Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: A closer look (Developments in Quaternary Science 15)

9780444534477......Page 1
Developments in Quaternary Science......Page 3
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 12
Preface......Page 18
The Digital Chart of the World......Page 20
The Vector Map Level 1 (VMAP1)......Page 21
Printed Maps......Page 22
Digital Maps: Conclusions......Page 23
Plio-Pleistocene Glaciation......Page 26
Early and Middle Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 27
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 28
Stratigraphical Terminology......Page 30
Summary......Page 31
References......Page 32
The Four Alpine Glaciations......Page 34
Inn Valley......Page 37
Enns Valley......Page 38
Overdeepened Valleys......Page 40
Chronology......Page 41
Phase of Ice Decay......Page 42
The Bühl Phase......Page 43
Chronology......Page 44
References......Page 45
Introduction......Page 48
Berezina Glaciation......Page 49
Dnieper Stage......Page 50
Sozh Stage......Page 51
Poozerian Glaciation......Page 52
Conclusions......Page 53
References......Page 54
Continental Glaciation......Page 56
Northern Bohemia......Page 57
Northern Moravia and Czech Silesia......Page 59
Mountain Glaciations......Page 60
Krkonose Mountains......Page 61
Sumava Mountains......Page 62
References......Page 63
Introduction......Page 66
Middle Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 68
The Warthe Phase......Page 69
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 70
The Ristinge and Klintholm Ice Streams......Page 72
Late Weichselian Substage Glaciations......Page 73
Problems......Page 75
References......Page 76
Long-Term Sedimentary Archives......Page 78
UK Continental Shelf and Margin......Page 79
The North Sea and `Crag´ Basins......Page 80
Kesgrave Proto-Thames Terrace Sequence......Page 81
Regional Glacial Lithostratigraphy......Page 82
Till Provenance......Page 84
Chronology of the Middle Pleistocene Terrestrial Glacial Record......Page 85
Glaciations in Britain......Page 87
Conclusions......Page 89
References......Page 90
Evidence for glaciations......Page 94
The British Pleistocene succession......Page 96
The `traditional model´ of East Anglian glacial stratigraphy......Page 97
East Anglia, South-East England and the Thames Valley......Page 98
Wales......Page 100
English Midlands......Page 101
East Anglia......Page 102
Miscellaneous Glacial Deposits......Page 103
Extent and Timing of the Devensian (Weichselian) Ice Sheet......Page 105
References......Page 108
Elsterian (Sangaste, Oka) Stage Glaciation (Here and Henceforth Correlative Stratigraphical Terms in Estonia and on Ru......Page 114
Holsteinian (Karuküla, Likhvin) Stage Interglacial......Page 115
The Younger Saalian (Late Ugandi, Warthe, Moscow) Substage......Page 116
Middle Weichselian (Savala, Middle Valdai) Substage......Page 117
Haanja Ice-Marginal Zone......Page 118
Otepää and Sakala Ice-Marginal Zones......Page 119
Conclusions......Page 120
References......Page 121
Saalian Cold Stage......Page 124
Early Weichselian Substage (ca. 110-74ka)......Page 126
Middle Weichselian Substage (ca. 74-25ka)......Page 129
The Late Weichselian ice-Marginal Limits and the Deglaciation of Finland......Page 130
References......Page 133
Glacial Limits......Page 136
Glacial Limits......Page 138
Problems......Page 141
Conclusions......Page 143
References......Page 144
Introduction......Page 146
On the South Side of the Range......Page 147
On the North Side of the Range: Focus on the Ariège Catchment......Page 148
The Age of Würmian Maximum Ice Extent: In or Out of Phase with the Global Last Glacial Maximum?......Page 151
Dating of Pyrenean Würmian Terminal Moraine Occurrences......Page 152
