Low Temperature Biology of Insects

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
Part I Physiological and molecular responses......Page 17
1.2 Types of insect cold-tolerance......Page 19
1.2.1 Cryoinjury due to freeze concentration......Page 22
1.4 Supercooling......Page 23
1.5.1 Ice-nucleating proteins......Page 25
1.5.2 Inoculative freezing......Page 29
1.6 Cryoprotectants......Page 31
1.7.1 Intracellular versus extracellular freezing......Page 33
1.7.2 Cryoprotective dehydration......Page 34
1.8 Role of proteins......Page 35
1.8.2 Dehydrins......Page 37
1.9 Future directions......Page 38
References......Page 39
2.1 Introduction......Page 51
2.2 Taxonomic and life stage diversity......Page 52
2.3 RCH in a freeze-tolerant insect......Page 53
2.4 Comparison to other types of cold- and winter-hardening......Page 54
2.5.1 Induction triggers......Page 55
2.5.2 Short-term organismal effects of RCH......Page 56
2.5.3 Effect of RCH on chill-coma temperature during ecologically relevant cooling......Page 57
2.5.5 Effect of RCH on fecundity and longevity......Page 59
2.6.1 Polyols and sugars......Page 60
2.6.3 Heat-shock proteins......Page 61
2.6.5 Membrane changes......Page 62
2.6.6 RCH in isolated cells and tissues......Page 64
2.6.7 Cold sensing and signal-transduction pathways......Page 65
2.6.8 RCH blocks cold-induced apoptosis......Page 66
2.7 Future directions......Page 67
References......Page 68
3.2 Protein ice nucleators......Page 75
3.2.1 Structural characterization......Page 76
3.2.2.1 Freeze-tolerance......Page 77
3.3.1 History......Page 79
3.3.2 Mechanism(s) of freezing inhibition......Page 81
3.3.3 Determining TH and the presence of AFPs......Page 82
3.3.4 Which arthropods have evolved AFPs?......Page 84
3.3.5 Structural characterization of arthropod AFPs......Page 85
3.3.6 Enhancement of DAFP activity......Page 88
3.3.7.1 Freeze-avoidance......Page 89
3.3.7.2 Freeze-tolerance......Page 92
3.3.7.3 Functions not related to cold-tolerance?......Page 94
3.3.8 Control of AFP production and activity......Page 95
3.4 Future directions......Page 96
References......Page 97
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
4.2 Genomics......Page 108
4.3 Transcriptomics......Page 109
4.4 Proteomics......Page 113
4.5 Metabolomics......Page 116
4.6 Statistical considerations in -omics experiments......Page 119
4.7.1 Amino acids......Page 120
4.7.3 Heat-shock proteins......Page 122
4.7.4 Cytoskeleton......Page 124
4.7.5 Glycolysis and cellular respiration......Page 125
References......Page 127
5.1 Introduction......Page 132
5.2.1 Basic concepts......Page 133
5.2.2 Commonly observed patterns of cold-induced membrane restructuring......Page 134
5.2.3.1 Lipid composition of insect membranes......Page 137
5.2.3.2 UFA/SFA ratio......Page 138
5.2.3.5 Molecular species remodeling......Page 141
5.2.4 Metabolic pathways involved in membrane restructuring......Page 143
5.2.5 Membrane physical properties and functions......Page 145
5.3 Cold-related changes in the cytoskeleton and other structural elements of cells......Page 146
5.4 Future directions......Page 147
References......Page 148
6.1 Oxygen challenges in winter......Page 157
6.2 Hypoxia, ischemia and insect freeze-tolerance......Page 159
6.3 HIF-1 and freeze-tolerance......Page 160
6.4 Mitochondria......Page 163
6.5.1 Control of metabolic suppression......Page 166
6.5.2 Cell preservation and life extension......Page 168
6.6 Oxidative stress and antioxidants......Page 169
6.6.1 PUFAs......Page 171
6.6.3 Freeze/thaw......Page 172
6.6.4 Adaptive strategies for antioxidant defence......Page 173
6.7 Future directions......Page 175
References......Page 177
7.1 Introduction......Page 182
7.2.1 Low-temperature stress......Page 183
7.2.1.2 Freeze-tolerance......Page 184
7.2.2 Dehydration stress......Page 185
7.2.2.1 Mechanisms to counter dehydration stress......Page 187
