)
						• temperamental theory by dr. sparzheim
						• concept of harmony by j w white in 1872
						v. Other factors
					B. Form of the anterior teeth
					C. Colour/shade of the anterior teeth
						Age
						Habits
						Complexion
						Colour of the eyes
						Colour of the patient’s hair
				Hanau’s quint
					Squint test
				Posterior teeth selection
					i. Size of the posterior teeth
						Buccolingual width
						Occlusogingival height and mesiodistal length
					ii. Form of the posterior teeth
						i. Cusp teeth
						a. Anatomic teeth
						Advantages of anatomic teeth
						Disadvantages of anatomic teeth
						b. Semi-anatomic teeth
						Advantages of semi-anatomic teeth
						Disadvantages of semi-anatomic teeth
						ii. Cuspless teeth
						Advantages of cuspless occlusal schemes
						Disadvantages of cuspless occlusal schemes
						Advantages of zero degree teeth
						Disadvantages of zero degree teeth
						iii. Special tooth forms
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Try-in stage in complete denture prosthodontics
					Procedure for try-in
					Maxillary canine
				Principles of tooth arrangement
					Maxillary lateral incisor
					Maxillary first premolar
						Maxillary central incisor
						Maxillary second premolar
					Maxillary first molar
					Maxillary second molar
					Mandibular central incisor
					Mandibular lateral incisor
					Mandibular canine
					Mandibular second premolar
					Mandibular first molar
					Mandibular first premolar
					Mandibular second molar
			Short essays
				Balanced occlusion
					Importance/rationale of balanced occlusion
					Hanau’s quint
				Procedure of try-in
				Anterior teeth selection
					a. Size of the anterior teeth
					b. Form of the anterior teeth
						Sex
						Age
						Personality
						c. Colour/shade of the anterior teeth
						Age
						Habits
						Complexion
						Colour of the eyes
						Colour of the patient’s hair
						Squint test
				Posterior teeth selection
					1. Size of the posterior teeth
						Mesiodistal length
						Occlusogingival height
					2. Form of the posterior teeth
				Articulator
				Uses of an articulator
					Requirements of an articulator
						Minimal requirements
						Additional requirements
					Advantages of articulators
					Disadvantages of articulators
				Condylar guidance
				Incisal guidance
				Non-anatomic teeth or cuspless teeth
					Advantages of cuspless occlusal schemes
					Disadvantages of cuspless occlusal schemes
					Advantages of zero degree teeth
					Disadvantages of zero degree teeth
				Compensating curve
					Anteroposterior compensating curves
					Compensating curve for curve of spee
					Lateral compensating curves
						Compensating curve for monson curve
						Compensating curve for anti-monson or wilson’s curve
						Reverse curve
						Pleasure curve
				Bennett’s movement or mandibular lateral translation
					Significance
				Bennet angle
				Definition
				Classification of articulators
					A. Based on the theories of occlusion
					B. Based on the type of record used for their adjustment
					C. Based on the ability to simulate jaw movements
					D. Based on the adjustability of the articulator
			Short notes
				Articulator
				Neutral zone
				Porcelain denture teeth
				Indications
				Contraindications
				Dentogenic concept and dynesthetics: Sex, personality, age, or spa factor.
					Sex
					Personality
					Age
				Try-in in complete denture
					Procedure
				Anterior teeth selection for geriatric patient
				Compensating curve
					Balanced occlusion
					Importance/rationale
					Laws of articulation of developing balanced occlusion
				Cuspless teeth
					Advantages of zero degree teeth
					Disadvantages of zero degree teeth
					Lingualized occlusion
					Myerson’s lingualized integration
					Christenson’s phenomenon
				Porcelain teeth
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
		Topic 8 Lab procedures prior to insertion and complete denture insertion
			Long essays
				Post-insertion problems in complete dentures
				Management of post-insertion problems
					a. Decrease in denture retention
						i. Lack of seal
						Causes
						Correction
						ii. Air beneath the impression surface of denture/lack of seal
						Causes
						Correction
						iii. Xerostomia
						Correction
						iv. Neuromuscular control
						Correction
					b. Decrease in denture stability
					c. Decrease in denture support
				Post-insertion instructions to the patient
					A. Insertion and removal of prosthesis
					B. Prosthesis maintenance
					C. Prosthesis nightwear
					D. Periodic recall
				Sequelae of wearing complete dentures
					a. Direct sequelae of wearing complete dentures
						1. Denture stomatitis
						Classification by newton
						Diagnosis
						Aetiology
						Predisposing factors
						Systemic factors
						Local factors
						Management and preventive measures
						Supportive measures
						Drug therapy
						Surgical management
						2. Flabby ridge
						Histopathology
						Treatment
						3. Traumatic ulcers
						Aetiology
						Treatment
						4. Denture irritation hyperplasia (epulis fissuratum)
						5. Oral cancer in denture wearers
						6. Burning mouth syndrome (bms)
						Epidemiology
						Clinical features
						Aetiology
						Local factors
						Systemic factors
						Psychogenic factors
						Treatment
						7. Gagging
						8. Residual ridge resorption (rrr)
						Aetiopathogenesis
						Pattern of resorption
						Rate of rrr
						Clinical features
						Changes in the maxilla
						Changes in the mandible
						Treatment
						9. Overdenture abutments: Caries and periodontal diseases
						Pathogenesis
						Preventive measures and management
					i. Indirect sequelae of wearing complete dentures
						1. Atrophy of masticatory muscles
						Diagnosis
						Preventive measures and management
						2. Nutritional deficiences
				Denture stomatitis
					A. Classification (by newton)
					B. Diagnosis
						Aetiology
						Predisposing factors
						Systemic factors
						Local factors
					C. Management and preventive measures
						Supportive measures
						Drug therapy
						Surgical management
				Tissue conditioners
					A. Composition
					B. Major uses of tissue conditioners
						A. Temporary obturator
						B. Stabilization of baseplates and surgical splints or stents
						C. Adjunct to an impression or as a final impression material
						D. Adjunct to determine the potential benefits of a treatment modality
						E. Adjuncts for tissue healing
					C. Procedure for applying tissue conditioners
						i. Preparation of the dentures
						ii. Mixing and placement of the tissue conditioner
					D. Care and maintenance
			Short essays
				Importance/role of the finished and polished surfaces of complete dentures
				Post-insertion instructions to the patient
					A. Insertion and removal of prosthesis
					B. Prosthesis maintenance
					C. Prosthesis nightwear
