Python crash course : a hands-on, project-based introduction to programming

Machine generated contents note: pt. I BASICS --
1. Getting Started --
Setting Up Your Programming Environment --
Python Versions --
Running Snippets of Python Code --
About the Sublime Text Editor --
Python on Different Operating Systems --
Python on Windows --
Python on macOS --
Python on Linux --
Running a Hello World Program --
Configuring Sublime Text to Use the Correct Python Version --
Running hello_world.py --
Troubleshooting --
Running Python Programs from a Terminal --
On Windows --
On macOS and Linux --
Exercise 1-1 python.org --
Exercise 1-2 Hello World Typos --
Exercise 1-3 Infinite Skills --
Summary --
2. Variables And Simple Data Types --
What Really Happens When You Run hello_world.py --
Variables --
Naming and Using Variables --
Avoiding Name Errors When Using Variables --
Variables Are Labels --
Exercise 2-1 Simple Message --
Exercise 2-2 Simple Messages --
Strings --
Changing Case in a String with Methods --
Using Variables in Strings --
Adding Whitespace to Strings with Tabs or Newlines --
Stripping Whitespace --
Avoiding Syntax Errors with Strings --
Exercise 2-3 Personal Message --
Exercise 2-4 Name Cases --
Exercise 2-5 Famous Quote --
Exercise 2-6 Famous Quote 2 --
Exercise 2-7 Stripping Names --
Numbers --
Integers --
Floats --
Integers and Floats --
Underscores in Numbers --
Multiple Assignment --
Constants --
Exercise 2-8 Number Eight --
Exercise 2-9 Favorite Number --
Comments --
How Do You Write Comments? --
What Kind of Comments Should You Write? --
Exercise 2-10 Adding Comments --
Zen of Python --
Exercise 2-11 Zen of Python --
Summary --
3. Introducing Lists --
What Is a List? --
Accessing Elements in a List --
Index Positions Start at 0, Not 1 --
Using Individual Values from a List --
Exercise 3-1 Names --
Exercise 3-2 Greetings --
Exercise 3-3 Your Own List --
Changing, Adding, and Removing Elements --
Modifying Elements in a List --
Adding Elements to a List --
Removing Elements from a List --
Exercise 3-4 Guest List --
Exercise 3-5 Changing Guest List --
Exercise 3-6 More Guests --
Exercise 3-7 Shrinking Guest List --
Organizing a List --
Sorting a List Permanently with the sort() Method --
Sorting a List Temporarily with the sorted() Function --
Printing a List in Reverse Order --
Finding the Length of a List --
Exercise 3-8 Seeing the World --
Exercise 3-9 Dinner Guests --
Exercise 3-10 Every Function --
Avoiding Index Errors When Working with Lists --
Exercise 3-11 Intentional Error --
Summary --
4. Working With Lists --
Looping Through an Entire List --
Closer Look at Looping --
Doing More Work Within a for Loop --
Doing Something After a for Loop --
Avoiding Indentation Errors --
Forgetting to Indent --
Forgetting to Indent Additional Lines --
Indenting Unnecessarily --
Indenting Unnecessarily After the Loop --
Forgetting the Colon --
Exercise 4-1 Pizzas --
Exercise 4-2 Animals --
Making Numerical Lists --
Using the range() Function --
Using range)) to Make a List of Numbers --
Simple Statistics with a List of Numbers --
List Comprehensions --
Exercise 4-3 Counting to Twenty --
Exercise 4-4 One Million --
Exercise 4-5 Summing a Million --
Exercise 4-6 Odd Numbers --
Exercise 4-7 Threes --
Exercise 4-8 Cubes --
Exercise 4-9 Cube Comprehension --
Working with Part of a List --
Slicing a List --
Looping Through a Slice --
Copying a List --
Exercise 4-10 Slices --
Exercise 4-11 My Pizzas, Your Pizzas --
