Quantum Mechanics in the Single-Photon Laboratory, 2nd Edition

PRELIMS.pdf
	Acknowledgments
	Author biographies
		Dr Muhammad Sabieh Anwar
		Faizan-e-Ilahi
		Syed Bilal Hyder
		Muhammad Hamza Waseem
	List of abbreviations
	List of quantum optics experiments
CH001.pdf
	Chapter  Introduction
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter  Classical nature of light
		2.1 Electromagnetic waves
		2.2 Polarization
			2.2.1 The polarization ellipse
			2.2.2 Manipulating polarization
			2.2.3 Jones calculus
			2.2.4 Stokes parameters
		2.3 Preparatory experimental explorations
		2.4 C1: Investigating polarization of light through Jones calculus
		2.5 C2: Fourier analysis and peanut plots
		2.6 C3: Interference and erasure of which-way information
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter  Quantum nature of light
		3.1 Quantum mechanical states
		3.2 Qubits
		3.3 Transforming quantum states
		3.4 Measuring quantum states
		3.5 Composite systems and entangled states
		3.6 Mixed states and the density matrix
		3.7 Photon statistics
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter  Experiments related to generating single photons
		4.1 General components of the lab
			4.1.1 Optical setup
			4.1.2 Coincidence counting unit
			4.1.3 Data collection and visualization
		4.2 Q1: Spontaneous parametric downconversion
			4.2.1 The downconversion crystal and phase-matching
			4.2.2 Imaging downconverted photons
			4.2.3 Optical alignment
			4.2.4 The experiment
		4.3 Q2: Testing the particle-like behavior of light
			4.3.1 What is the quantum nature of light?
			4.3.2 Classification based on photon statistics
			4.3.3 Classification based on intensity (anti)correlations
			4.3.4 Predicting the degree of second-order coherence
			4.3.5 Preparing the experiment
			4.3.6 Experimental results
			4.3.7 Accidental coincidence counts
			4.3.8 Time-dependent second-order coherence
		Reference
CH005.pdf
	Chapter  The polarization of photons
		5.1 Q3: Estimating the polarization state of single photons
			5.1.1 Generating polarization states
			5.1.2 Measuring polarization states
			5.1.3 The experiment
		5.2 Q4: ‘Visualizing’ the polarization state of single photons
			5.2.1 Antenna polarimetry and the polarization pattern method
			5.2.2 Polarization pattern of single photons
			5.2.3 The experiment
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter  Entanglement and nonlocality
		6.1 Entanglement and nonlocality: a survey
		6.2 The proverbial Alice and Bob experiment
		6.3 Generating polarization-entangled photons
			6.3.1 Experimental setup
			6.3.2 Measuring probabilities with four detectors
			6.3.3 Generating Bell states
		6.4 NL1: Freedman’s test of locality
			6.4.1 Freedman’s inequality
			6.4.2 The quantum prediction for Freedman’s test
			6.4.3 The experiment
		6.5 NL2: CHSH test of locality
			6.5.1 The CHSH inequality
			6.5.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for the CHSH test
			6.5.3 The experiment
		6.6 NL3: Hardy’s test of locality
			6.6.1 The Hardy inequality
			6.6.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for Hardy’s test
			6.6.3 Tuning the Hardy state
			6.6.4 The experiment
		6.7 Conclusion
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter  Quantum interference and quantum erasure
		7.1 Q5: Single-photon interference and quantum erasure
			7.1.1 The polarization interferometer and quantum erasure
			7.1.2 Aligning the interferometer
			7.1.3 The experiment
		7.2 Q+NL: Nonlocal quantum erasure
			7.2.1 Erasure with nonlocality
			7.2.2 Quantum mechanical prediction for nonlocal erasure
			7.2.3 The experiment
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter  Quantum state tomography
		8.1 Qubits, Stokes parameters, and tomography
			8.1.1 The Bloch sphere for pure states
			8.1.2 The Bloch sphere for density matrices
			8.1.3 Stokes parameters as state projections on the Bloch sphere
		8.2 Single-qubit tomography
		8.3 Two-qubit tomography
		8.4 Nonideal measurements and compensation of errors
		8.5 Maximum-likelihood estimation
		8.6 The experiment
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter  Conclusion
		References
APPA.pdf
	Chapter
		A.1 Introduction
		A.2 Digital logic design
			A.2.1 ASICs
			A.2.2 Microprocessors
			A.2.3 FPGAs
		A.3 Building blocks of an FPGA
			A.3.1 Logic blocks
			A.3.2 Routing channels
			A.3.3 I/O pads
		A.4 Selecting a suitable FPGA
			A.4.1 Options for input and output
			A.4.2 Frequency
			A.4.3 Cost
			A.4.4 Manufacturer
			A.4.5 Our experimental needs and choice of FPGA
		A.5 Overview of the circuitry
			A.5.1 Pulse detection
			A.5.2 Data counting
			A.5.3 Send data to PC
		A.6 Writing code for FPGAs
		A.7 Programming the FPGAs
			A.7.1 Defining physical connections
			A.7.2 Synthesizing and analyzing HDL
			A.7.3 Generating the bit stream
			A.7.4 Configuring the FPGA
		A.8 Reading data on a computer
		A.9 Evaluating the system
			A.9.1 Communication rate
			A.9.2 Voltage input range
			A.9.3 Resolution
			A.9.4 Coincidence window
			A.9.5 Minimum and maximum counts
			A.9.6 Fidelity of coincidences
			A.9.7 Integral nonlinearity
			A.9.8 Evaluation summary
		References
APPB.pdf
	Chapter
		Optical elements
		Mechanical elements
		Actuators and controllers
		Detection and coincidence counting unit
		Testing of FPGA
		Q1: Spontaneous parametric downconversion
		Q2: Proof of existence of photons
		Q3: Estimating the polarization state of single photons
		Q4: Visualizing the polarization state of single photons
		NL1: Freedman’s test of local realism
		NL2: Hardy’s test of local realism
		NL3: CHSH test of local realism
		Q5: Single-photon interference and quantum erasure
		Q+NL: Nonlocal quantum erasure
		QST: Quantum state tomography