					D. Periodic recall
				Various post-insertion problems and their management
					A. Decrease in denture retention
						1. Lack of seal
					Causes
						Correction
						2. Air beneath the impression surface of denture/lack of seal
						Causes
						Correction
						3. Xerostomia
						4. Neuromuscular control
					B. Decrease in denture stability
					C. Decrease in denture support
				Denture stomatitis
					A. Classification (by newton)
					B. Diagnosis
					C. Aetiology
					D. Predisposing factors
						Systemic factors
						Local factors
					E. Management and preventive measures
						Supportive measures
						Drug therapy
						Surgical management
				Residual ridge resorption (rrr)
					A. Aetiopathogenesis
					B. Pattern of resorption
					C. Rate of rrr
					D. Clinical features
						Changes in the maxilla
						Changes in the mandible
					E. Treatment
				Denture cleansing agents
					A. Chemical denture cleansers
						Commercial preparations
						Removal of calculus
					B. Manual cleansing
						i. With denture brush
						Precaution
						ii. Sonic cleansers
				Denture resins
					A. Composition
						a. Powder
						b. Liquid
					B. Advantages
					C. Disadvantages
				Patient education and preparation
				Steps in complete denture delivery
					A. Checking for the fit of the prosthesis
						i. Examining the dentures
						ii. Examining the patient’s mouth
						iii. Checking for adaptation
						iv. Checking for border extension
						v. Checking for frenal relief
						vi. Evaluating the denture aesthetics
					B. Checking of the denture function
						i. Evaluating the retention and stability of the denture
						ii. Checking the jaw relation
						iii. Speech
						iv. Occlusal harmony
				Burning mouth syndrome (bms)
					A. Epidemiology
					B. Clinical features
					C. Aetiology
						Local factors
						Systemic factors
						Psychogenic factors
					D. Treatment
			Short notes
				Perleche
				Denture irritation hyperplasia (epulis fissuratum)
					Symptoms
				Post-insertion problems of complete denture
					a. Decrease in denture retention
					b. Decrease in denture stability
					c. Decrease in denture support
				Denture adhesives
					Mode of action
					Indications for the use of denture adhesives
				Denture stomatitis
					Classification (by newton)
				Denture cleansing agents
					Manual cleansing
						i. Denture brush
						ii. Sonic cleansers
					Chemical denture cleansers
						Commercial preparations
				Articulating paper
					Procedure
					Disadvantages
				Residual ridge resorption
					Clinical features
					Treatment
				Injection moulding technique
					Procedure
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Bilabial sounds
		Topic 9 Relining and rebasing in complete dentures
			Long essays
				Relining of complete dentures
					Indications of relining
					Contraindications for both relining and rebasing
					Relining materials and techniques
					Procedure
						I. Clinical procedures
						Tissue preparation
						Denture preparation
					Final impression: Techniques
						I. Static impression techniques
						a. Closed mouth technique
						Procedure
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						b. Open mouth technique: By boucher (1973)
						Procedure
						Disadvantage
						II. Functional impression technique with tissue conditioner (temporary soft liner)
						II. Laboratory procedures for relining
						i. Articulator method
						ii. Chair-side reline technique
						iii. Flask method
				Rebasing of complete dentures
					Indications
					Laboratory technique for rebasing
						Jig or articulator method
			Short essays
				Relining of complete denture
					Indications of relining
					Contraindications for both relining and rebasing
				Rebasing of complete denture
					Indications
				Open mouth technique: By boucher (1973)
					Procedure
					Disadvantage
				Causes for midline fracture
				Denture repair
					Material for denture repair
					Procedure
						A. Segment assembling
						B. Cast pouring
						C. Preparation of fracture site
						D. Repairing and curing
					Problems with denture repair
					Contraindications for denture repair
				Closed mouth technique
					Procedure
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Age changes in geriatric patient
					Physiological changes
					Psychological changes
					Pathological changes
					Age changes in teeth of geriatric patient
			Short notes
				Relining
					Rebasing
					Steps in rebasing
						Clinical procedure
				Resilient liners
					Functional impression technique with tissue conditioner (temporary soft liner)
					Procedure
				Denture repair
					Material for denture repair
					Procedure
					Problems with denture repair
		Topic 10 Special complete dentures and miscellaneous
			Long essays
				Overdentures
					Definition
					Classification
					Indications for overdentures
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Selection and preparation of an abutment tooth
					Rationale/objectives/goals of ovedenture treatment
				Immediate complete denture
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Interim removable denture
					Indications for use
			Short essays
				Immediate complete denture
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Overdentures
					Indications for overdentures
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Refractory cast
					Fabrication of refractory cast
				Implant dentures
				Laboratory remounting
					Procedure
					Clinical remount procedure
					Advantages of clinical remounting
					Procedure
				Single complete denture
					Types
					Problems with the single complete denture
				Granular porosity in denture
			Short notes
				Obturators
					Types of obturator
					Materials used for making obturator
					Functions of obturator
				Immediate obturator
					Principle
					Advantages of immediate obturator
				Overdentures
					Advantages
				Selection and preparation of an abutment tooth
					Abutment location
				Rationale/objectives/goals of ovedenture treatment
				Bar-retained overdentures
					Classification
				Advantages of immediate complete denture
					Disadvantages of immediate complete denture
				Temporary prosthesis
				Kelly’s combination syndrome (by kelly in 1972)
					Pathogenesis
					Remedy
				Occlusal refining
				Laboratory remounting
					Procedure
				Implants
					Various materials used for dental implants
				Implant denture
					Advantages
				Occlusal pivot
				Transitional denture
				Interim denture
				Split-cast method
				Split-cast mounting
				Gunning splint
				Screw-retained prosthesis
	II Fixed Partial Dentures
		Topic 1 Introduction to fixed partial dentures
			Long essays
				Radiographs
					Types of radiographic examinations
						i. Periapical radiographs
						ii. Bitewing radiographs
						iii. Panoramic films
				Advantages, disadvantages, indications, and contraindications of fixed partial dentures