Exercise 4-12 More Loops --
Tuples --
Defining a Tuple --
Looping Through All Values in a Tuple --
Writing over a Tuple --
Exercise 4-13 Buffet --
Styling Your Code --
Style Guide --
Indentation --
Line Length --
Blank Lines --
Other Style Guidelines --
Exercise 4-14 PEP 8 --
Exercise 4-15 Code Review --
Summary --
5. If Statements --
Simple Example --
Conditional Tests --
Checking for Equality --
Ignoring Case When Checking for Equality --
Checking for Inequality --
Numerical Comparisons --
Checking Multiple Conditions --
Checking Whether a Value Is in a List --
Checking Whether a Value Is Not in a List --
Boolean Expressions --
Exercise 5-1 Conditional Tests --
Exercise 5-2 More Conditional Tests --
If Statements --
Simple if Statements --
if-else Statements --
if-elif-else Chain --
Using Multiple elif Blocks --
Omitting the else Block --
Testing Multiple Conditions --
Exercise 5-3 Alien Colors #1 --
Exercise 5-4 Alien Colors #2 --
Exercise 5-5 Alien Colors #3 --
Exercise 5-6 Stages of Life --
Exercise 5-7 Favorite Fruit --
Using if Statements with Lists --
Checking for Special Items --
Checking That a List Is Not Empty --
Using Multiple Lists --
Exercise 5-8 Hello Admin --
Exercise 5-9 No Users --
Exercise 5-10 Checking Usernames --
Exercise 5-11 Ordinal Numbers --
Styling Your if Statements --
Exercise 5-12 Styling if statements --
Exercise 5-13 Your Ideas --
Summary --
6. Dictionaries --
Simple Dictionary --
Working with Dictionaries --
Accessing Values in a Dictionary --
Adding New Key-Value Pairs --
Starting with an Empty Dictionary --
Modifying Values in a Dictionary --
Removing Key-Value Pairs --
Dictionary of Similar Objects --
Using get() to Access Values --
Exercise 6-1 Person --
Exercise 6-2 Favorite Numbers --
Exercise 6-3 Glossary --
Looping Through a Dictionary --
Looping Through All Key-Value Pairs --
Looping Through All the Keys in a Dictionary --
Looping Through a Dictionary\'s Keys in a Particular Order --
Looping Through All Values in a Dictionary --
Exercise 6-4 Glossary 2 --
Exercise 6-5 Rivers --
Exercise 6-6 Polling --
Nesting --
List of Dictionaries --
List in a Dictionary --
Dictionary in a Dictionary --
Exercise 6-7 People --
Exercise 6-8 Pets --
Exercise 6-9 Favorite Places --
Exercise 6-10 Favorite Numbers --
Exercise 6-11 Cities --
Exercise 6-12 Extensions --
Summary --
7. User Input And While Loops --
How the input)) Function Works --
Writing Clear Prompts --
Using int() to Accept Numerical Input --
Modulo Operator --
Exercise 7-1 Rental Car --
Exercise 7-2 Restaurant Seating --
Exercise 7-3 Multiples of Ten --
Introducing while Loops --
while Loop in Action --
Letting the User Choose When to Quit --
Using a Flag --
Using break to Exit a Loop --
Using continue in a Loop --
Avoiding Infinite Loops --
Exercise 7-4 Pizza Toppings --
Exercise 7-5 Movie Tickets --
Exercise 7-6 Three Exits --
Exercise 7-7 Infinity --
Using a while Loop with Lists and Dictionaries --
Moving Items from One List to Another --
Removing All Instances of Specific Values from a List --
Filling a Dictionary with User Input --
Exercise 7-8 Deli --
Exercise 7-9 No Pastrami --
Exercise 7-10 Dream Vacation --
Summary --
8. Functions --
Defining a Function --
Passing Information to a Function --
Arguments and Parameters --
Exercise 8-1 Message --
Exercise 8-2 Favorite Book --
Passing Arguments --
Positional Arguments --
Keyword Arguments --
Default Values --
Equivalent Function Calls --