7.3.2 Cryoprotective dehydration strategy......Page 188
7.3.3 Drought acclimation responses improving cold-tolerance......Page 192
7.4 Interactions between cold, drought and toxic stress......Page 194
References......Page 198
Part II Ecological and evolutionary responses......Page 205
8.1 Introduction: macrophysiology......Page 207
8.2.1 Magnitude, duration and variance......Page 210
8.2.2 Frequency or return time......Page 212
8.2.3 Predictability......Page 213
8.2.4 Rates of change......Page 215
8.3.1 The long term......Page 216
8.3.2 The short term......Page 218
8.4.1 Spatial patterns in lower limits and cold-hardiness strategies......Page 223
8.5 Conclusions and future directions......Page 226
References......Page 228
9.1 Introduction......Page 239
9.2 Conceptual background......Page 241
9.2.1 A Panglossian view of adaptation to cold and variable temperatures......Page 242
9.3.1 Latitudinal patterns of heat and cold tolerance......Page 243
9.3.2 Latitudinal pattern of optimal body temperatures......Page 244
9.3.4 Latitudinal pattern of thermal performance breadth......Page 245
9.4 Is warmer better, and is colder slower?......Page 246
9.5 Are cold-adapted insects especially vulnerable to climate warming?......Page 249
9.6 Summary......Page 251
References......Page 253
10.1 Introduction......Page 258
10.2.1 How does seasonality change with geography?......Page 259
10.2.2 How do insects time their seasonal activities?......Page 260
10.3.1 Climate change, day length and temperature......Page 263
10.3.2 Photoperiodic versus thermal adaptation in a warming world......Page 264
10.3.3 Conclusion......Page 267
10.4.1 Genetic variability and response to selection......Page 268
10.4.2 Photoperiodism genes?......Page 270
10.4.3 Conclusion......Page 272
10.5.1 Consequences of warming winters......Page 273
10.6.1 Range expansion and the depletion of heterozygosity......Page 275
10.6.2 Fitness at a single locality......Page 276
10.6.4 Conclusion......Page 277
10.7.1 Photoperiodism in Drosophila......Page 278
10.8 Summary......Page 280
10.9 Some predictions and implications......Page 282
References......Page 283
11.1 Introduction......Page 292
11.2 Studying genetic variability and cold-tolerance......Page 294
11.3 Interspecific variation in insect cold-tolerance......Page 296
11.4 Variation in cold-tolerance within species......Page 298
11.5 Artificial selection for cold-tolerance and correlated responses......Page 302
11.6 Conclusions and perspectives......Page 304
References......Page 305
12.1 Introduction: extremes in the terrestrial environment......Page 313
12.2 General life-history strategy models......Page 315
12.3.1 Life-cycle length......Page 316
12.3.2 Diapause and quiescence......Page 321
12.3.3 Synchronization......Page 322
12.3.4 Reproduction......Page 324
12.3.5 Investment in physiological stress responses......Page 325
12.3.6 Competition, predation......Page 327
12.4 Summary and future directions......Page 328
References......Page 329
PART III Practical applications......Page 339
13.1 Introduction......Page 341
13.2 Protocol development......Page 342
13.2.2 Developmental stage tolerance......Page 344
13.2.3 Embryo permeabilization......Page 345
13.2.5 Cryoprotective agents......Page 346
13.2.6 Pre- and post-storage treatment......Page 347
13.3.1 Pre-treatment incubation......Page 348
13.3.2 Osmotic equilibrium......Page 349
13.3.3 Strain variation......Page 350
13.3.4 Diet and environment......Page 351
13.4 Conclusions and future directions......Page 353
References......Page 354
14.1 Introduction......Page 358
14.2 Abundance of pest species......Page 360
14.3 Distribution of pest species......Page 363
14.4 Abundance, distributions and climate change......Page 366
14.5 Thermal treatment of quarantine pests......Page 372
14.6 Biological control......Page 374
14.7 Conclusions and future directions......Page 382
References......Page 383
Index......Page 390