					Advantages of fixed partial denture
					Disadvantages of fixed partial denture
					Indications for fixed partial denture
					Contraindications for fixed partial denture
				Diagnosis and treatment planning in fixed partial prosthodontics
					Diagnosis
						I. Chief complaints
						i. Comfort
						Pain
						Swelling
						ii. Function
						iii. Social
						iv. Appearance
						II. History taking of the patient
						i. Personal details
						ii. Medical history
						iii. Drug history
						iv. Dental history
						III. Examination
						a. General examination
						b. Temporomandibular joint examination
						c. Extraoral examination
						d. Intraoral examination
						Periodontal examination
						Examination of teeth
						e. Occlusal examination
						General alignment
						Lateral and protrusive contacts
						Centric relation
						Jaw manoeuvrability
						f. Abutment tooth evaluation
						Crown-root ratio
						Root configuration
						Periodontal surface area
						IV. Making diagnostic casts
						Advantages of diagnostic casts
						V. Radiographic examination
						i. Periapical radiographs
						ii. Bitewing radiographs
						iii. Panoramic films
					Treatment planning
						Design and material choice
						Choice of restoration
			Short essays
				Importance of radiographs in fixed partial dentures
				Criteria for ideal abutment
				Indications for fixed partial dentures
				Contraindications for fixed partial denture
			Short notes
				Indications for fpd
				Contraindications for fpd
		Topic 2 Parts and design of fixed partial dentures
			Long essays
				Pontic
					Classification of pontics
						I. Mucosal contact
						A. With mucosal contact
						B. Without mucosal contact
						II. Type of material used
						III. Method of fabrication
					Pontic design
						General consideration
						Gingival surface
						Occlusal surface
						Interproximal surface
						Buccal and lingual surfaces
				Pontic
					Classification of pontics
						I. Mucosal contact
						A. With mucosal contact
						B. Without mucosal contact
						II. Type of material used
						III. Method of fabrication
						C. Prefabricated custom-modified pontic.
					Indications, contraindications, and advantages of different types of pontics
						• saddle/ridge lap pontic
						• modified ridge lap pontic
						• ovate pontic
						• conical pontic
						• sanitary/hygienic pontic
						• all metal pontics
						• all ceramic pontics
						• metal–ceramic pontics
						• metal with resin-facing pontics
						Fibre-reinforced composite pontics
				Components of fixed partial denture
					Retainer
						• based on tooth coverage
						• based on the material being used
						• based on tooth coverage
						i. Full veneer crowns
						ii. Partial veneer crowns
						iii. Conservative retainers
						• based on the material being used
						i. All metal retainers
						ii. Metal ceramic retainers
						iii. All ceramic retainers
						iv. All acrylic resin
						i. Condition of the abutment
						ii. Aesthetics
						iii. Preservation of tooth structure
						iv. Retention
						v. Cost
					Pontic
					Connector
						i. Rigid connectors
						a. Cast connectors
						b. Soldered connectors
						c. Loop connectors
						ii. Non-rigid connectors
						a. Tenon-mortise connectors with a male and female component or dove tail connectors
						b. Split pontic connector
						c. Cross pin and wing connector
				Abutment
					Location, position, and condition of the tooth
					Root configuration
					Crown-root ratio
					Root support
					Periodontal ligament area
					Assessment of pulpal health
				Fixed partial denture prosthesis
					Classification of fixed partial denture
						Location of edentulous space
						Location of abutment
						Type of connector
						Type of material used
						Duration of use
						Span length
						Type of retention
						Type of support
			Short essays
				Connector
					Classification of connectors
						Rigid connectors
						a. Cast connectors
						b. Soldered connectors
						c. Loop connectors
						Non-rigid connectors
						a. Tenon-mortise connectors with a male and female component or dove-tail connectors
						b. Split pontic connector
						c. Cross pin and wing connector
				Ridge lap pontic
					Saddle/ridge lap pontic
					Modified ridge lap pontics
				Sanitary pontic
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Recommended location
					Contraindications
				Selection of retainers for a fixed partial denture
					Abutment angulations
					Condition of the abutment
					Aesthetics
					Preservation of tooth structure
					Retention
					Cost
				Pontic
					Classification of pontic
						I. Mucosal contact
						A. With mucosal contact
						B. Without mucosal contact
						II. Types of material used
						III. Method of fabrication
					Types of pontics and their indications
				Maryland bridges
					Etching techniques
						A. Electrochemical etching
						Disadvantages of electrochemical etching
						B. Non-electrochemical etching
						Advantages of non-electrochemical etching
				Ante’s law
					Explanation
			Short notes
				Sanitary (hygienic) pontic
					Advantages
					Disadvantage
				Connectors in fpd
					i. Rigid connectors
					ii. Non-rigid connectors
				Modified ridge lap pontics
				Ideal requirements of pontic design
				Classification of retainers
					Based on tooth coverage
					Based on the material being used
		Topic 3 Occlusion in fixed partial dentures
			Long essays
				Balanced occlusion
					Factors governing balanced occlusion
						i. Condylar guidance
						Condylar guide inclination
						ii. Incisal guidance
						Incisal guide angle
						iii. Orientation of occlusal planes
						iv. Compensating curves
						Anteroposterior curve
						Mediolateral curve
						Anteroposterior curve (curve of spee)
						Mediolateral curve
						A. Curve of wilson (fig. 3.4)
						B. Reverse curve or anti-monson curve (fig. 3.6)
						C. Curve of monson (fig. 3.5)
						D. Pleasure curve
						v. Cuspal inclination
					Principles of tooth preparation for fixed partial dentures
						A. Preservation of tooth structure
						B. Retention and resistance
						a. Degree of taper
						b. Total surface area of the tooth
						c. Roughness of the tooth surface
						a. Length of the preparation
						b. Width of the tooth preparation
						c. Taper
						d. Rotation around vertical axis.
