Python Programming: A Practical Approach

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Figures
Tables
Preface
Content and Structure
Acknowledgements
About the Authors
1 Introduction to Python Programming
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Importance
	1.3 Limitations of Python
	1.4 Python Impressions
	1.5 How to Run Python
		1.5.1 From the Command Line
		1.5.2 From the Integrated Development Environment (IDLE)
	1.6 Internal Working of Python
	1.7 Comments in Python
	1.8 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
2 Basics of Python Programming
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Identifiers
		2.2.1 Rules to Declare the Identifier
		2.2.2 Characteristics of the Identifier
	2.3 Reserved Keywords
	2.4 Literals
	2.5 Fundamental Data Types
		2.5.1 Integer Numbers
		2.5.2 Floating Point Numbers
		2.5.3 Complex Numbers
		2.5.4 Boolean Type
		2.5.5 String Type
	2.6 Base Conversion
	2.7 Type Casting
		2.7.1 Integer: Int()
		2.7.2 Floating Point: Float()
		2.7.3 Complex Numbers: Complex()
		2.7.4 Boolean: Bool()
		2.7.5 String: Str()
		2.7.6 Bytes Data Type: Bytes()
		2.7.7 Byte Array Data Type: Bytearray()
		2.7.8 List Data Type: List[]
		2.7.9 Tuple Data Type: Tuple()
		2.7.10 Range Data Type: Range()
		2.7.11 Set Data Type: Set{}
		2.7.12 Frozenset Data Type: Frozenset()
		2.7.13 Dictionary Data Type: Dict{}
		2.7.14 None Data Type: None
	2.8 Escape Characters
	2.9 Input() Function
	2.10 Evaluate: Eval() Function
	2.11 Command Line Arguments
	2.12 Print: Print() Function
	2.13 Delete Statement
	2.14 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
3 Operators in Python
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Operators
		3.2.1 Arithmetic Operators
		3.2.2 Relational Operators
		3.2.3 Logical Operators
		3.2.4 Bitwise Operators
		3.2.5 Assignment Operators
		3.2.6 Ternary Operator Or Conditional Operator
		3.2.7 Special Operators
			3.2.7.1 Identity Operator
			3.2.7.2 Membership Operator
	3.3 Operator Precedence
	3.4 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
4 Control Flow in Python
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Conditional Statements
		4.2.1 If Statement
		4.2.2 If-Else Statement
		4.2.3 If-Elif-Else Statement
	4.3 Iterative Statements
		4.3.1 For Loop
		4.3.2 While Loop
		4.3.3 Nested Loops
	4.4 Transfer Statements
		4.4.1 Break Statement
		4.4.2 Continue Statement
		4.4.3 Pass Statement
	4.5 Loops With Else Block
	4.6 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
5 Strings
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Multiline String Literals
	5.3 Accessing Characters of String
		5.3.1 By Using Index
		5.3.2 By Using Slice Operator
			5.3.2.1 Behavior of Slice Operator
			5.3.2.2 Slice Operator Case Study
	5.4 Mathematical Operators for Strings
	5.5 Len() Function
	5.6 Checking Membership
	5.7 String Operations
		5.7.1 Comparison of Strings
		5.7.2 Removing Spaces From a String
		5.7.3 Finding Sub-Strings
		5.7.4 Index()
		5.7.5 Methods to Count Sub-String in the Main String
		5.7.6 Replacing a String With Another String
		5.7.7 Splitting of Strings
		5.7.8 Method to Join the Strings
		5.7.9 Methods to Change the Case of a String
		5.7.10 Method to Check the Start and End Part of String
		5.7.11 Methods for Checking the Type of Characters
	5.8 Formatting of the Strings
		5.8.1 Case 1:Formatting (Default, Positional, and Keyword Arguments)
		5.8.2 Case 2: Formatting of Numbers
		5.8.3 Case 3: Formatting for Signed Numbers
		5.8.4 Case 4: Number Formatting With Alignment
		5.8.5 Case 5: String Formatting With Format()
		5.8.6 Case 6: Truncating Strings Using Format() Method
		5.8.7 Case 7: Formatting Dictionary Members Using Format() Method
		5.8.8 Case 8: Formatting Class Members Using Format() Method
		5.8.9 Case 9: Dynamic Formatting Using Format()
		5.8.10 Case 10: Dynamic Float Format Template
		5.8.11 Case 11: Formatting Date Values
		5.8.12 Case 12: Formatting Complex Numbers
	5.9 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
6 Data Structures in Python
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 List
