Quantitative Evaluation of the Whole Petroleum System: Hydrocarbon Thresholds and Their Application

Foreword by Chengzao Jia
Foreword by Prof. Steve Larter
Foreword by Zhangxing Chen
Preface by the Author
	References
About the Author
About This Book
Contents
1 Introduction to Quantitative Evaluation of the Whole Petroleum System
	1.1 Major Challenges Facing Oil and Gas Exploration
		1.1.1 Progress in Oil and Gas Exploration and Research
		1.1.2 Breakthrough of Unconventional Oil and Gas Exploration to Classic Petroleum System
		1.1.3 Oil and Gas Exploration Practices Facing Significant Challenges
	1.2 Quantitative Evaluation Methods of the WPS
		1.2.1 Concept and Connotation of the WPS
		1.2.2 Contents and Research Ideas of Quantitative Evaluation of the WPS
		1.2.3 Principle and Workflow of Quantitative Evaluation for the WPS
	1.3 Progress and Case Studies of Quantitative Evaluation on the WPS
		1.3.1 There Are 3 Categories 10 Types of Hydrocarbon Thresholds
		1.3.2 Hydrocarbon Migration Thresholds Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas Resource
		1.3.3 Hydrocarbon Dynamic Fields Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas Resource Types
		1.3.4 Hydrocarbon Distribution Thresholds Jointly Controlling Oil and Gas Enrichment
		1.3.5 Quantitative Evaluation of Total Oil and Gas Resources in the WPS
	1.4 Development Direction of the WPS
		1.4.1 Research on the Difference and Correlation Between Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the WPS
		1.4.2 Evaluation of Total Potential Oil/Gas Resources in the Global Petroleum System
		1.4.3 Development of Remained Oil and Gas Resources in Global Petroleum System
		1.4.4 Development Prospecting of Natural Gas Hydrate in Global Petroleum Systems
	1.5 Summary
	References
2 Unified Classification of Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the WPS
	2.1 Introduction and Issue
	2.2 Research Method and Technology
		2.2.1 Research Sites and Data Collection
		2.2.2 Research Contents and Workflow
	2.3 Correlations Between the Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		2.3.1 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both of Fossil Resources
		2.3.2 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both in the Same Age Strata
		2.3.3 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both in the Same Basins
		2.3.4 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both in the Same Layers
		2.3.5 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both in the Same PS
		2.3.6 All Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both in the Same WPS
	2.4 Differences Between the Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		2.4.1 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Different in Compositions
		2.4.2 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Different in Source Rocks
		2.4.3 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Different in Reservoirs
		2.4.4 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Both Different in Tectonic Settings
		2.4.5 Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Both Different in Formation Mechanism
	2.5 Unified Genetic Classification of Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		2.5.1 The Unified Genetic Classification Scheme and Principle
		2.5.2 Identification Criteria for Conventional Trap Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		2.5.3 Identification Criteria for Unconventional Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		2.5.4 Identification Criteria for Reformed Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	2.6 Summary
	References
3 Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth in the WPS
	3.1 Introduction and Issue
	3.2 Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon Migration and Accumulation
		3.2.1 Definition of Buoyance-Driven Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth
		3.2.2 Representative Basins Used to Study the BHAD