						C. Structural durability
						a. Adequate clearance/reduction
						In case of porcelain
						b. Maintaining the occlusal morphology
						c. Functional cusp bevel
						d. Other factors for structural durability
						D. Marginal integrity
						Indications for sub-gingival finish line
						Finish lines (according to shape)
						a. Chamfer
						b. Shoulder
						c. Bevelled shoulder
						d. Knife–edge
						Indications
						E. Preservation of periodontium
				Recording the orientation jaw relation using a kinematic face-bow
					Pantographic tracing
			Short essays
				Retention in fixed partial denture
					i. Degree of taper
					ii. Total surface of the cement film
					iii. Area of cement under shear force
						iv. Roughness of the tooth surface
					v. Path of insertion
				Clinical remounting
					Clinical remounting using centric relation record
					Remounting using the centric record
					Clinical remounting using eccentric relation record
					Selective grinding procedure
						Correcting the identified occlusal errors in anatomic teeth
						Correcting the identified occlusal errors in anatomic teeth in centric relation
						Correcting the identified occlusal errors in anatomic teeth in eccentric relations
			Short notes
				Selective grinding
				Types of occlusion in fpd
		Topic 4 Types of abutments
			Long essays
				Abutment
					Factors/criteria involved in abutment selection
						A. Location, position, and condition of the tooth
						B. Crown-root ratio
						C. Root configuration
						D. Root support
						E. Shape and number of root canal
						F. Periodontal ligament area
						G. Assessment of pulpal health
				Abutment
					Biomechanical principles involved in abutment preparations
						A. Preservation of tooth structure
						B. Retention and resistance
						a. Degree of taper
						b. Total surface area of the tooth
						c. Roughness of the tooth surface
						a. Length of the preparation
						b. Width of the tooth preparation
						c. Taper
						d. Rotation around vertical axis
						C. Structural durability
						a. Maintaining the occlusal morphology
						b. Functional cusp bevel
						c. Other factors for structural durability
						D. Marginal integrity
						A. Chamfer
						B. Shoulder
						C. Bevelled shoulder
						D. Knife-edge
						E. Preservation of periodontium
			Short essays
				Pier abutment
					Significance
					Modes of controlling/treating the problem
				Ideal abutment
				Ideal abutment
					Factors/criteria involved in abutment selection
						A. Location, position, and condition of the tooth
						B. Crown-root ratio
						C. Root configuration
						D. Root support
						E. Periodontal ligament area
						F. Assessment of pulpal health
				Post and core
					Types of dowels/posts
						A. Based on type of material
						B. Based on shape and configuration
					Recent developments in post and core
						A. Richmond crowns
						B. Cad/cam porcelain crowns
				Ante’s law
			Short notes
				Ideal abutment
				Pier abutment
				Cantilever fixed partial denture
					Criteria for selection of cantilever fixed partial denture
				Osseointegration
					Factors affecting osseointegration
				Ante’s law
		Topic 5 Tooth preparation
			Long essays
				Retention and resistance
					Factors affecting retention
						i. Magnitude of dislodging forces
						ii. Geometry of the tooth preparation
						a. Taper
						b. Surface area
						c. Stress concentration
						d. Type of preparation
						iii. Roughness of the surfaces
						iv. Materials being cemented
						v. Type of luting agent
						vi. Path of insertion
						a. Magnitude and direction of the dislodging forces
						b. Geometry of the tooth preparation
						Occlusogingival length
						c. Types of luting agents
				Principles of tooth preparation
					Biological considerations
						i. Prevention of damage during tooth preparation to
						a. Adjacent teeth
						b. Soft tissues
						c. Pulp
						ii. Conservation of tooth structure
						iii. Margin placement
						Requirements
						Types
						Supragingival margins
						Subgingival margins
						ii. Finish line types
						Advantages of a bevel
					Occlusal considerations
						• preservation of tooth structure
						• retention and resistance
						i. Primary retention
						ii. Secondary retention
						Taper
						Freedom of displacement
						Substitution of internal features
						Path of insertion
						• structural durability
						Occlusal reduction
						Functional cusp bevel
						Axial reduction
						Marginal integrity
						Finish line configurations
						Types of finish line
						a. Chamfer
						b. Shoulder
						c. Radial shoulder
						d. Shoulder with a bevel
						e. Shoulderless or feather-edge preparation
						Knife-edge
						• preservation of periodontium
				Preparation of metal ceramic crowns
					Instruments used
					A. Preparation of an index
					B. Labial reduction
					C. Incisor reduction
					D. Lingual reduction
					E. Proximal reduction
				Tooth preparation
					Instruments used
					i. Occlusion reduction
					ii. Axial reduction
					iii. Placement of additional features
					iv. Proximal flare
				Clinical and laboratory steps in the preparation of porcelain jacket crown
					i. Coping fabrication
					ii. Axial contours
						Proximal
						Fabrication
						Buccal and lingual surfaces
						Fabrication
					iii. Occlusal surface
						a. Cusp-marginal ridge
						b. Cusp-fossa
						Fabrication
						a. Placement of cusp cones
						b. Placement of marginal and cusp ridges
						c. Placement of triangular ridges
						d. Completing the occlusal surface
					iv. Remargination
						Procedure
					v. Finishing and polishing
					vi. Removing the wax pattern
			Short essays
				Principles of tooth preparation
					Preservation of tooth structure
					Retention and resistance
						a. Primary retention
						b. Secondary retention
					• structural durability
					• marginal integrity
					• preservation of periodontium
				Finish line configurations
					Types of finish line
						a. Chamfer
						b. Shoulder
						c. Radial shoulder
						d. Shoulder with a bevel
						e. Shoulderless or feather-edge preparation
				Partial veneer crown
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				3⁄4th partial veneer crown
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Porcelain jacket crown
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Indications
					Contraindications
				Full veneer crown
					Steps in tooth preparation
					Instruments used
						i. Occlusal reduction
						ii. Axial reduction
						iii. Seating groove
				Types of finish line
					a. Chamfer
					b. Shoulder
					c. Radial shoulder
					d. Shoulder with a bevel
					e. Shoulderless or feather-edge preparation
				Finish line
					Types of finish lines
						a. Chamfer
						b. Shoulder
						c. Radial shoulder
						d. Shoulder with a bevel
						e. Shoulderless or feather-edge preparation
				Post core crown
					Disadvantages
					Core
						i. Prefabricated dowel with amalgam or resin core
						ii. Custom caste dowel core
				Shoulder
					Indications
			Short notes
				Porcelain fused to metal restoration
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Dowel crown
					Disadvantages
				Post and crown
					Disadvantages
				Metal crown
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Chamfer
				Ante’s law
				Resistance and retention
					Factors affecting retention
					Factors affecting resistance form
				Shoulder with bevel
					Indications
				Advantages of all ceramic systems
				Disadvantages of all ceramic systems
				Disadvantages of partial veneer crown
				Advantages of subgingival margin
		Topic 6 Types of fixed partial dentures
			Short essays
				Materials used in fpd
					Classification
				Cantilever fixed partial denture
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Resin-bonded fixed partial denture
					Types
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Short notes
				Rochette bridge
					Disadvantages
				Failure effects in post and core restorations
				Ceramic laminate
				Polycarbonate crowns
				Richmond crown
					Indications
		Topic 7 Impression making in fixed partial dentures