Evidence of Rapid Deglaciation from the end of the global LGM......Page 155
References......Page 156
Methods of Investigation......Page 160
Results......Page 161
The Central Caucasus......Page 163
References......Page 165
Introduction......Page 168
The Elsterian glaciation......Page 169
The Saalian Complex......Page 171
The Older Saalian Glaciation......Page 172
The Eemian Stage Interglacial......Page 174
The Weichselian glaciation......Page 175
References......Page 177
Stratigraphical results and concepts......Page 182
Regional description......Page 184
Arguable Early Pleistocene glaciations derived from oldest gravel spreads......Page 186
Jüngere Deckenschotter and equivalent glaciation......Page 187
The belt of morainic amphitheatres correlated with the penultimate glaciation......Page 188
Glaciations of low mountain ranges......Page 189
References......Page 190
Introduction......Page 194
The Glacial Record on Mount Olympus, Northeast Greece......Page 196
The Glacial Sedimentary Sequences on Mount Olympus......Page 198
The Glacial Record on Mount Tymphi, Northwest Greece......Page 200
The First Uranium-Series Ages for the Glacial Record in Greece......Page 202
Towards a Formal Stratigraphical Framework for the Glacial Record in Greece......Page 205
The Skamnellian Stage......Page 209
The Vlasian Stage......Page 210
Secondary Carbonate Formation and Environmental Change......Page 211
River Response to Glaciation and the Last Glacial-to-Interglacial Transition......Page 212
Conclusions and Future Research Needs......Page 214
References......Page 215
Introduction......Page 218
Tertiary Glaciations-Earliest Signs of Glaciation in South-East and East Iceland (>3-2.59Ma)......Page 219
Early- to Mid-Pleistocene Glaciation (2.59-0.78Ma)-An Icelandic Ice Sheet is Established......Page 220
Middle to Late Pleistocene Glaciations in Iceland (0.78-0.126Ma)......Page 222
From the Last Glacial Maximum Through to the Last Deglaciation (<0.126Ma)......Page 223
Glacial Limits and Quality of Data......Page 225
Conclusions......Page 226
References......Page 227
Middle Pleistocene glaciations......Page 230
Late Pleistocene glaciation......Page 233
Holocene neoglaciation......Page 236
References......Page 237
Early Pleistocene Glaciation......Page 240
Cromerian (Zidiņi) Stage Interglacial......Page 241
Saalian (Kurzeme) Stage......Page 242
Weichselian (Baltija) Stage Glaciation......Page 243
Ice-Marginal Zones......Page 245
References......Page 247
Introduction......Page 250
Daumantai Stage......Page 253
The Kalviai Glaciation......Page 254
Middle Pleistocene......Page 256
Glacial Events of the Late Middle Pleistocene......Page 257
Late Pleistocene. Lower and Middle Weichselian Substage Glaciations (Nemunas)......Page 258
Late Weichselian (Nemunas) Substage......Page 259
Last Glacial Maximum......Page 260
South Lithuanian (Pietu Lietuvos) Ice-Marginal Zone......Page 261
North Lithuanian (Siaurės Lietuvos) Ice-Marginal Zone......Page 262
Conclusions......Page 263
References......Page 264
Menapian Stage......Page 266
Cromerian Stage......Page 267
The Elsterian Glaciation in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea......Page 268
Introduction......Page 270
Saalian Glaciation in The Netherlands......Page 271
Reconstruction of the Maximum Extent of the Saalian Ice Sheet in the Dutch Sector of the North Sea......Page 272
Introduction......Page 274
Conclusions......Page 275
References......Page 276
Introduction......Page 280
Early Pleistocene glaciation(s)......Page 283
Middle Pleistocene/pre-Elsterian glaciations......Page 284
Morphological Features......Page 285
Key Sites......Page 286
The Weichselian (MIS 5d-2)......Page 287