	3.3 Identification of Buoyancy-Driven Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth
		3.3.1 Identifying BHAD by Distribution Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		3.3.2 Identifying BHAD by Accumulation Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		3.3.3 Identifying BHAD by Pressure Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		3.3.4 Identifying BHAD by Media Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	3.4 Variation Features and Controlling Factors of the BHAD
		3.4.1 Variation of BHAD with the Lithology of Target Layer
		3.4.2 Variation of BHAD with Hydrocarbon Components
		3.4.3 Variation of BHAD with Tectonic Movement
		3.4.4 Variation of BHAD with Underground Heat Flow
	3.5 Simulation Experiments on Dynamic Equilibrium of the BHAD
		3.5.1 Physical Modelling Experiments on Dynamic Equilibrium
		3.5.2 Numerical Simulation and Quantitative Characterization
	3.6 Discussion and Conclusion
		3.6.1 Ubiquitous Presence of BHAD in Petroliferous Basins
		3.6.2 Relationship Between the BHAD and Oil and Gas Accumulations
		3.6.3 Resource Potentials of Oil and Gas Accumulations Constrained by BHAD
	3.7 Summary
	References
4 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Depth Limit in the WPS
	4.1 Introduction and Issue
	4.2 Research Method and Identifying Criteria of the HADL
		4.2.1 Geology of Research Basins
		4.2.2 Definition of HADL and Its Research Significance
		4.2.3 Identification of the HADL
	4.3 The HADL Variation and Key Controlling Factors
		4.3.1 HADL Variation Controlled by Oil and Gas
		4.3.2 HADL Variation Controlled by Reservoir Layer Lithology
		4.3.3 HADL Variation Controlled by Reservoir Layer Age
		4.3.4 HADL Variation Controlled by Geothermal Gradient
		4.3.5 HADL Variation Controlled by Other Geological Factors
	4.4 Formation Mechanism of the HADL
		4.4.1 Depletion of Oil and Gas Generation Potential in Source Rocks
		4.4.2 Capillary Pressure Difference Termination Outsider and Insider the Reservoir
		4.4.3 Compaction Difference Termination Outsider and Insider the Reservoir
		4.4.4 Variation of Geothermal Gradients in Petroliferous Basins
	4.5 Implication of the HADL for Potential Resource Prediction
		4.5.1 Predicting Promising Areas for Oil and Gas Exploration
		4.5.2 Evaluating Oil and Gas Resource Potentials
	4.6 Summary
	References
5 Active Source-Rock Depth Limit in the WPS
	5.1 Introduction and Issue
	5.2 The Source of Materials and Research Methods
		5.2.1 Research Areas and Data Collection
		5.2.2 Formation Mechanism and Characterization of ASDL
	5.3 Identification of ASDL
		5.3.1 The Identification of ASDL in the Junggar Basin
		5.3.2 The Identification of ASDLs in Other Basins in China
	5.4 Major Factors Controlling on the ASDL
		5.4.1 The ASDL Variation with Organic Matter Types
		5.4.2 The ASDL Variation with Heat Flows and Geothermal Gradients
		5.4.3 The ASDL Variation with Tectonic Movement and Others
		5.4.4 Relationships Between the ASDL and the Heat Flow and Organic Matter Type
	5.5 Discussion and Conclusion
		5.5.1 The ASDL Controlling on Vertical Distribution of Oil and Gas Reservoirs and HADL
		5.5.2 The ASDL Controlling on Vertical Distribution of Liquid Oil and Natural Gas
	5.6 Summary
	References
6 Unified Model for Oil and Gas Reservoirs Formation
	6.1 Introduction and Issue
	6.2 Method and Workflow
	6.3 Unified Genetic Model for Conventional and Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs in the WPS
		6.3.1 Concept of the Unified Model
		6.3.2 Identification and Prediction of Hydrocarbon Dynamic Boundaries
		6.3.3 Division and Identification of Three Hydrocarbon Dynamic Fields
		6.3.4 The Characteristics of Oil and Gas Accumulations in the Unified Genetic Model
	6.4 Formation and Evolution Mechanism of the Unified Model
		6.4.1 Formation Mechanism of the Unified Genetic Model in a Petroliferous Basin
		6.4.2 The Evolution of the Unified Genetic Model in a Petroliferous Basin
	6.5 Application of the Unified Model for Oil and Gas Exploration