			Long essays
				Impression making in fixed partial dentures
					Objectives of impression making
						A. Retention
						i. Anatomical factors
						ii. Physiological factors
						iii. Physical factors
						iv. Mechanical factors
						v. Muscular factors
						B. Stability
						C. Support
						D. Aesthetics
						E. Preservation of remaining structures
					Techniques of impression making in fixed partial denture
						A. Impression recording using a stock tray/putty wash impression
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Techniques
						a. Double mix putty wash technique
						b. Single mix putty wash technique
						B. Impression making using custom tray
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						C. Closed bite double arch method/dual quad tray/double arch/closed mouth impression/triple tray/ accubite method
						D. Copper band impression technique
						Indications
				Methods to control saliva
					a. Mechanical methods
						i. Rubber dam
						II & III. suction device and high volume suction
						iv. Saliva ejector
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						v. Svedopter
						Disadvantages
					b. Chemical methods
						Antisialogogues
						Contraindications
				Tissue dilatation
				Methods of gingival retraction
					a. Mechanical methods
						Copper band
						Retraction cord
					b. Chemical methods
					c. Chemicomechanical methods
						Technique
					d. Surgical tissue dilatation
						i. Electrosurgery
						Types of electrodes
						Indications
						Contraindications
						Methods
						ii. Rotary curettage/gingettage
			Short essays
				Gingival retraction
					Methods of gingival retraction
						a. Mechanical methods
						Copper band
						Technique
						Retraction cord
						b. Chemical methods
						c. Chemicomechanical methods
						Technique
						d. Surgical tissue dilatation
						i. Electrosurgery
						ii. Rotary curettage/gingettage
				Impression procedures for crown and bridge prosthesis
					A. Stock tray or putty wash impression
						a. Double mix putty wash technique
						b. Single mix putty wash technique
					B. Impression making using custom tray
					C. Closed bite double arch method/dual quad tray/double arch/closed mouth impression/triple tray/accubite method
					D. Copper band impression technique
				Various impression materials used for fixed partial denture
				Rubber base impression materials
					Disadvantages of rubber base impression materials
				Closed bite double arch method/dual quad tray/double arch/closed mouth impression/triple tray/accubite method
				Elastomeric impression materials
					Types
					Uses
					Properties
			Short notes
				Methods of gingival retraction
					a. Mechanical methods
					b. Chemical methods
					c. Chemicomechanical methods
					d. Surgical tissue dilation
				Reversible colloid
					Uses
				Tissue management in fpd
					A. Mechanically
					B. Chemically
		Topic 8 Temporization or provisional restorations and lab procedures involved in fabrication of fpd
			Long essays
				Provisional restoration
					i. Ideal requirements of provisional restorations
					ii. Biological requirements
						Mechanical requirements
						Material requirement
					iii. Types of provisional restorations
						A. Depending on the method of fabrication
						a. Custom-made provisional restorations
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						b. Preformed provisional restorations
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Materials available in preformed crowns
						Polycarbonate crowns
						Cellulose acetate crowns
						Aluminium and tin–silver
						Nickel–chromium
						B. Depending on the type of material used
						Resin-based metal restorations
						Metal provisional restorations
						C. Based on duration of use
						a. Short-term temporary restorations
						b. Long-term temporary restorations
						Indications
						D. Depending on technique of fabrication
						a. Provisional restorations fabricated using direct technique
						b. Provisional restorations fabricated using indirect technique
						c. Provisional restorations fabricated using direct-indirect technique
			Short essays
				Temporization
					i. Requirements of temporary restorations
					ii. Methods/techniques of temporization
						Intracoronal preparation
						Extracoronal preparation
						Direct technique
						Indirect technique
					iii. Various temporary restoration modalities
						a. Cast metal
						b. Temporary crowns
						Preformed
						Lab made
						Chair-side
						c. Temporary resin materials
						a. Vacuum formed plastic template technique
						b. Post and core technique
						c. Temporary cement dressings
				Cementation
					i. Step-wise procedures to be followed during cementation
					ii. Post-cementation instructions
				Biological requirements of provisional restorations
					i. Pulp protection
					ii. Maintenance of periodontal health
					iii. Positional stability of tooth
					iv. Protection of tooth from fracture
					v. Occlusal compatibility
					vi. Hygiene
			Short notes
				Temporisation
					i. Requirements of temporary restorations
				Provisional restorations
		Topic 9 Cementation of fixed partial dentures and miscellaneous
			Long essays
				Soldering
					Requirements of a solder
					Composition of solders
					Soldering flux
					Functions of a flux
					Composition of a flux
					Anti-flux
					Soldering investment
					Types of soldering for metal–ceramic restoration
					Soldering for metal–ceramic restoration
					Advantages of preceramic soldering
					Disadvantages of preceramic soldering
					Advantages of postceramic soldering
					Disadvantages of postceramic soldering
						Oven soldering
						Advantage
						Disadvantage
						Torch soldering
						Infrared soldering
						Laser welding
					Soldering technique
						Disadvantages
				Luting agents in fixed prosthesis
					Zinc oxide eugenol cement and modified znoe
						Composition
						Setting reaction
						Modified znoe mixtures
						Manipulation
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Uses
					Zinc silicophosphate cements
						Composition
						Powder
						Liquid
						Setting reaction
						Manipulation
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					Zinc polycarboxylate cement
						Composition
						Powder
						Liquid
						Setting reaction
						Manipulation
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Uses
					Glass ionomer cement (gic)
						Composition
						Powder
						Liquid
						Setting reaction
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Uses
					Resin cements
						Composition
						Manipulation
						Uses
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Cementation
					Preparation of tooth surface
					Preparing the casting
					Post-cementation instructions
					Maintenance
			Short essays
				Castable ceramics
					Classification of dental porcelains
						According to firing temperature
						According to type
						According to use
						According to processing method
					Uses
					Composition
					Ceramic restoration
						A. Metal–ceramic restoration
						B. All ceramic restoration
						Castable glass ceramics (dicor)
						Technique
						Features
				Casting defects
					Classification of casting defects (coombe)
						I. Distortion
						Prevention
						II. Surface roughness
						Prevention
						Prevention
						Prevention
						Prevention
						Prevention
						III. Porosity
						Spot or localized shrinkage porosity
						Prevention
						Suck back porosity
						Prevention
						Microporosity
						Pinhole porosity
						Gas inclusion porosities
						Back pressure porosity
						Prevention
						Casting with gas blowholes
						Prevention
						IV. Incomplete casting
						Small casting
						Contamination
						Prevention
						Black casting
				Die materials
					Types of die materials
					Gypsum
						Metal and metal-coated dies
						Polymers
						Cements
						Refractory materials
					Ideal properties of die materials
					Disadvantages of some die materials
					Polymers
						Cements
						Metal-sprayed dies
				Factors affecting colour of ceramics
					i. Opacifiers