Avoiding Argument Errors --
Exercise 8-3 T-Shirt --
Exercise 8-4 Large Shirts --
Exercise 8-5 Cities --
Return Values --
Returning a Simple Value --
Making an Argument Optional --
Returning a Dictionary --
Using a Function with a while Loop --
Exercise 8-6 City Names --
Exercise 8-7 Album --
Exercise 8-8 User Albums --
Passing a List --
Modifying a List in a Function --
Preventing a Function from Modifying a List --
Exercise 8-9 Messages --
Exercise 8-10 Sending Messages --
Exercise 8-11 Archived Messages --
Passing an Arbitrary Number of Arguments --
Mixing Positional and Arbitrary Arguments --
Using Arbitrary Keyword Arguments --
Exercise 8-12 Sandwiches --
Exercise 8-13 User Profile --
Exercise 8-14 Cars --
Storing Your Functions in Modules --
Importing an Entire Module --
Importing Specific Functions --
Using as to Give a Function an Alias --
Using as to Give a Module an Alias --
Importing All Functions in a Module --
Styling Functions --
Exercise 8-15 Printing Models --
Exercise 8-16 Imports --
Exercise 8-17 Styling Functions --
Summary --
9. Classes --
Creating and Using a Class --
Creating the Dog Class --
Making an Instance from a Class --
Exercise 9-1 Restaurant --
Exercise 9-2 Three Restaurants --
Exercise 9-3 Users --
Working With Classes and Instances --
Car Class --
Setting a Default Value for an Attribute --
Modifying Attribute Values --
Exercise 9-4 Number Served --
Exercise 9-5 Login Attempts --
Inheritance --
The_init_() Method for a Child Class --
Defining Attributes and Methods for the Child Class --
Overriding Methods from the Parent Class --
Instances as Attributes --
Modeling Real-World Objects --
Exercise 9-6 Ice Cream Stand --
Exercise 9-7 Admin --
Exercise 9-8 Privileges --
Exercise 9-9 Battery Upgrade --
Importing Classes --
Importing a Single Class --
Storing Multiple Classes in a Module --
Importing Multiple Classes from a Module --
Importing an Entire Module --
Importing All Classes from a Module --
Importing a Module into a Module --
Using Aliases --
Finding Your Own Workflow --
Exercise 9-10 Imported Restaurant --
Exercise 9-11 Imported Admin --
Exercise 9-12 Multiple Modules --
Python Standard Library --
Exercise 9-13 Dice --
Exercise 9-14 Lottery --
Exercise 9-15 Lottery Analysis --
Exercise 9-16 Python Module of the Week Note continued: Styling Classes --
Summary --
10. Files And Exceptions --
Reading from a File --
Reading an Entire File --
File Paths --
Reading Line by Line --
Making a List of Lines from a File --
Working with a File\'s Contents --
Large Files: One Million Digits --
Is Your Birthday Contained in Pi? --
Exercise 10-1 Learning Python --
Exercise 10-2 Learning C --
Writing to a File --
Writing to an Empty File --
Writing Multiple Lines --
Appending to a File --
Exercise 10-3 Guest --
Exercise 10-4 Guest Book --
Exercise 10-5 Programming Poll --
Exceptions --
Handling the ZeroDivisionError Exception --
Using try-except Blocks --
Using Exceptions to Prevent Crashes --
else Block --
Handling the FileNotFoundError Exception --
Analyzing Text --
Working with Multiple Files --
Failing Silently --
Deciding Which Errors to Report --
Exercise 10-6 Addition --
Exercise 10-7 Addition Calculator --
Exercise 10-8 Cats and Dogs --
Exercise 10-9 Silent Cats and Dogs --
Exercise 10-10 Common Words --
Storing Data --
Using json.dump() and json.load() --
Saving and Reading User-Generated Data --
Refactoring --
Exercise 10-11 Favorite Number --
Exercise 10-12 Favorite Number Remembered --