Early Weichselian Glaciation: Glacial Limits, Morphological Features and Key Sites......Page 288
Late Weichselian Maximum Glaciation Limits......Page 289
Late Weichselian Maximum Glaciation: Morphological Features......Page 290
Late Weichselian Maximum Glaciation: Key Sites......Page 291
Last Deglaciation: Limits, Morphological Features and Key Sites......Page 292
Note on the Maps......Page 294
References......Page 295
Early and Middle Quaternary Glaciations......Page 298
The Late Quaternary Glaciations-The Weichselian......Page 300
The Period of MIS 5e to 4......Page 301
Marine Isotope Stage 3......Page 303
The Elevation of the LGM Ice Sheet Surface......Page 306
The Norwegian Channel and Oslofjord......Page 308
Andya-Andfjord......Page 310
References......Page 314
Introduction......Page 318
Early Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 319
Middle Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 320
References......Page 321
The setting......Page 324
Methodological aspects......Page 326
The arguments......Page 327
Eastern Carpathians......Page 329
The Apuseni Mountains......Page 332
Problems of age assignment......Page 336
Reconstructed Pleistocene ELAs......Page 337
Conclusions and open questions......Page 338
References......Page 340
Middle Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 342
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 349
New Solutions......Page 351
References......Page 353
Akulovo Interglacial......Page 356
Krasikovo Interglacial......Page 358
Don Glaciation......Page 360
Muchkap Interglacial......Page 363
Ikorets Interglacial......Page 364
Oka Glaciation......Page 365
Pechora Glaciation......Page 368
Moscow Stage (of the Dnieper Glaciation)......Page 370
Valdai Glaciation......Page 371
References......Page 376
Introduction......Page 380
Physiography and Quaternary Sediments......Page 381
Palaeogene and Neogene......Page 382
The Later Part of Early Pleistocene (~1.5 to ~0.7Ma)......Page 383
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 384
Svalbard and the Western Barents Sea......Page 385
The Barents Sea......Page 386
Svalbard......Page 387
References......Page 389
The Middle Pleistocene Pre-Saalian History......Page 392
The Build-Up of KSIS: Changing Paradigms......Page 394
The Early Weichselian-The Weichselian Glaciation Maximum on Taymyr......Page 396
Deglaciation from the Early Weichselian Maximal Position to the Byrranga Mountains......Page 397
The North Taymyr Ice-Marginal Zone......Page 398
The Early Weichselian NTZ Stage......Page 399
The Severnaya Zemlya Islands During the Weichselian Stage......Page 400
References......Page 401
Glacial Limits......Page 404
Soča Glacier......Page 405
Bohinj Glacier......Page 406
Glacial Limits......Page 407
Key Sites......Page 409
References......Page 410
The Taurus Mountains......Page 412
The South-Eastern Taurus......Page 413
The Central Taurus......Page 415
The Western Taurus......Page 417
Volcanoes and Individual Mountains on the Anatolian Plateau......Page 419
Conclusions......Page 420
References......Page 421
Glacial Boundaries......Page 424
Glacial Features......Page 425
Glacial Boundaries......Page 427
Correlation Between Glacial Limits and Ice-Sheet Evolution......Page 428
Mountain Glaciation in the Ukrainian Carpathians......Page 432
Conclusion......Page 433
References......Page 435
Chronology and Extent of Late Cenozoic Ice Sheets in North America: A Magnetostratigraphical Assessment......Page 438
References......Page 444
GIS Procedures......Page 446
Palaeo-Glacier Limits......Page 447
Late Wisconsinan Glaciation......Page 448
Early Wisconsinan......Page 456
Yukon-Koyukuk Region......Page 457
Kuskokwim Mountains......Page 458
Ahklun Mountains......Page 459
Early Wisconsinan......Page 460
