Quantitative Analysis of Marine Biological Communities: Field Biology and Environment

Quantitative Analysis of Marine Biological Communities......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Contributors......Page 18
1.1.2 Profiling a Beach......Page 20
1.1.3 Underwater Profiles......Page 21
1.1.4 Underwater Techniques......Page 22
1.2.1 Introduction......Page 24
1.2.2 Sampling Design......Page 27
1.2.6 Scale......Page 28
1.2.8 Sample Size or Number of Sample Units Required......Page 29
1.3.1 Introduction......Page 33
1.3.2 Table of Random Numbers......Page 34
1.3.3 Quadrat Shape......Page 35
1.3.4 Optimal Quadrat Size......Page 36
1.3.6 Haphazard (Convenience, Accidental, Arbitrary) Sampling......Page 38
1.3.7 Stratified Random Sampling......Page 39
1.3.8 Systematic Sampling......Page 40
1.3.10 Point Contact (Percentage Cover)......Page 42
1.3.11 Line and Belt (Strip) Transects......Page 43
1.3.12 Adaptive Sampling......Page 44
1.3.13 Sequential Sampling......Page 45
1.3.14 Rapid Sampling Methods......Page 46
1.3.17 Catch or Weight Per Unit Effort (CPUE)......Page 47
1.3.19 Cluster Sampling......Page 48
1.3.20 Introduction to Distance Measurements......Page 49
1.3.21 Nearest Neighbor and Point to Nearest Object......Page 50
1.3.22 Point-Center Quarter or Point Quarter Method......Page 52
1.3.23 Line Intercepts......Page 55
1.3.24 Strong Method......Page 57
1.3.25 Weinberg Method......Page 58
1.3.26 Nishiyama Method......Page 61
1.3.27 Mark (or Tag) and Recapture (Mark and Resight) Techniques......Page 63
1.3.28 Visual Methods for Fishes......Page 70
1.4.2 Removal Trapping or Collecting......Page 71
1.4.3 Other Methods......Page 72
1.4.4 Large Scale Sampling......Page 75
2.1 Introduction......Page 81
2.2 Types of Data......Page 82
2.3 Data Standardization or Normalization (Relativization)......Page 83
2.4 Data Transformation......Page 85
2.5 Statistical Distributions and Procedures......Page 87
2.6 Descriptive Statistics (Sample Statistics)......Page 94
2.7 Statistics with One or Two Variables......Page 100
2.8 Experimental Design and Analysis......Page 115
2.10 Multiple Comparisons Tests......Page 119
2.11 Nonparametric Tests, Covariance, Correlation, and Regression......Page 121
2.13 Ranking Analysis (Nonparametric Correlation)......Page 128
2.14 Randomization Methods......Page 131
2.15 General Linear Programming......Page 133
2.16 Maximum Likelihood......Page 137
2.17 Bayesian Statistics......Page 138
2.18 How to Lie with Statistics......Page 141
3.2 Distributions (Dispersion)......Page 142
3.3 Dispersal......Page 146
3.4 Home Range......Page 147
3.5 Random Walk......Page 148
3.6 Feeding Ecology......Page 150
3.7 Size-frequency Distribution......Page 151
3.9 Natality......Page 152
3.11 Construction of Life Tables......Page 153
3.12 Population Dynamics Models......Page 157
3.14 Null Models......Page 160
3.15 Species Richness, Diversity, Evenness, and Dominance......Page 161
3.17 Homogeneity-Heterogeneity Indices......Page 172
3.18 Niche Breadth......Page 175
3.19 Niche Overlap......Page 176
3.20 Concordance......Page 178
3.21 Game Theory......Page 179
3.23 Transition Matrices......Page 181
3.24 Fractals......Page 187
3.25 Deterministic Chaos......Page 191
3.26 Artificial Neural Networks......Page 194
3.27 Expert Systems......Page 198
3.28 Digitization, Image Processing, Image Measurement, and Image Analysis or Pattern Recognition......Page 199
3.29 Multimedia Development......Page 205
3.30 Landscape Ecology......Page 214
3.33 Conservation and Environment......Page 216
3.34 Environmental Impact Assessments......Page 217
3.35 Analysis of DNA/RNA Sequences......Page 220
3.36 Fuzzy Logic......Page 225
3.37 Meta-Analysis......Page 226
4.1 Introduction......Page 228
4.2 Methods of Handling Data......Page 229
4.3 Measures of Similarity and Difference (Similarity and Dissimilarity)......Page 230
4.4 Cluster Analysis......Page 236
4.5 Species-Site Groups......Page 245
4.6 Mantel Test......Page 248
4.7 Analysis of Similarities......Page 250
4.8 Indicator Species Analysis......Page 252
5.1 Introduction......Page 256
5.2 Principal Component Analysis......Page 264
5.6 Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA or Decorana)......Page 268
5.7 Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (MDS, NMDS, NMS, NMMDS)......Page 269
5.8 MANOVA and MANCOVA......Page 271
5.9 Discriminant Analysis (DA) (Discriminant Function Analysis, Canonical Variates Analysis)......Page 273
5.11 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)......Page 275
5.12 Multiple Regression (MR) (Multiple Linear Regression)......Page 277
5.13 Path Analysis......Page 278
5.16 Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP)......Page 279
5.17 Other Multivariate Techniques......Page 281
6.2 Smoothing or Filtering Techniques......Page 283
6.3 Serial Correlation (Auto- and Cross-Correlation)......Page 285
6.4 Autoregression......Page 293
6.5 Frequency Analysis......Page 298
7.1 Introduction......Page 303
7.2 Philosophy of Modeling......Page 307
7.3 Model Components and Model Development......Page 308
8.2 Oceanographic Devices......Page 320
8.3 Marine Bottom Sampling Devices......Page 331
8.4 Marine Water Sampling Devices......Page 352
8.5 Sampling Plankton, Bacteria and Viruses......Page 365
8.6 Sampling Fishes......Page 370
8.7 Sampling Reptiles, Birds and Mammals......Page 371
8.8 Natural History Observations......Page 373
Appendices......Page 376
Addendum......Page 395
References......Page 399
Index......Page 430