Exercise 10-13 Verify User --
Summary --
11. Testing Your Code --
Testing a Function --
Unit Tests and Test Cases --
Passing Test --
Failing Test --
Responding to a Failed Test --
Adding New Tests --
Exercise 11-1 City, Country --
Exercise 11-2 Population --
Testing a Class --
Variety of Assert Methods --
Class to Test --
Testing the AnonymousSurvey Class --
setUp() Method --
Exercise 11-3 Employee --
Summary --
pt. II PROJECTS --
PROJECT 1 ALIEN INVASION --
12. Ship That Fires Bullets --
Planning Your Project --
Installing Pygame --
Starting the Game Project --
Creating a Pygame Window and Responding to User Input --
Setting the Background Color --
Creating a Settings Class --
Adding the Ship Image --
Creating the Ship Class --
Drawing the Ship to the Screen --
Refactoring: The _check_events() and _update_screen() Methods --
_check_events() Method --
_update_screen() Method --
Exercise 12-1 Blue Sky --
Exercise 12-2 Game Character --
Piloting the Ship --
Responding to a Keypress --
Allowing Continuous Movement --
Moving Both Left and Right --
Adjusting the Ship\'s Speed --
Limiting the Ship\'s Range --
Refactoring _check_events() --
Pressing Q to Quit --
Running the Game in Fullscreen Mode --
Quick Recap --
alien_invasion.py --
settings.py --
Exercise 12-3 Pygame Documentation --
Exercise 12-4 Rocket --
Exercise 12-5 Keys --
Shooting Bullets --
Adding the Bullet Settings --
Creating the Bullet Class --
Storing Bullets in a Group --
Firing Bullets --
Deleting Old Bullets --
Limiting the Number of Bullets --
Creating the _update_bullets() Method --
Exercise 12-6 Sideways Shooter --
Summary --
13. Aliens! --
Reviewing the Project --
Creating the First Alien --
Creating the Alien Class --
Creating an Instance of the Alien --
Building the Alien Fleet --
Determining How Many Aliens Fit in a Row --
Creating a Row of Aliens --
Refactoring _create_fleet() --
Adding Rows --
Exercise 13-1 Stars --
Exercise 13-2 Better Stars --
Making the Fleet Move --
Moving the Aliens Right --
Creating Settings for Fleet Direction --
Checking Whether an Alien Has Hit the Edge --
Dropping the Fleet and Changing Direction --
Exercise 13-3 Raindrops --
Exercise 13-4 Steady Rain --
Shooting Aliens --
Detecting Bullet Collisions --
Making Larger Bullets for Testing --
Repopulating the Fleet --
Speeding Up the Bullets --
Refactoring _update_bullets() --
Exercise 13-5 Sideways Shooter Part 2 --
Ending the Game --
Detecting Alien and Ship Collisions --
Responding to Alien and Ship Collisions --
Aliens that Reach the Bottom of the Screen --
Game Over! --
Identifying When Parts of the Game Should Run --
Exercise 13-6 Game Over --
Summary --
14. Scoring --
Adding the Play Button --
Creating a Button Class --
Drawing the Button to the Screen --
Starting the Game --
Resetting the Game --
Deactivating the Play Button --
Hiding the Mouse Cursor --
Exercise 14-1 Press P to Play --
Exercise 14-2 Target Practice --
Leveling Up --
Modifying the Speed Settings --
Resetting the Speed --
Exercise 14-3 Challenging Target Practice --
Exercise 14-4 Difficulty Levels --
Scoring --
Displaying the Score --
Making a Scoreboard --
Updating the Score as Aliens Are Shot Down --
Resetting the Score --
Making Sure to Score All Hits --
Increasing Point Values --
Rounding the Score --
High Scores --
Displaying the Level --
Displaying the Number of Ships --
Exercise 14-5 All-Time High Score --
Exercise 14-6 Refactoring --
Exercise 14-7 Expanding the Game --