Cook Inlet Area......Page 461
References......Page 462
Introduction......Page 466
Background......Page 467
Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 469
MIS 6 Glaciations......Page 471
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 474
Post-Tioga Advances......Page 476
Dating Paraglacial Deposits......Page 477
ELA Depression......Page 478
References......Page 479
Pleistocene Glaciation of Hawaii......Page 482
References......Page 484
Introduction......Page 486
Pre-Glacial Alluvium......Page 488
Glacial History and Glacial Diamicton Provenance......Page 490
Fluvial, Lacustrine and Aeolian Sediments......Page 492
Glacial History and Diamictons......Page 493
Fluvial, Lacustrine and Aeolian Sediments......Page 494
Wisconsin Episode......Page 495
References......Page 503
Structure of the Diachronic Classification......Page 508
Major Glacial Phases in Michigan......Page 509
Port Huron Phase......Page 510
Two Rivers-Onaway Phase......Page 511
Discussion......Page 514
References......Page 515
Lithostratigraphy of Quaternary Deposits in Minnesota......Page 518
Red River Valley......Page 520
Southwest Minnesota......Page 526
Southeast Minnesota......Page 527
Central Minnesota......Page 528
References......Page 529
Early Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 532
Middle Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 533
Late Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 535
References......Page 537
Introduction......Page 540
Discussion of the Dating of the Age of the Glacial Limits......Page 542
Early Pleistocene Pseudo-Moraine at Selinsgrove and Allentown Pennsylvania......Page 543
References......Page 546
Cordilleran Ice Sheet in Western Washington......Page 550
Glaciation of the Cascade Range......Page 553
References......Page 554
Early Pleistocene Glaciations......Page 556
Southern Wisconsin......Page 557
Ice Extent and Chronology......Page 558
Ice Extent and Chronology......Page 560
Late Pleistocene (Wisconsinan Glaciation)......Page 561
Early Wisconsinan Glaciation (MIS 4?)......Page 562
Late Wisconsinan Glaciation......Page 563
Late Wisconsinan Landforms and Palaeoglaciology......Page 566
Future Work......Page 567
References......Page 568
Early Work in Missouri......Page 572
Stratigraphy and Lithologies......Page 573
Chronology......Page 577
Correlation and Future Work......Page 578
References......Page 579
Character and Extent of Cordilleran Ice Sheet......Page 582
Growth and Decay of Cordilleran Ice Sheet......Page 583
Crustal Deformation......Page 586
Stratigraphical Record and Chronology......Page 587
References......Page 589
Introduction......Page 594
Cosmogenic exposure dating of glacial erratics in southern Alberta and northern Montana......Page 595
Cosmogenic Dating of the All-Time Glacial Limit in the Area of Del Bonita Upland......Page 596
Testing the Barendregt-Irving hypothesis: Stratigraphy in Alberta's buried valleys......Page 597
Stratigraphical Units in the Buried Valley Systems of Alberta......Page 598
Discrimination of Advance and Retreat Sequences from Separate Glaciations......Page 599
Laterally Extensive Lag Gravel......Page 600
Oxidized Till......Page 601
Oldman River Basin......Page 603
Discussion and conclusions......Page 604
Basal gravel predating continental glaciation and its time-transgressive nature......Page 605
References......Page 606
Medicine Hat, Alberta......Page 610
Wellsch Valley Sections, near Swift Current, Saskatchewan......Page 611
Wascana Creek Section and Borecore near Regina, Saskatchewan......Page 613
Sutherland Borecore, Within City Limits of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan......Page 614
Lower Nelson/Hayes River Area near Gillam, Manitoba......Page 615