					ii. Colour modifiers
					iii. Glazes
					iv. Stains
					v. Opaquer
					vi. Dentine and enamel
				Die
					Types of dies
					Working cast and separate die system
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Working cast with a removable die system
					Types of removable die system
						Dowel pin systems
						Straight dowel pin systems
						Pre-pour technique
						Post pour technique
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Curved dowel pin system
						Accutrac system
				Veneering
					Ceramic veneering
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Procedure
					Resin veneering
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
						Procedure
				Porcelain denture teeth
					Disadvantages
			Short notes
				Porcelain fused to metal crown
					Chemical bonding
					Mechanical interlocking
				Metal-free ceramics
				Removable dies
				Titanium alloy
					Uses in dentistry
				Dental ceramics
					Uses
				Solders for dental cast
					Composition of solders
					Requirements of a solder
				Cements used in fixed partial dentures
				Phosphate-bonded investment
					Composition
						Liquid
				Tooth coloured veneering material
				Dicor
					Technique
				Cerestore
					Composition
					Technique
				Nickel–chromium alloy
					Composition
				Sprue former
					Functions of the sprue former
		Topic 10 Maxillofacial prosthetics and implant dentistry
			Short essays
				Obturator
					a. Classification of obturators
						Based on the phase of treatment
						Based on the material used
						Based on the area of restoration
						Based on the phase of treatment
						i. Surgical obturator
						Advantages
						ii. Interim obturator
						Advantages
						iii. Definitive obturator
						Based on the area of restoration
						i. Palatal obturator
						ii. Meatal obturator
						Disadvantages
				Osseointegration
					a. Requirements for successful osseointegration
						i. Biocompatibility
						ii. Implant design
						iii. Implant surface
						iv. Surgical site
						v. Surgical technique
						vi. Infection control
				Ear prosthesis
				Implant materials
					a. Commonly used metals
					b. Ceramics
					c. Polymer, composites and others
					d. Metals
					e. Stainless steel
						Composition
						Properties
						Disadvantages
					f. Cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloys
						Composition
						Properties
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					g. Titanium and its alloys
						Composition
						Properties
						Advantages
					h. Surface-coated titanium
						Procedure
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					i. Ceramics
						General properties of ceramics
						Disadvantages
					j. Hydroxyapatite
						Properties
						Uses
						Disadvantage
					k. Aluminium oxide
						Properties
						Uses
					l. Polymers and composites
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Implant
					a. Indications of dental implants
				Materials used for maxillofacial prosthesis
					a. Acrylic resins
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					b. Acrylic copolymers
						Disadvantages
					c. Polyvinyl chloride and copolymers
						Disadvantages
					d. Chlorinated polyethylene
						Disadvantage
					e. Polyurethane elastomers
						Advantage
						Disadvantages
					f. Silicones
						Types of silicones
						Disadvantages
					g. Polyphosphazines
					h. Adhesives
					i. Metals
			Short notes
				Osseointegration
				Dowel post
					Types of dowels/posts
						A. Based on type of material
						B. Based on shape and configuration
				Surgical obturator
					Advantages
				Obturator
					Types of obturators
				Obturator
				Parts of an implant
				Hollow bulb obturator
					Advantages
					Types of hollow bulb obturator
	III Removable Partial Dentures
		Topic 1 Introduction, treatment planning, and mouth preparation
			Long essays
				Importance of an acceptable method of classification
					Need for the classification
				Kennedy’s classification
					Modifications of kennedy’s classification
					Criteria for kennedy’s classification
					Merits/advantages of kennedy’s classification
					Disadvantages of kennedy’s classification
					Applegate’s contribution
						Drawbacks of class V and class VI
				Swing lock dentures
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Fabrication
			Short essays
				Kennedy’s classification
					Modifications of kennedy’s classification
				Kennedy’s classification
					Modifications of kennedy’s classification
				Ideal classification system in rpd
					I. Depending on the retention obtained
						Intracoronal
						Extracoronal
					II. Depending on the support
					III. Depending on the treatment modality
						Interim denture
						Transitional denture
						Treatment denture
			Short notes
				Kennedy’s classification
					Modifications of kennedy’s classification
				Immediate partial denture
					Classification
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Indication
					Contraindications
				Fulcrum line
				Requirements of an acceptable method of classification
					Need for the classification
				Disadvantages of kennedy’s classification of partially edentulous spaces
				Swing lock partial denture prosthesis
					Indications
		Topic 2 Diagnosis planning and mouth preparation
			Long essays
				Removable partial denture prosthesis
					i. Surgical procedures
					ii. Periodontal procedures
					iii. Orthodontic realignment
					iv. Treatment of abused tissues
					v. Preparation of guide planes and rest seats
					vi. Prosthetic rehabilitation
				Diagnosis and treatment planning in removable partial denture prosthodontics
					Diagnosis
						Oral examination
						Evaluation of caries and existing restorations
						Evaluation of pulp
						Evaluation of sensitivity to percussion sensitivity
						Evaluation of mobile teeth
						Causes of mobility
						Evaluation of periodontium
						Evaluation of oral mucosa
						Evaluation of soft tissue abnormalities
						Evaluation of hard tissue abnormalities
						Radiographic evaluation of abutment teeth
					Treatment planning
						Phase I
						Phase II
						Phase III
						Phase IV
						Phase V
			Short essays
				Splints
					Types of splinting
						• removable splinting
						• fixed splints
						• overdenture abutment
					Uses of splints
				Mouth preparation for removable partial denture
					Surgical procedures
					Periodontal procedures
					Orthodontic realignment
					Treatment of abused tissues
					Preparation of guide planes and rest seats
					Prosthetic rehabilitation
				Diagnostic cast
					Uses of diagnostic cast
			Short notes
				Refractory cast
		Topic 3 Major and minor connectors
			Long essays
				Major connector
					Types of maxillary major connectors
						Single palatal bar
					Disadvantages
					Advantages
						Single palatal strap
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						Anterior posterior palatal bar (double palatal bar)
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						U-shaped palatal connector (horseshoe-shaped)
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						Anterior and posterior palatal strap-type connector (closed horseshoe-shaped)
					Advantages
					Disadvantage
						Palatal plate-type connector (complete coverage)
					Types
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Major connector
					Types of mandibular major connectors
					i. Lingual bar
					Shape and size
					Borders
					Location
					Measuring the height of floor
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Modifications
						Sublingual bar
					Location
					Contraindications
						ii. Continuous bar retainer (kennedy’s bar) or double lingual bar
					Indications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Modifications (step back design)
						iii. Linguoplate
					Shape
					Modification
					Indications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						iv. Labial bar
					Shape
					Indications
					Modifications
					Contraindications
					Disadvantages
					Design of mandibular major connector
				Minor connectors
					Types of minor connectors
						i. Minor connectors that join clasp assembly to the major connector