Exercise 14-8 Sideways Shooter, Final Version --
Summary --
Project 2 Data Visualization --
15. Generating Data --
Installing Matplotlib --
Plotting a Simple Line Graph --
Changing the Label Type and Line Thickness --
Correcting the Plot --
Using Built-in Styles --
Plotting and Styling Individual Points with scatter() --
Plotting a Series of Points with scatter() --
Calculating Data Automatically --
Defining Custom Colors --
Using a Colormap --
Saving Your Plots Automatically --
Exercise 15-1 Cubes --
Exercise 15-2 Colored Cubes --
Random Walks --
Creating the RandomWalk() Class --
Choosing Directions --
Plotting the Random Walk --
Generating Multiple Random Walks --
Styling the Walk --
Exercise 15-3 Molecular Motion --
Exercise 15-4 Modified Random Walks --
Exercise 15-5 Refactoring --
Rolling Dice with Plotly --
Installing Plotly --
Creating the Die Class --
Rolling the Die --
Analyzing the Results --
Making a Histogram --
Rolling Two Dice --
Rolling Dice of Different Sizes --
Exercise 15-6 Two D8s --
Exercise 15-7 Three Dice --
Exercise 15-8 Multiplication --
Exercise 15-9 Die Comprehensions --
Exercise 15-10 Practicing with Both Libraries --
Summary --
16. Downloading Data --
CSV File Format --
Parsing the CSV File Headers --
Printing the Headers and Their Positions --
Extracting and Reading Data --
Plotting Data in a Temperature Chart --
datetime Module --
Plotting Dates --
Plotting a Longer Timeframe --
Plotting a Second Data Series --
Shading an Area in the Chart --
Error Checking --
Downloading Your Own Data --
Exercise 16-1 Sitka Rainfall --
Exercise 16-2 Sitka-Death Valley Comparison --
Exercise 16-3 San Francisco --
Exercise 16-4 Automatic Indexes --
Exercise 16-5 Explore --
Mapping Global Data Sets: JSON Format --
Downloading Earthquake Data --
Examining JSON Data --
Making a List of All Earthquakes --
Extracting Magnitudes --
Extracting Location Data --
Building a World Map --
Different Way of Specifying Chart Data --
Customizing Marker Size --
Customizing Marker Colors --
Other Colorscales --
Adding Hover Text --
Exercise 16-6 Refactoring --
Exercise 16-7 Automated Title --
Exercise 16-8 Recent Earthquakes --
Exercise 16-9 World Fires --
Summary --
17. Working With APIs --
Using a Web API --
Git and GitHub --
Requesting Data Using an API Call --
Installing Requests --
Processing an API Response --
Working with the Response Dictionary --
Summarizing the Top Repositories --
Monitoring API Rate Limits --
Visualizing Repositories Using Plotly --
Refining Plotly Charts --
Adding Custom Tooltips --
Adding Clickable Links to Our Graph --
More About Plotly and the GitHub API --
Hacker News API --
Exercise 17-1 Other Languages --
Exercise 17-2 Active Discussions --
Exercise 17-3 Testing python_repos.py --
Exercise 17-4 Further Exploration --
Summary --
Project 3 Web Applications --
18. Getting Started With Django --
Setting Up a Project --
Writing a Spec --
Creating a Virtual Environment --
Activating the Virtual Environment --
Installing Django --
Creating a Project in Django --
Creating the Database --
Viewing the Project --
Exercise 18-1 New Projects --
Starting an App --
Defining Models --
Activating Models --
Django Admin Site --
Defining the Entry Model --
Migrating the Entry Model --
Registering Entry with the Admin Site --
Django Shell --
Exercise 18-2 Short Entries --
Exercise 18-3 Django API --
Exercise 18-4 Pizzeria --
Making Pages: The Learning Log Home Page --
Mapping a URL --
Writing a View --