Discussion......Page 617
References......Page 618
Overview of the Glacial History of Québec-Labrador......Page 620
The Late Wisconsinan (Late Weichselian)-Holocene Deglaciation of Québec-Labrador: Overview......Page 621
The Deglaciation in Southern Québec During Late Wisconsinan: From the St. Lawrence Ice Stream to the Early Phase of You......Page 623
The Lake Candona Episode......Page 624
Deglaciation in the Appalachian Sector: Overview......Page 625
Dynamics of the Appalachian Ice Masses During the Chignecto Ice-Flow Phase Between About 15.6 and 14cal. ka BP: Degla......Page 626
The Major Northward Appalachian Ice-Flow Reversal......Page 627
The Ultimate Deglaciation Along the Appalachian Piedmont and Champlain Sea Transgression......Page 628
The Younger Dryas......Page 629
Deglaciation in the Western Part of the Laurentians and Lake Temiscaming Area......Page 631
Québec North Shore......Page 634
Deglaciation of Central and Southern Labrador......Page 635
Québec Clay Belt and James Bay Area......Page 636
Ungava Peninsula (Nunavik)......Page 637
Northeastern Québec and Northern Labrador......Page 638
Pending Questions on the Deglaciation of Québec-Labrador......Page 640
Conclusions......Page 641
References......Page 642
Introduction......Page 650
Type Area (West-Central NB)......Page 652
Type Section (Sisson Brook, NB)......Page 655
Margin of the Northumberland Phase Glacier......Page 656
Sangamonian Interglacial (MIS 5; 128-75ka)......Page 657
Type Section (East Bay, NS)......Page 658
Early-Middle Wisconsinan Caledonia Phase (75-50?ka)......Page 659
Mid-Wisconsinan Retreat Phase (MIS 3; ~50-25ka)......Page 660
Type Section (Bay St. Lawrence, NS)......Page 661
Late Wisconsinan Escuminac Phase (MIS 2; 25-20ka)......Page 662
Late Wisconsinan Scotian Phase (20-17ka)......Page 663
Type Area (South-Eastern Cape Breton Island)......Page 665
Margins of the Scotian Phase Glaciers......Page 667
Margins of the Chignecto Phase Glaciers......Page 668
Type Area and Section (western NS)......Page 670
Collins Pond Phase (Younger Dryas Chronozone-12.9-11.7ka)......Page 671
Margins of the Collins Pond Phase Glaciers......Page 672
Conclusions......Page 673
References......Page 674
Introduction......Page 680
Tintina Trench......Page 681
Fort Selkirk......Page 688
Mackenzie Mountains......Page 692
Mackenzie Delta......Page 697
Smoking Hills......Page 699
Banks Island......Page 701
Merritt Sections (Composite)......Page 705
Regional Correlations......Page 706
The Cordillera......Page 707
Northern Interior Plains......Page 710
Northern Interior Plains......Page 711
The Cordillera......Page 712
The Cordillera......Page 713
The Cordillera......Page 714
References......Page 715
Saalian Stage (Fig.50.2, MIS>6, ca. 300-130ka BP)......Page 718
The Eemian Stage (Fig.50.2, MIS 5e, 135-115ka BP)......Page 720
North and Central East Greenland......Page 721
Southern East Greenland......Page 723
Northern West Greenland......Page 724
LGM Glacial Regimes......Page 725
The Younger Dryas Stadial (12.8-11.7ka BP), and the Preboreal Oscillation (PBO 11.5-11.4ka BP)......Page 726
Holocene Thermal Maximum (Ca. 8-5ka BP)......Page 727
Summary......Page 728
References......Page 729
Introduction......Page 734
The Lagos Pueyrredón-Posadas Lobe (4708-4730S; 7147-7233W)......Page 736
The Lago Argentino Lobe (5009-5028S; 7053-7208W)......Page 739
The Seno Skyring Lobe (5208S-7107W; 5248S-7240W)......Page 740
The Magellan Straits Lobe (5146S-6912W; 5334S-7032W)......Page 741
The Lago Lynch and Lago Blanco Lobes (5342-5409S; 6827-6941W)......Page 742
The Beagle Channel Lobe (5450S; 6629-6833W)......Page 743
References......Page 744
The Río Malleo Valley (latitude 393730S; longitude 7117W)......Page 748
