Quantum Materials, Devices, and Applications

Front Cover
Quantum Materials, Devices, and Applications
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Quantum dots and bioimaging
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Applications of quantum dots in bioimaging
	1.3 Quantum dots and in vitro bioimaging
		1.3.1 Cell imaging
		1.3.2 Molecular targeting
		1.3.3 Drug delivery
		1.3.4 Gene technology
		1.3.5 Multimodal imaging
	1.4 Quantum dots and in vivo bioimaging
		1.4.1 Cell labeling
		1.4.2 Tumor imaging
		1.4.3 Lymph node imaging
		1.4.4 Vasculature imaging
		1.4.5 Whole-body imaging
		1.4.6 Stem cell imaging
		1.4.7 Multimodal imaging
	1.5 Quantum dots and theranostics
	1.6 Other applications of quantum dots
	1.7 Toxicity issues
	1.8 Novel types of quantum dots
		1.8.1 Cadmium-free quantum dots
		1.8.2 Silicon quantum dots
		1.8.3 Carbon/graphene quantum dots
	1.9 Conclusion
	References
2 2D quantum materials and sensors devices
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of quantum materials for sensing applications
		2.2.1 2D nanomaterials
			2.2.1.1 Transition metal dichalcogenides
			2.2.1.2 Transition metal oxides
			2.2.1.3 MXenes
			2.2.1.4 Metal-organic and covalent-organic frameworks
			2.2.1.5 Black phosphorous and hexagonal boron nitride
		2.2.2 Heterostructures and nanocomposites
		2.2.3 Synthesis of 2D quantum materials for sensing
	2.3 Sensors based on quantum materials
		2.3.1 Gas sensors
		2.3.2 Electrochemical (bio)-sensors
		2.3.3 Optical sensors
		2.3.4 Photodetectors
	2.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 Superconducting quantum magnetic sensing
	3.1 Principles of superconducting quantum magnetic sensing
		3.1.1 Introduction
		3.1.2 Josephson effect and flux quantization in a superconducting ring
		3.1.3 Working principle of a SQUID
		3.1.4 Main characteristics and magnetic noise of a SQUID
	3.2 Main SQUID configurations
		3.2.1 Magnetometer and gradiometer
		3.2.2 High-sensitivity current sensor (pico-ammeter)
		3.2.3 High spatial resolution SQUID (microSQUID)
		3.2.4 Spin sensor (nanoSQUID)
	3.3 Main SQUID applications
		3.3.1 Biomagnetism
			3.3.1.1 MEG and cognitive disorders
			3.3.1.2 MEG and Parkinson’s disease
			3.3.1.3 MEG and ALS
			3.3.1.4 MEG and migraine
			3.3.1.5 MEG and depression
			3.3.1.6 MEG and ASDs
		3.3.2 Nondestructive evaluation
		3.3.3 Magnetic microscopy
		3.3.4 Nanomagnetism
		3.3.5 Mentions of other SQUID applications
	3.4 Conclusions and perspectives
	References
4 Nano-engineered composites based on carbon nitride as potential agents for the remediation of water with micropollutants
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Industrial-origin contaminants and antibiotics: dangerous micropollutants to the environment and health
	4.3 Carbon nitride
	4.4 Improving the efficiency in environmental remediation applications: the CN nanocomposites
	4.5 Final considerations
	Acknowledgments
	References
5 Quantum materials for emerging agrochemicals
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Nanomaterials and quantum nanomaterials: the applicable properties for agriculture
	5.3 Agrochemicals and the niches for quantum materials
	5.4 Use of quantum materials as agrochemicals
		5.4.1 All-dimensional materials as fertilizers, biostimulants, growth regulators, and pesticides
		5.4.2 One-dimensional materials such as fertilizers, biostimulants, growth regulators, and pesticides
		5.4.3 Two-dimensional materials as fertilizers, biostimulants, growth regulators, and pesticides
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
6 Quantum dot materials, devices, and their applications in photomedicine
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fundamentals
		6.2.1 QD materials: properties and synthesis
		6.2.2 QD devices
		6.2.3 Evolution and operating principle of QLEDs
		6.2.4 PDT and PBM
	6.3 QD materials’ development and applications
	6.4 Development and application of QD devices in photomedicine
		6.4.1 QLEDs for photomedical application
			6.4.1.1 Recent advances and records in red-emitting QLEDs
			6.4.1.2 Radiometric parameters for QLED performance and phototherapy administration
		6.4.2 QLEDs for PDT and PBM
			6.4.2.1 Emergence of QLEDs as alternative photomedical light sources
			6.4.2.2 QLED-based in vitro studies
			6.4.2.3 Perspective of QLEDs in the photomedicine field and device concepts
		6.4.3 QD devices for health monitoring and diagnostics
	6.5 Conclusion and outlook
	References
7 Carbon dots (C-dots): fluorescence processes and bioimaging
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 C-dots fluorescent emissive processes
	7.3 C-dots in bioimaging experiments
	7.4 Summary and outlook
	References
8 Quantum tunneling nanoelectromechanical system devices for biomedical applications
	8.1 MEMS and NEMS sensors and sensing in biomedical applications
		8.1.1 Existing MEMS devices
		8.1.2 Unique advantages of quantum tunneling NEMS devices
		8.1.3 Further prospects for ultrasmall and sensitive medical NEMS sensors in biomedicine
	8.2 Quantum tunneling
	8.3 Design and proof of concept for quantum tunneling NEMS sensors
		8.3.1 Different designs of quantum tunneling sensors
		8.3.2 Quantum tunneling NEMS devices based on overlapping arrays of nanowires
		8.3.3 Proof-of-concept tunneling current measurements, NEMS conceptual designs, and proposed fabrication processes
	8.4 New quantum tunneling metrology for cantilever-based devices
		8.4.1 Quantum tunneling cantilevers: proof-of-concept description
	8.5 Final word: future prospects for NEMS in biomedical applications
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 Quantum dots: an emerging implication of nanotechnology in cancer diagnosis and therapy
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Pathophysiology of cancer
	9.3 Present diagnostic methods
	9.4 Nanotechnology in cancer
	9.5 Quantum dots
	9.6 Properties of quantum dots
		9.6.1 Optical properties
			9.6.1.1 Band-gap energy
			9.6.1.2 Stokes shift
			9.6.1.3 Fluorescence
			9.6.1.4 Brightness and photostability
	9.7 Quantum dots in cancer diagnosis and therapy
		9.7.1 Identification of the molecular targets
		9.7.2 Mapping of a sentinel lymph node
		9.7.3 Cancer imaging
		9.7.4 Drug delivery
	9.8 Toxicity of quantum dots
	9.9 Conclusion and future prospects
	References
10 Nanotechnology for cosmetics applications—a journey in innovation
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanocosmetic definitions
	10.3 Inorganic nanoparticles used in cosmetics
	10.4 Organic nanoparticles used in cosmetics
		10.4.1 Lipid nanoparticles
			10.4.1.1 Liposomes
			10.4.1.2 Nanoemulsions and solid lipid nanoparticles
		10.4.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
	10.5 Nanocarriers used to improve the cosmetic ingredient
		10.5.1 Dispersion of insoluble actives—reducing industrial production time
		10.5.2 Chemical instability
		10.5.3 Controlled release
		10.5.4 Clinical benefits in nanocosmetics—effectiveness
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Index
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