Puzzling Cases of Epilepsy, Second Edition

cover......Page 1
Preface to the second edition......Page 2
List of Contributors......Page 3
Case 1: Diagnostic Puzzles and Uncertainties......Page 15
Examination and investigations......Page 16
Commentary......Page 17
References......Page 18
History......Page 19
Commentary......Page 21
Rreferences......Page 22
Examination and investigations......Page 23
Commentary......Page 24
Further Reading......Page 25
Examination and investigations......Page 26
Commentary......Page 27
References......Page 30
Examination and investigation......Page 33
Commentary......Page 34
Further Reading......Page 35
Examination and investigations......Page 37
Commentary......Page 39
References......Page 40
Examination and investigations......Page 42
Commentary......Page 43
References......Page 45
History......Page 47
Treatment and outcome......Page 48
Commentary......Page 49
References......Page 50
Examination and investigations......Page 51
Commentary......Page 52
References......Page 54
Examination and investigations......Page 55
Treatment and outcome......Page 56
References......Page 57
History......Page 59
Commentary......Page 60
References......Page 61
Case 12: Intriguing Causes and Circumstances......Page 62
Examination and investigations......Page 63
Treatment and outcome......Page 64
Commentary......Page 65
References......Page 66
Further Reading......Page 67
Examination and investigations......Page 68
Commentary......Page 69
References......Page 71
Further Reading......Page 72
Examination and investigations......Page 73
Treatment and outcome......Page 74
Commentary......Page 75
References......Page 76
Examination and investigations......Page 77
Commentary......Page 78
References......Page 79
Further Reading......Page 80
Examination and investigations......Page 81
Treatment and outcome......Page 82
Commentary......Page 83
Further Reading......Page 84
Examination and investigations, treatment and outcome......Page 85
Commentary......Page 86
References......Page 87
History......Page 88
Commentary......Page 89
Further Reading......Page 90
History......Page 92
Treatments and outcomes......Page 93
Commentary......Page 94
References......Page 96
Diagnosis......Page 97
Commentary......Page 98
Further Reading......Page 99
Examination and investigations......Page 100
Commentary......Page 101
Reference......Page 102
History......Page 103
Initial diagnosis, treatment, and outcome......Page 104
Commentary......Page 105
References......Page 106
Examination and Investigations......Page 107
Commentary......Page 108
References......Page 110
History......Page 112
Examination and Investigations......Page 113
Commentary......Page 114
References......Page 116
Examination and Investigations......Page 118
Commentary......Page 121
References......Page 123
Examination and Investigations......Page 124
Commentary......Page 125
Further Reading......Page 126
History......Page 127
Commentary......Page 128
References......Page 129
Case 28: Surprising Turns and Twists......Page 131
Examination and Investigations......Page 132
Commentary......Page 134
Referenmces......Page 135
Examination and Investigations......Page 137
Treatment and Outcome......Page 139
Commentary......Page 140
Furhter Reading......Page 141
Diagnosis......Page 142
Commentary......Page 143
References......Page 145
Examinations and Investigations......Page 146
Treatment and Outcome......Page 147
Commentary......Page 148
References......Page 149
History......Page 150
Commentary......Page 151
Examination and Investigations......Page 153
Treatment and Outcome......Page 154
Commentary......Page 155
Examination and Investigations......Page 156
Commentary......Page 157
Further Reading......Page 158
History......Page 159
Examination and Investigations......Page 160
Commentary......Page 161
Further Reading......Page 162
History......Page 163
Examination and Investigations......Page 164
Treatment and Outcome......Page 165
Commentary......Page 166
References......Page 167
History......Page 168
Investigations......Page 170
Commentary......Page 171
References......Page 173
Initial Diagnosis......Page 174
Commentary......Page 175
Examination and Investigations......Page 176
Commentary......Page 177