Valley of Esquel and Río Corintos (latitude 43S; longitude 71W)......Page 749
The Río Huemul Valley (latitude 4330S; longitude 7110W)......Page 750
The sequence of the La Plata and Fontana lakes (latitude 45S; longitude 7110W)......Page 751
References......Page 752
Results......Page 754
References......Page 757
The Andes......Page 758
The Chilean Lake District......Page 759
The Chilean Lake District......Page 761
The Chilean Lake District......Page 764
The Magellan Straits and Bahía Inútil (53-55S)......Page 766
Glaciation During the Younger Dryas Chronozone and Antarctic Cold Reversal......Page 767
The Magellan Straits......Page 768
Glaciation of Western Patagonia......Page 769
Ice Sheet Trimlines......Page 770
Conclusions......Page 771
References......Page 772
Introduction......Page 776
Pre-Weichselian Glaciation......Page 778
The Last Glacial Maximum......Page 780
Deglaciation......Page 785
The Holocene......Page 786
Remaining Questions......Page 788
References......Page 789
Introduction......Page 792
Middle Pleistocene glaciations (MIS 19-6; 790-132ka)......Page 794
MIS 5e-3 (132-35ka)......Page 796
MIS 3-2 (35-16.7ka)......Page 798
Late-glacial (16.7-11.7ka)......Page 808
MIS 1 (Holocene) glaciations (11.7ka-present)......Page 816
Conclusions......Page 819
References......Page 820
Bedded (Stratified) Slope Deposits on Moraines in Ecuador......Page 822
Pre-LGM Glaciation (Older than 30ka)......Page 823
The Last Glacial Maximum......Page 824
The Holocene......Page 825
Mapping Glacial Limits......Page 826
Open Questions......Page 827
References......Page 830
Early and Middle Pleistocene Glaciations Recorded by Glaciofluvial Sediment in the Bogotá Basin......Page 834
Onset of Glaciations near the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary (2.6Ma)......Page 837
Late Pleistocene and Holocene Glaciations Recorded by Moraines in the Eastern Cordillera......Page 839
Middle Weichselian Glacial Advance(s)......Page 840
Late Weichselian Glaciation Maxima......Page 842
Glacial Advance of Weichselian early Late-Glacial Age......Page 844
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy......Page 845
Younger Dryas Glacial Advance......Page 846
Holocene Glacier Fluctuations......Page 848
Comparison with the Glacial Record of the Central Cordillera......Page 850
Summary......Page 851
References......Page 852
Early and Middle Pleistocene......Page 854
El Pedregal Interstadial......Page 856
Late Mérida Stadial......Page 857
Holocene Glacier Fluctuations......Page 858
References......Page 859
Glacial Geology......Page 862
Equilibrium Line Altitudes......Page 864
Discussion......Page 865
References......Page 866
Iztaccíhuatl......Page 868
La Malinche volcano......Page 871
Citlaltépetl......Page 873
Tancítaro......Page 874
Cerro Potosí......Page 875
Weichselian/Wisconsinan glacial maximum (LLGM) and Holocene......Page 876
Open questions......Page 877
Summary......Page 878
References......Page 879
References......Page 882
Late Pleistocene glaciations......Page 884
Verkhoyansky Range......Page 886
The Ulakhan-Chistay Range......Page 887
North-Western Chukotka......Page 888
The Northern Slope of the Koryak Range......Page 889
North-Western Part of the Lower Anadyr Lowland......Page 891
References......Page 893
Verkhoyansk Mountains......Page 896
Regional comparison......Page 898
Conclusion......Page 899
References......Page 900
Introduction......Page 902
Methods......Page 903
Characteristics controlling the development of glaciation......Page 904
Function and structure of  the CGS......Page 907
Types and occurrence of the CGS......Page 909
Timing of glaciation and results of the dating......Page 914
Palaeogeographical interpretation......Page 920
References......Page 923
Introduction......Page 928