		6.2.1 Creation of List Objects
			6.2.1.1 With Dynamic Input
			6.2.1.2 With List() Function
			6.2.1.3 With Split() Function
		6.2.2 Accessing Elements of a List
			6.2.2.1 By Using an Index
			6.2.2.2 By Using a Slice Operator
		6.2.3 List Vs Mutability
		6.2.4 Traversing the Elements of a List
			6.2.4.1 By Using the While Loop
			6.2.4.2 By Using the For Loop
		6.2.5 Important Functions of a List
			6.2.5.1 To Get Information About a List
			6.2.5.2 Manipulating Elements of a List
			6.2.5.3 Ordering Elements of a List
		6.2.6 Aliasing and Cloning of List Objects
			6.2.6.1 By Using the Slice Operator
			6.2.6.2 By Using the Copy() Function
		6.2.7 Using Mathematical Operators for List Objects
			6.2.7.1 Concatenation Operator(+)
			6.2.7.2 Repetition Operator(*)
		6.2.8 Comparing List Objects
		6.2.9 Membership Operators
		6.2.10 Clear() Function
		6.2.11 Nested List
		6.2.12 List Comprehensions
	6.3 Tuple
		6.3.1 Tuple Creation
		6.3.2 Accessing Elements of a Tuple
			6.3.2.1 By Using the Index
			6.3.2.2 By Using the Slice Operator
		6.3.3 Tuple Vs Immutability
		6.3.4 Mathematical Operators for a Tuple
		6.3.5 Important Functions of a Tuple
		6.3.6 Tuple Packing and Unpacking
		6.3.7 Tuple Comprehension
	6.4 Set
		6.4.1 Creation of Set Objects
		6.4.2 Important Functions of a Set
		6.4.3 Mathematical Operations On a Set
		6.4.4 Set Comprehension
	6.5 Dictionary
		6.5.1 Creating a Dictionary
		6.5.2 Accessing Data From a Dictionary
		6.5.3 Updating a Dictionary
		6.5.4 Deleting Elements From a Dictionary
		6.5.5 Important Functions of a Dictionary
		6.5.6 Dictionary Comprehension
	6.6 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
7 Functions
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Types of Functions
		7.2.1 Built-In Functions
		7.2.2 User-Defined Functions
	7.3 Return Statement
	7.4 Arguments in a Function
		7.4.1 Positional Arguments
		7.4.2 Keyword Arguments
		7.4.3 Default Arguments
		7.4.4 Variable Length Arguments
	7.5 Scope of Variables
		7.5.1 Global Variables
		7.5.2 Local Variables
	7.6 Global Keyword
	7.7 Recursive Function
	7.8 Lambda Function
	7.9 Filter() Function
	7.10 Map() Function
	7.11 Reduce() Function
	7.12 Function Aliasing
	7.13 Nested Functions
	7.14 Decorator Functions
		7.14.1 Calling of a Same Function Using and Without Using a Decorator
		7.14.2 Decorator Chaining
	7.15 Generator Functions
	7.16 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
8 Modules
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Module Aliasing
	8.3 Member Aliasing
	8.4 Reloading a Module
	8.5 Dir() Function
	8.6 Math Module
	8.7 Random Module
	8.8 Packages
	8.9 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
9 Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Class
	9.3 Object
	9.4 Self Variable
	9.5 Constructor
	9.6 Types of Variables
		9.6.1 Instance Variables
			9.6.1.1 Declaring Instance Variables
			9.6.1.2 Accessing Instance Variables
			9.6.1.3 Deleting Instance Variables
		9.6.2 Static Variables
			9.6.2.1 Declaration of Static Variables
			9.6.2.2 Accessing Static Variables
			9.6.2.3 Deleting Static Variables
		9.6.3 Local Variables
	9.7 Types of Methods
		9.7.1 Instance Methods
		9.7.2 Class Methods
		9.7.3 Static Methods
	9.8 Setter and Getter Methods
	9.9 Passing Members of One Class to Other Class
	9.10 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
10 Advanced Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Inner Class
	10.3 Garbage Collection
	10.4 Destructor
	10.5 Finding the Number of References of an Object
	10.6 Encapsulation
	10.7 Inheritance
		10.7.1 By Composition (HAS-A Relationship)
		10.7.2 By Inheritance (IS-A Relationship)
	10.8 Aggregation Vs Composition
	10.9 Inheritance
		10.9.1 Single Inheritance
		10.9.2 Multilevel Inheritance
		10.9.3 Hierarchical Inheritance
		10.9.4 Multiple Inheritances
		10.9.5 Hybrid Inheritance
		10.9.6 Cyclic Inheritance
	10.10 Method Resolution Order (MRO)
	10.11 Super() Method
		10.11.1 Calling Method of a Specific Super Class
	10.12 Polymorphism
		10.12.1 Duck Typing Philosophy
		10.12.2 Overloading