Examination and Investigations......Page 179
Commentary......Page 180
References......Page 181
Treatment and outcome......Page 182
Commentary......Page 183
References......Page 184
Examination and investigations......Page 185
Commentary......Page 186
References......Page 188
History......Page 189
Commentary......Page 190
Further Reading......Page 192
Examination and Investigations......Page 193
Commentary......Page 194
Diagnoses......Page 195
Commentary......Page 196
History......Page 198
Commentary......Page 199
References......Page 201
Examination and Investigations......Page 202
Commentary......Page 203
References......Page 204
History......Page 205
Commentary......Page 206
Further Reading......Page 207
Examination and investigations......Page 208
Commentary......Page 211
Further Reading......Page 212
Examination and investigations......Page 213
Commentary......Page 214
References......Page 216
Investigations......Page 217
Commentary......Page 218
References......Page 220
Examination and investigations......Page 221
Commentary......Page 222
References......Page 225
Case 53: Unforeseen Complications and Problems......Page 227
Diagnosis......Page 228
Commentary......Page 229
Further Reading......Page 230
History......Page 231
Treatment and outcome......Page 232
Commentary......Page 233
Diagnosis......Page 235
Commentary......Page 236
Diagnosis......Page 237
Treatment and outcome......Page 238
Commentary......Page 239
Further reading......Page 240
History......Page 242
Examination and investigations......Page 243
Commentary......Page 244
References......Page 245
Diagnosis......Page 246
Commentary......Page 247
Further Reading......Page 248
Examination and investigations......Page 250
Treatment and outcome......Page 251
Further Reading......Page 252
Examination and investigations......Page 253
Commentary......Page 254
Further Reading......Page 255
Diagnosis......Page 256
Commentary......Page 257
References......Page 258
Examination and investigations......Page 260
Treatment and outcome......Page 261
Commentary......Page 262
Further Reading......Page 264
Diagnosis......Page 265
Treatment and outcome......Page 266
References......Page 267
History......Page 268
Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome......Page 269
Commentary......Page 270
References......Page 271
History......Page 272
Commentary......Page 273
References......Page 274
Investigations......Page 276
Commentary......Page 277
References......Page 278
History......Page 279
Commentary......Page 280
Furhter Reading......Page 282
Investigations......Page 283
Commentary......Page 284
References......Page 285
Examination and investigations......Page 286
Diagnosis......Page 287
Treatment and outcome......Page 288
Commentary......Page 289
Examination and investigations......Page 291
Treatment and outcome......Page 292
References......Page 293
Unexpected Solutions......Page 295
Examination and investigations......Page 296
Commentary......Page 297
Further Reading......Page 298
History......Page 299
Examination and investigations......Page 300
Commentary......Page 301
Further Reading......Page 302
Examination and investigation......Page 303
Commentary......Page 304
Further Reading......Page 305
Examination and investigations......Page 306
Commentary......Page 307
Further Reading......Page 308
History......Page 309
Treatment and outcome......Page 310
References......Page 311
History......Page 313
Commentary......Page 314
History......Page 316
Treatment and Outcome......Page 317
Commentary......Page 318
References......Page 319
Diagnosis......Page 320
Commentary......Page 321
Further Reading......Page 322
Examination and investigations......Page 323
Commentary......Page 324
Further Reading......Page 325
Examination and Investigations......Page 326
Commentary......Page 327
Further Reading......Page 328
Examination and Investigations......Page 329
Commentary......Page 330
Further Reading......Page 331
Examination and Investigations......Page 332
Treatment and Outcome......Page 333
Commentary......Page 334
References......Page 336
History......Page 337
Treatment and Outcome......Page 338
Commentary......Page 339
Examination and Investigation......Page 341
Treatment and Outcome......Page 342
Commentary......Page 343