					Location
					Shape
						ii. Minor connectors that join indirect retainers or auxiliary rests to major connector
					Location
						iii. Minor connectors that join denture base to major connector types of denture base
						Open latticework construction
					Advantages
						Mesh construction
					Indication
					Disadvantages
						Relief
					Method
						Bead, wire, or nail-head retention
						Mechanical retention
					Disadvantages
					Advantages
						Attachment of minor connector to major connector
						Finish lines/butt joints
					Types
						External finish lines
					Method of placement
					Location
						Internal finish lines
					Method of placement
						IV. minor connectors that serve as approach arm for vertical projection or bar-type clasp
					Functions of minor connector
					Force distribution
					Requirements of minor connector
			Short essays
				Lingual bar
					Shape and size
					Borders
					Location
					Minimum space required
					Measuring the height of floor
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Contraindications
					Modifications
				Sublingual bar
					Location
					Uses
				Major connector
					Linguoplate major connector
						Shape
						Modification
						Indications
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
				Minor connectors
					Types of minor connectors
						i. Minor connectors that join clasp assembly to the major connector
					Location
					Shape
						ii. Minor connectors that join indirect retainers or auxiliary rests to major connector
					Location
						iii. Minor connectors that join denture base to major connector types of denture base
						Attachment of minor connector to major connector
						Finish lines/butt joints
						iv. Minor connectors that serve as approach arm for vertical projection or bar-type clasp
				Requirements of major connector
				U-shaped palatal connector (horseshoe)
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Anterior and posterior palatal strap-type connector (closed horseshoe-shaped)
					Advantages
					Disadvantage
				Single palatal bar
					Disadvantages
					Advantage
				Single palatal strap
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Short notes
				Major connector
					Maxillary major connectors
				Lingual bar
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Contraindications
					Uses
				Major connector
					Mandibular major connectors
				Minor connector
					Types of minor connectors
		Topic 4 Rests and rest seats
			Long essays
				Rest
					Classification of rest
					Functions of occlusal rest
					Design of occlusal rest
			Short essays
				Rest
				Rest seat
				Occlusal rest
					Functions of occlusal rest
					Design of occlusal rest
					Preparation of occlusal rest
			Short notes
				Components of cast partial denture
				Rules for occlusal rest seat preparation
				Rest
					Functions of rest
				Rest and rest seat
					Steps in the preparation of occlusal rest
		Topic 5 Direct and indirect retainers
			Long essays
				Direct retainer
					Types of direct retainers
						Examples of direct retainers
					Intracoronal direct retainers
					Extracoronal direct retainers
					Types of extracoronal retainers
					Components of clasp assembly
						i. Rest
						ii. Body
						iii. Reciprocal arm
						iv. Retentive clasp arm
						v. Retentive terminal
						vi. Minor connector
						vii. Approach arm
					Criteria for clasp retention
					Basic principles of clasp design (basic requirements)
						i. Retention
						ii. Support
						iii. Stability
						iv. Reciprocation
					Functions of reciprocal arm
					Design specifications for a reciprocal arm
					Some special reciprocal elements
						v. Encirclement
						vi. Passivity
						vii. Bilateral opposition
						viii. Stress breaking
						ix. Location of components
						x. Enclaspment
				Direct retainer
					Types of clasps
						I. Circumferential clasps
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Types of circumferential clasps
						i. Ring clasp
					Uses
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						ii. Back-action clasp
						iii. ‘c’-clasp (also called fishhook clasp)
					Indications
						iv. Embrasure clasp
						v. Multiple clasp
						vi. Half and half clasp
						vii. Reverse action (or) hairpin clasp
					Disadvantages of reverse action clasp
						viii. Onlay clasp
						II. Bar-type clasps
					Disadvantages of bar clasps
					Types of bar clasps
				Current concept: Rpi system
					Rpi concept (rest, proximal plate, i-bar)
					Indications
					Contraindications
					Special types of clasps
						i. Infrabulge clasp
					Types
					Advantages
						ii. Combination clasp
					Mechanism of action of a combination clasp
					Indications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Types of circumferential clasps
					Ring clasp
						Uses
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					Back-action clasp
					‘c’-clasp (also called fishhook clasp)
						Indications
					Embrasure clasp (bonwilli’s rib, double akers, modified crib, back to back)
					Multiple clasp
					Half and half clasp
					Reverse action (or) hairpin clasp
						Disadvantages of reverse clasp
					Onlay clasp
				Intracoronal retainers
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Short essays
				I-bar - a part of the rpi system (rest, proximal plate, i-bar)
				Rpi
					Krol’s criteria
				Indirect retainer
					Forms of indirect retainers
					Functions of indirect retainers
						Principal function
						Auxiliary function
					Mode of action of indirect retainers
						Location of fulcrum lines for different classes
					Action of indirect retainers
					Principles for using indirect retainers
					Factors influencing effectiveness of indirect retainers
				Cast circumferential clasp
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Types of cast circumferential clasp
						i. Simple circlet clasp
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
						ii. Reverse circlet clasp
					Advantage
					Disadvantages
						iii. Multiple circlet clasp
					Disadvantages
						IV. embrasure clasp
					Disadvantages
					Indication
						v. Ring clasp
					Disadvantages
						vi. Fish hook or hairpin clasp
					Disadvantages
						vii. Onlay clasp
					Indication
						viii. Combination clasp
					Indications
					Disadvantages
					Advantages
				Bar clasp
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Rules of use
				Bar or roach clasp
					Types of bar clasp
					Parts of bar clasp
					Location
					Rules of use
					Types of bar clasps
						i. T-clasp
						Uses
						Disadvantages
						ii. Modified t-clasp
						Uses
						Disadvantage
						iii. Y-clasp
						iv. I-clasp and i-bar
						Disadvantage
				Ring clasp
					Uses
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Combination clasp
					Parts of combination clasp
					Rules of use
					Indications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
					Basic principles of clasp design (basic requirements)
						i. Retention
						ii. Support
						iii. Stability
						iv. Reciprocation
			Short notes
				Direct retainer
					Classification
				Functions of reciprocal arm
				Roach clasp
					Types of bar clasp
				Indirect retainer
					Forms of indirect retainers
				Extracoronal direct retainers
					Types of extracoronal retainers
				Components of clasp assembly
				Embrasure clasp or modified crib clasp
					Design
					Indication
				Precision attachment
					Classification
					Functions
					Indications
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
				Infrabulge clasp
					Types
					Advantages
				Types of bar clasp
				Circumferential clasps
					Types of circumferential clasps
				Intracoronal attachments
					Types of intracoronal attachments
		Topic 6 Denture base considerations
			Long essays
				Minimizing the stress on abutment in distal extension partial denture
					Types of stress breakers
						A. Type I
						B. Type II
					Advantages
					Disadvantages
			Short essays
				Types of stress breakers
					Type I
					Type II
					Advantages
			Short notes
				Denture base for cast rpd
				Stress breakers and their types
					Type I
					Type II