			10.12.2.1 Operator Overloading
			10.12.2.2 Method Overloading
			10.12.2.3 Constructor Overloading
		10.12.3 Overriding
			10.12.3.1 Method Overriding
	10.13 Abstract Class
	10.14 Abstract Method
	10.15 Interface
		10.15.1 Concrete Class Vs Abstract Class Vs Interface
		10.15.2 Public, Protected, and Private Attributes
	10.16 __str__() Method
	10.17 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
11 Exception Handling
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Types of Error
	11.3 Exception
	11.4 Default Exception Handling
	11.5 Customized Exception Handling: Using Try-Except
	11.6 Multiple Except Blocks
		11.6.1 Multiple Exceptions in a Single Except Block
		11.6.2 Default Except Block
	11.7 The Finally Block
		11.7.1 Control Flow in Try-Except-Finally
	11.8 Nested Try-Except-Finally Block
		11.8.1 Control Flow in Nested Try-Except-Finally Block
		11.8.2 Else Block With Try-Except-Finally
	11.9 Types of Exception
	11.10 Raise User-Defined Exception
	11.11 Assertion
	11.12 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
12 File Handling
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Opening and Closing a File
		12.1.2 Attributes of a File Object
		12.1.3 Writing and Reading Data to Text Files
	12.2 With Statement
	12.3 The Seek() and Tell() Methods
		12.3.1 Tell() Method
		12.3.2 Seek() Method
	12.4 Testing the Existence of a File
	12.5 Handling Binary Data
	12.6 Handling CSV Files
		12.6.1 Writing Data to a CSV File
		12.6.2 Reading Data From a CSV File
	12.7 Zipping and Unzipping Files
		12.7.1 To Create a Zip File
		12.7.2 To Perform Unzip Operations
	12.8 Directory
		12.8.1 Operations On a Directory
	12.9 To Get Information About a File
		12.9.1 Displaying Statistics of a File
		12.9.2 To Print Specified Properties
	12.10 Pickling and Unpickling of Objects
		12.10.1 Reading and Writing the State-Of-Objects
		12.10.2 Writing Multiple Objects
	12.11 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
13 Multithreading
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Ways of Creating a Thread
		13.2.1 Creation of a Thread Without Using Any Class
		13.2.2 Creation of a Thread By Extending the Thread Class
		13.2.3 Creation of a Thread Without Extending the Thread Class
	13.3 Setting and Getting Name of a Thread
	13.4 Thread Identification Number
	13.5 Active_count() Function
	13.6 Enumerate Function
	13.7 IsAlive() Method
	13.8 Join() Method
	13.9 Daemon Thread
	13.10 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	Reference
14 Synchronization
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 By Using the Lock Concept
		14.1.2 By Using RLock
		14.1.3 By Using Semaphore
	14.2 Inter-Thread Communication
		14.2.1 By Using Event Objects
		14.2.2 By Using a Condition Object
		14.2.3 By Using Queue
	14.3 Variants of Queues
		14.3.1 First-In-First-Out Queue
		14.3.2 Last-In-First-Out Queue
		14.3.3 Priority Queue
	14.4 Usage of Locks
	14.5 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	References
15 Regular Expressions and Web Scraping
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Character Classes
		15.1.2 Pre-Defined Character Classes
		15.1.3 Quantifiers
	15.2 Functions of Re Module
		15.2.1 Match()
		15.2.2 Fullmatch()
		15.2.3 Search()
		15.2.4 Findall()
		15.2.5 Finditer()
		15.2.6 Sub()
		15.2.7 Subn()
		15.2.8 Split()
		15.2.9 ^ Symbol
		15.2.10 $ Symbol
	15.3 Web Scraping
	15.4 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignment
	References
16 Database Programming
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 File System
	16.3 Database
		16.3.1 Python Database Programming
		16.3.2 Working With the Oracle Database
		16.3.3 Working With the MySQL Database
	16.4 Conclusion
	Review Questions
	Programming Assignments
	Reference
Appendix A: Mini Projects
	1. Mail Sent
	2. Generating a Calendar
	3. Dice Roll Simulator
	4. Arithmetic Calculator
	5. Mad Libs Generator
	6. Speech to Text in Hindi
	7. Speech to Text and Text to Speech in English
	8. Searching Using Python: Binary Search
Appendix B: Socket Programming in Python
Appendix C: Parallel Processing in Python
Index