		6.5.1 Evaluating Oil and Gas Resources by the Unified Model
		6.5.2 Predicting the Distribution of Potential Resources by the Unified Model
		6.5.3 Quantifying Favorable Scope of Oil and Gas Reservoirs by the Unified Model
	6.6 Discussion and Conclusion
		6.6.1 The Increase of Heat Flow Leading to Shallower Depth of the HDFs
		6.6.2 Variation of Lithology Leading to Driving Forces Combination Diversity
		6.6.3 Tectonic Movement Leading to Reformation of the HDFs and Reservoirs Type
		6.6.4 Application Range of the Unified Model
	6.7 Summary
	References
7 Evaluation of Conventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	7.1 Introduction and Issue
	7.2 Concept of Hydrocarbon Threshold and Its Significance
		7.2.1 Basic Concept of Hydrocarbon Threshold
		7.2.2 Hydrocarbon Threshold Controlling on Reservoirs Formation
	7.3 Joint Controlling Model of Multi-factors for Oil and Gas Reservoirs
		7.3.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Migration-Accumulation Threshold (HMAT)
		7.3.2 The Discrimination Criteria of Hydrocarbon Migration-Accumulation Threshold
		7.3.3 Joint Controlling Effect of HMAT on Reservoirs Formation
		7.3.4 Workflow of Oil and Gas Resource Assessment by Using HMAT
		7.3.5 Application Examples of HMAT Controlling Reservoir Formation Model
	7.4 Prediction of Favorable Area for Oil and Gas Accumulation
		7.4.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Distribution Threshold (HDT)
		7.4.2 Mechanism of HDTs Joint Controlling Reservoir Distribution
		7.4.3 Principle for Predicting Oil and Gas Reservoirs by Using HDTs
		7.4.4 Workflow of Favorable Area Prediction
		7.4.5 Application Examples
	7.5 Optimization of Drilling Targets for Oil and Gas
		7.5.1 The Concept of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Threshold (HAT)
		7.5.2 Quantitative Model of HATs Joint Controlling Reservoirs
		7.5.3 Application of HATs Joint Controlling Oil and Gas Model
	7.6 Summary
	References
8 Prediction and Evaluation of Tight Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	8.1 Introduction and Issue
	8.2 Method and Workflow
		8.2.1 Identification and Classification of Driving Forces and Their Effects
		8.2.2 Workflow of Multi-forces Evaluation
	8.3 Evaluating Contributions of Driving Forces by Statistics
		8.3.1 Data Sources and Research Principle
		8.3.2 Results and Analysis
	8.4 Evaluation Contributions of Driving Forces by Simulation
		8.4.1 Principle
		8.4.2 Simulation for Hydrocarbon Expulsion from Source Rocks in Different Phases
		8.4.3 Simulation of Relative Contributions for 9 Driving Forces to Oil/Gas Expulsion
	8.5 Confirming Contribution of the CPD by Physical Experiments
		8.5.1 Principle and Conditions
		8.5.2 Results and Analysis
		8.5.3 Dynamic Model for Oil and Gas Accumulation in Deep Reservoirs
	8.6 Discussion and Conclusion
		8.6.1 The CPD is the Most Important Driving Force for Tight Reservoirs Formation
		8.6.2 Special Conditions for Abnormal Oil and Gas Accumulation in Deep Reservoirs
		8.6.3 Tectonic Movements and Reservoirs Reformations
		8.6.4 The Abnormal Low Saturation of Oil and Gas in Shallow Layers
		8.6.5 The Critical Minimum Driving Force for Oil and Gas Accumulation
		8.6.6 The Most Favorable Depth Range for Oil and Gas Accumulation
		8.6.7 The Maximum Depth for Oil and Gas Accumulation
	8.7 Summary
	References
9 Evaluation of Unconventional Shale Oil and Gas Resource
	9.1 Introduction and Issue
		9.1.1 Shale Oil Exploration Showing Broad Development Prospects
		9.1.2 Continental Shale Oil Widely Distributed but Controlling Factors Very Complex
		9.1.3 Evaluating Quantitatively the Movability of Continental Shale Oil Difficult
		9.1.4 There Lacking Mature Technology for Evaluation of Continental Shale Oil
	9.2 Principle and Workflow of Shale Oil and Gas Evaluation
		9.2.1 Main Contents and Technical Ideas
		9.2.2 Key Study Area Selection and Regional Geological Survey
		9.2.3 Samples and Analysis
	9.3 Sedimentary Lithofacies and Types of Shale Rocks