		Topic 7 Principles of rpd design
			Long essays
				Principles of removable partial denture design
					I. Conventional rigid design
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					II. Stress equalisation
						Type I
						Type II
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					III. Physiologic basing
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					IV. Broad stress distribution
						Disadvantages
				Components of removable partial denture
					I. Major connector
						a. Maxillary major connectors
						Single posterior palatal bar
						Disadvantages
						Palatal strap
						Indications
						Single broad palatal major connector
						Indications
						Anteroposterior or double palatal bar
						Indications
						Horseshoe or u-shaped connector
						Indications
						Closed horseshoe or anteroposterior palatal strap
						Indications
						Complete palate
						Indications
						Design procedure for a maxillary major connector
						b. Mandibular major connector
						Design considerations
						II. Minor connectors
						III. Rest and rest seats
						IV. Direct retainers
						Classification
						Principles of clasp design
						V. Indirect retainers
						VI. Denture base
						VII. Tooth replacement
		Topic 8 Surveying and preparation of mouth for rpd
			Long essays
				Surveyor
					Objectives of surveying
					Types of surveyor
					Parts of a surveyor
						• surveying platform
						• cast holder/surveying table
						• vertical arm
						• horizontal arm
						• surveying arm
						• surveying tools
						a. Analyzing rod
						b. Carbon markers
						c. Undercut gauges
						d. Wax knife
					Set-up for surveying
						i. Mounting the caste
						ii. Positioning the surveying arm
						iii. Analyzing the caste
					Uses of surveyor
						i. Surveying the diagnostic and primary cast
						Objectives of surveying the primary cast
						Analyzing the cast
						Surveying the teeth
						a. Determining the height of contour of teeth
						b. Determining the depth of the undercut
						c. Determining the location of undesirable undercuts
						d. Determining the parallelism of the abutment teeth
						e. Determining the path of insertion of the denture
						ii. Tripoding the cast
						iii. Transferring the tripod marks
						iv. Contouring wax patterns
						v. Contouring crowns and cast restorations
						vi. Placing internal attachments
						vii. Placing internal rest seats
						viii. Surveying the master cast
						ix. Surveying ceramic veneer crowns
				Guiding planes
					Structure
					Advantages of guiding planes on anterior teeth
					Functions of guiding planes
			Short essays
				Surveying line
					Classification of surveying lines
						A. High survey line
						B. Medium survey line
						C. Low survey line
						D. Diagonal survey line
				Surveyor
					Types of surveyor
					Objectives of surveying
					Uses of surveyor
				Surveying tool
					Analyzing rod
					Carbon markers
					Undercut gauges
					Wax knife
				Steps in surveying
					i. Mounting the caste
					Positioning the surveying arm
					iii. Analyzing the cast
				Block out
					Types of block out
						i. Parallel block out
						ii. Arbitrary black out
						iii. Formed or shaped black out
				Path of insertion of removable partial dentures
					Factors influencing path of insertion
						i. Retentive undercut
						ii. Interference
						iii. Aesthetics
						iv. Guiding planes
						v. Denture base
						vi. Location of the vertical minor connector
			Short notes
				Survey line
					Classification of survey lines
		Topic 9 Impression materials and procedures for rpd
			Long essays
				Functional impression in removable partial denture
					Types of functional impression methods
						A. Mclean’s method
						Procedure
						Disadvantage
						B. Hindel’s method
						Differences from mclean’s technique
						Disadvantages
						C. Functional relining method
						Procedure
						Disadvantages
						D. Fluid wax functional impression
						Objectives of fluid wax technique
						Uses of fluid wax technique
						Procedure
						Border moulding the impression tray
						Relieving tray
						Impression procedure
						Advantage
						Disadvantages
			Short essays
				Impression techniques
					Single pressure-free impressions
					Selective pressure impression technique
						Zinc oxide eugenol paste
						Rubber base materials
						Indication
					Physiologic impressions (dual impression techniques)
			Short notes
				Altered cast technique
					Objectives
					Methods that can utilize altered cast technique
				Impression in distal extension partial denture
					Advantage
					Disadvantages
		Topic 10 Support for the distal extension denture base, occlusal relationship for rpd, and laboratory procedures and work authorization for rpd
			Long essays
				Altered cast impression technique
					Objective
					Methods that utilize altered cast technique
						A. Fluid wax functional impression
						Objectives of fluid wax technique
						Uses of fluid wax technique
						Procedure
						Advantage
						Disadvantages
						B. Physiologic impressions (dual impression techniques)
						Mclean’s physiologic impression
						Procedure
						Disadvantage
						Hindel’s method
						Disadvantages
						C. Functional relining method
						Procedure
						Final impression
						Disadvantages
				Denture base materials in rpd
					a. Acrylic resin denture base
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
					b. Metal resin denture base
						Advantages
						Disadvantages
			Short essays
				Factors influencing the support of distal extension base
			Short notes
		Topic 11 Correction of rpds, repairs and additions to rpd, relining and rebasing the rpd and miscellaneous
			Short essays
				Dentures for semi-edentulous and completely edentulous patients
					Restoring mastication
					Restoring appearance
					Maintaining or restoring the speech of the patient
					Maintaining the oral tissues
				Kelly’s combination syndrome
					Pathogenesis
						Sequence 1
						Sequence 2
				Splint
					Removable splinting
					Fixed splinting
					Indication
					Contraindications
			Short notes
				Kelly’s combination syndrome
II Multiple Choice Questions
	Part I Complete dentures
	Part II Fixed partial dentures
	Part III Removable partial dentures
III Previous Years’ Question Bank
	Part I Complete dentures
		Topic 1 Introduction to complete dentures
		Topic 2 Diagnosis and treatment planning
		Topic 3 Diagnostic impressions in cd and mouth preparation for cd
		Topic 4 Primary impression in complete dentures and lab procedures prior to master impression making
		Topic 5 Secondary impression in complete dentures and lab procedures prior to jaw relation
		Topic 6 Maxillomandibular relations
		Topic 7 Lab procedures prior to try-in
		Topic 8 Lab procedures prior to insertion and complete denture insertion
		Topic 9 Relining and rebasing in complete dentures
		Topic 10 Special complete dentures and miscellaneous
	Part II Fixed partial dentures
		Topic 1 Introduction to fixed partial dentures
		Topic 2 Parts and design of fixed partial dentures
		Topic 3 Occlusion in fixed partial dentures
		Topic 4 Types of abutments
		Topic 5 Tooth preparation
		Topic 6 Types of fixed partial dentures
		Topic 7 Impression making in fixed partial dentures
		Topic 8 Temporisation or provisional restorations and lab procedures involved in fabrication of fpd
		Topic 9 Cementation of fixed partial dentures and miscellaneous
		Topic 10 Maxillofacial prosthetics and implant dentistry
	Part III Removable partial dentures
		Topic 1 Introduction and terminology
		Topic 2 Introduction, treatment planning, and mouth preparation
		Topic 3 Major and minor connectors
		Topic 4 Rests and rest seats
		Topic 5 Direct and indirect retainers
		Topic 6 Denture base considerations
		Topic 7 Principles of rpd design
		Topic 8 Surveying and preparation of mouth for rpd
		Topic 9 Impression materials and procedures for rpd
		Topic 10 Support for the distal extension denture base, occlusal relationship for rpd, laboratory procedures and work auth ...
		Topic 11 Correction of rpds, repairs and additions to rpd, relining and rebasing the rpd and miscellaneous