Writing a Template --
Exercise 18-5 Meal Planner --
Exercise 18-6 Pizzeria Home Page --
Building Additional Pages --
Template Inheritance --
Topics Page --
Individual Topic Pages --
Exercise 18-7 Template Documentation --
Exercise 18-8 Pizzeria Pages --
Summary --
19. User Accounts --
Allowing Users to Enter Data --
Adding New Topics --
Adding New Entries --
Editing Entries --
Exercise 19-1 Blog --
Setting Up User Accounts --
users App --
Login Page --
Logging Out --
Registration Page --
Exercise 19-2 Blog Accounts --
Allowing Users to Own Their Data --
Restricting Access with @login_required --
Connecting Data to Certain Users --
Restricting Topics Access to Appropriate Users --
Protecting a User\'s Topics --
Protecting the edit_entry Page --
Associating New Topics with the Current User --
Exercise 19-3 Refactoring --
Exercise 19-4 Protecting new_entry --
Exercise 19-5 Protected Blog --
Summary --
20. Styling And Deploying An APP --
Styling Learning Log --
django-bootstrap4 App --
Using Bootstrap to Style Learning Log Note continued: Modifying base.html --
Styling the Home Page Using a Jumbotron --
Styling the Login Page --
Styling the Topics Page --
Styling the Entries on the Topic Page --
Exercise 20-1 Other Forms --
Exercise 20-2 Stylish Blog --
Deploying Learning Log --
Making a Heroku Account --
Installing the Heroku CLI --
Installing Required Packages --
Creating a requirements.txt File --
Specifying the Python Runtime --
Modifying settings.py for Heroku --
Making a Procfile to Start Processes --
Using Git to Track the Project\'s Files --
Pushing to Heroku --
Setting Up the Database on Heroku --
Refining the Heroku Deployment --
Securing the Live Project --
Committing and Pushing Changes --
Setting Environment Variables on Heroku --
Creating Custom Error Pages --
Ongoing Development --
SECRET_KEY Setting --
Deleting a Project on Heroku --
Exercise 20-3 Live Blog --
Exercise 20-4 More 404s --
Exercise 20-5 Extended Learning Log --
Summary --
Afterword --
A. Installation And Troubleshooting --
Python on Windows --
Finding the Python Interpreter --
Adding Python to Your Path Variable --
Reinstalling Python --
Python on macOS --
Installing Homebrew --
Installing Python --
Python on Linux --
Python Keywords and Built-in Functions --
Python Keywords --
Python Built-in Functions --
B. Text Editors And Ides --
Customizing Sublime Text Settings --
Converting Tabs to Spaces --
Setting the Line Length Indicator --
Indenting and Unindenting Code Blocks --
Commenting Out Blocks of Code --
Saving Your Configuration --
Further Customizations --
Other Text Editors and IDEs --
IDLE --
Geany --
Emacs and Vim --
Atom --
Visual Studio Code --
PyCharm --
Jupyter Notebooks --
C. Getting Help --
First Steps --
Try It Again --
Take a Break --
Refer to This Book\'s Resources --
Searching Online --
Stack Overflow --
Official Python Documentation --
Official Library Documentation --
r/learnpython --
Blog Posts --
Internet Relay Chat --
Making an IRC Account --
Channels to Join --
IRC Culture --
Slack --
Discord --
D. Using Git For Version Control --
Installing Git --
Installing Git on Windows --
Installing Git on macOS --
Installing Git on Linux --
Configuring Git --
Making a Project --
Ignoring Files --
Initializing a Repository --
Checking the Status --
Adding Files to the Repository --
Making a Commit --
Checking the Log --
Second Commit --
Reverting a Change --
Checking Out Previous Commits --
Deleting the Repository.