		9.3.1 Mineral Composition Characteristics of Shale
		9.3.2 Bedding Structure Characteristics of Shale
		9.3.3 Characteristics of Shale Sedimentary Lithofacies
	9.4 Variation and Controlling Factors of Retained Oil in Shale
		9.4.1 The Retained Oil Amount in Shale is Controlled by Lithofaces
		9.4.2 The Retained Hydrocarbon Amount in Shale is Controlled by Pore Structure
		9.4.3 The Retained Hydrocarbon Controlled by Surrounding Rock Conditions
		9.4.4 The Retained Hydrocarbon Amount in Shale Controlled by Burial Depth
	9.5 Mobility of Shale Oil and Its Genetic Mechanism
		9.5.1 The Principle of Physical Experiment on Shale Oil Mobility
		9.5.2 Porosity and Permeability Controlling on the Movable Oil Ratio
		9.5.3 The Type and Content of Clay Minerals Control the Percentage of Movable Oil
		9.5.4 Oil Viscosity Controlling on Shale Movable Oil Ratio
		9.5.5 Kerogen Content Controlling on the Percentage of Movable Oil
	9.6 Prediction and Evaluation of Shale Oil Resources
		9.6.1 Principle of Evaluation for Potential Recoverable Resources of Shale Oil
		9.6.2 Key Parameters of Recoverable Oil and Gas Resources Evaluation
		9.6.3 Prediction and Evaluation of Recoverable Shale Oil Resources
	9.7 Summary
	References
10 Evaluation of Reformed and Destroyed Oil and Gas Reservoirs
	10.1 Introduction and Issue
	10.2 Geological Setting and Evaluation Method
	10.3 Relationship Between Tectonic Events and Oil/Gas Destruction
		10.3.1 Reformed Oil and Gas Reservoirs Due to Multi-stage Tectonic Events
		10.3.2 Key Geological Factors Controlling Oil and Gas Destruction
		10.3.3 Superposition of Multistage Tectonic Events
	10.4 Evaluation of Destroyed and Remained Oil and Gas Resources
		10.4.1 Conceptual Geological Evaluation Model
		10.4.2 Mathematical Model for Quantitative Evaluation
		10.4.3 Acquisition of Geological Parameters
	10.5 Discussion and Conclusion
		10.5.1 Evaluation of Absolutely Destroyed Hydrocarbons Amount
		10.5.2 Evaluation of Relatively Destroyed Hydrocarbons Amount
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Evaluation of the Global Oil and Gas Resources
	11.1 Introduction and Issue
	11.2 Identification and Distribution of Oil and Gas Resource Types
		11.2.1 Identification of Oil and Gas Resource Types
		11.2.2 Dynamic Boundaries for Oil and Gas Resources Distribution in the Underground
		11.2.3 The Unified Model for the Distribution of Different Oil and Gas Resources
	11.3 Evaluation Methods of Oil and Gas Resources
		11.3.1 Estimation of the 3-Type and 3-Level Resources Based on Mass Balance
		11.3.2 Acquisition and Validation of Five Essential Parameters
		11.3.3 Characterization of Essential Parameters
	11.4 Evaluation Results of the Global Oil and Gas Resources
		11.4.1 Characterization of Hydrocarbon Resources
		11.4.2 The Global Ultimate Hydrocarbons Resources and Their Components
		11.4.3 Distribution of Potential Hydrocarbon Resources
	11.5 Mass Balance of Hydrocarbons in Different Forms
		11.5.1 Quantitative Characterization of Evaluated Results
		11.5.2 Reliability of Evaluated Results
	11.6 Summary
	References
12 Evaluation of the Global Potential Resource of the Natural Gas Hydrate
	12.1 Introduction and Issue
	12.2 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Mass-Balanced Method
		12.2.1 Geological Model for NGH Formation and Distribution
		12.2.2 Mass-Balanced Model and Equations for NGH Resource Evaluation
		12.2.3 Simulation Results and Variation Scope of NGH Resource
	12.3 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Drilling Analogy Method
		12.3.1 Principle for Drilling Analogy Method
		12.3.2 Two Case Studies in the World
	12.4 Evaluation of the NGH Resource by Trend Analysis Method
		12.4.1 Principle by Trend Analysis Approach
		12.4.2 Results of Resource Estimates
	12.5 Comparison of NGH Resource Estimates from Three Methods
		12.5.1 Estimated Results from Three Approaches
		12.5.2 Implications to Future Oil and Gas Energy Supply
	12.6 Summary
	References