Chitral......Page 930
Ghizar......Page 931
Hunza Valley......Page 932
Rakaposhi and Haramosh......Page 936
Central Karakoram......Page 937
Nanga Parbat......Page 939
Indus Valley......Page 942
References......Page 943
Regional Setting......Page 948
Kashmir......Page 949
Lahul Himalaya......Page 951
Ladakh Range......Page 952
Garhwal......Page 958
Conclusions......Page 959
References......Page 960
Introduction: The state of research to 1973 in relation to the author's observations......Page 962
Examples and Key Sites from the Himalaya and South Tibet......Page 964
Example and Key Sites of the Semi-Arid Western Margin of Tibet......Page 971
The methodological consequences of the comparisons......Page 977
Problems: Magnetic field excursions-On the astrophysical sources of error of the TCN technique......Page 978
The Question of Aridity......Page 979
References......Page 981
Introduction......Page 986
Mongolian Altai......Page 988
Khangai......Page 990
Present and Late Pleistocene ELA reconstructions......Page 991
Timing of Pleistocene glaciations in the Russian Altai and Western Mongolia......Page 995
References......Page 997
Distribution of Quaternary glacial remnants on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau......Page 1000
Himalayas-Nyainqentanglha region......Page 1003
Qilian Mountain Region......Page 1007
Tianshan Mountains......Page 1011
Altai Mountains......Page 1012
The Earliest Glaciations in Some Mountain Ranges......Page 1013
ELAS Distributions on the Plateau and the Bordering Mountains......Page 1015
Conclusions......Page 1017
References......Page 1019
Introduction......Page 1022
Nanhuta Shan......Page 1023
Hsueh Shan......Page 1024
Nanhuta Shan......Page 1025
Equilibrium Line Altitudes and Palaeoclimatic Correlations......Page 1026
Conclusions......Page 1029
References......Page 1030
Introduction......Page 1032
Glacial Limits......Page 1033
Key Sites......Page 1034
Glacial Limits......Page 1035
Range Between Mount Yari and Mount Hotaka, Northern Japanese Alps......Page 1036
Problems......Page 1037
References......Page 1038
Introduction......Page 1042
Mount Kinabalu and Western Indonesian Mountains......Page 1043
Western New Guinea (Papua, Indonesia)......Page 1045
Eastern New Guinea (Papua New Guinea)......Page 1046
Key Sites......Page 1047
Glacial Limits-Early Würmian and LGM......Page 1051
Key Sites......Page 1052
Conclusions......Page 1053
References......Page 1054
Snowy Mountains......Page 1056
Early Pleistocene......Page 1057
Middle Pleistocene......Page 1060
Climate......Page 1061
Conclusions......Page 1062
References......Page 1063
Early Pleistocene Glaciers......Page 1066
Middle and Late Pleistocene (and Holocene) Glaciers......Page 1068
Physiographic and Climatic Setting......Page 1069
A Note on the Interglacial Record......Page 1070
North-Eastern South Island......Page 1071
Southern Alps-The North-Eastern Valleys......Page 1072
Southern Alps West of Main Divide-North of 4330S......Page 1073
The Waimakariri-Rakaia-Ashburton-Rangitata Glacier Systems......Page 1074
The Upper Waitaki Glacier Systems......Page 1075
The Upper Clutha Glacier System......Page 1076
The Mararoa Glacier......Page 1077
Fiordland......Page 1078
South Island-Central and Eastern Ranges......Page 1079
References......Page 1080
The High Atlas......Page 1084
The Middle Atlas and the Rif......Page 1089
Palaeoglaciers in North Africa: Their Importance for Understanding Palaeoclimates......Page 1090
Conclusions......Page 1091
References......Page 1092
Quaternary Glacial Chronology of Mount Kenya Massif......Page 1094
References......Page 1098
Glaciation in Southern Africa......Page 1100
The Sub-Antarctic......Page 1101
References......Page 1103
Index......Page 1106