Further Reading......Page 344
Examination and Investigations......Page 345
Commentary......Page 346
Further Reading......Page 347
Examination and Investigations......Page 348
Commentary......Page 349
Further Reading......Page 351
Examination and Investigations......Page 353
Treatment and Outcome......Page 354
Commentary......Page 355
References......Page 356
History......Page 357
Diagnosis......Page 358
Commentary......Page 359
References......Page 360
History......Page 361
Commentary......Page 362
References......Page 365
Introduction......Page 366
Material and Methods......Page 367
Discussion......Page 372
References......Page 377
Surgery......Page 382
Commentary......Page 383
References......Page 384
Case 92: The EEG – Not the EEG Report – Makes the Difference......Page 386
Commentary......Page 387
References......Page 390
Part VI: Where Clinical Knowledge and Preclinical Science Meet......Page 391
History......Page 392
Commentary......Page 393
References......Page 394
Introduction......Page 396
References......Page 398
Examination and Investigations......Page 401
Commentary......Page 403
Further Reading......Page 404
Comment 1: Does Kindling in HumansOccur? Comments Based onthe Previous Case Study......Page 405
References......Page 407
History......Page 412
Examinations and Investigations......Page 413
Treatment and Outcome......Page 416
References......Page 417
Comment 1: Does Status EpilepticusRepresent a DifferentPathophysiology thanEpilepsy? A PreclinicalPerspective......Page 419
Time-dependent Pharmacoresistance......Page 420
References......Page 421
Comment 2: Does Status EpilepticusRepresent a DifferentPathophysiology thanEpilepsy? A ClinicalPerspective......Page 422
References......Page 423
History......Page 425
Treatment and Outcome......Page 426
Further Reading......Page 427
Comment 1: Why Do Some PatientsSeem to Develop Toleranceto AEDs? A PreclinicalDiscussion......Page 428
References......Page 431
Comment 2: How Can We Detect theDevelopment of Tolerance(Loss of Effect) to AEDs inPatients with Epilepsy?A Clinical Discussion......Page 432
Confounding Factors for Detection of Tolerance......Page 433
Clinical Methods to Detect Tolerance......Page 435
References......Page 437
Case 97: Why Is There a Similar Ceiling Effect for the Efficacy of Most If Not All Antiepileptic Drugs in Adult Epilepsy? Reaching the Ceiling or Hitting the Wall?......Page 438
Commentary......Page 439
References......Page 440
Outcomes Data Review......Page 442
References......Page 444
AEDs Have Many Distinct Cellular Mechanisms of Action......Page 446
Inadequacy of the Target Hypothesis......Page 447
Does "Inherent Severity" Account for Pharmacoresistance?......Page 448
Conclusions......Page 449
References......Page 450
History......Page 452
Diagnosis and Comments......Page 453
References......Page 454
Comment 1: Can We Predict a Drug’s Efficacy in a Specific Epilepsy Syndrome? A Preclinical Discussion.......Page 456
References......Page 457
Comment 2: Bridging the Gap between Evidence-Based Medicine and Clinical Practice......Page 459
References......Page 461
History......Page 462
Commentary......Page 463
Further Reading......Page 465
Evidence from Basic Science Experiments......Page 466
Unanswered Questions which Still Remain for Basic Researchers......Page 468
References......Page 469
PNES: A brief history......Page 471
Neuroimaging in PNES......Page 472
Conclusions......Page 473
References......Page 474
Examinations and Investigations......Page 475
What did I Learn from this Case?......Page 476
How did this Case Alter my Approach to the Care and Treatment of my Epilepsy Patients?......Page 477
Preclinical Perspective......Page 478
Clinical Science Perspective......Page 479
References......Page 480
Examination and investigations......Page 483
Commentary......Page 484
Further Reading......Page 485
Comment 1: Why Antiepileptic Drugs Fail in Some Patients: A Preclinical Perspective......Page 486
References......Page 488
Comment 2: The Continuing Conundrum of Reversible Drug-resistantEpilepsy: A Clinical Perspective......Page 489
Fluctuation and Spontaneous Remission of Disease......Page 490
Pharmacogenetics......Page 491
Surgery-related Mechanisms......Page 492
References......Page 493
Post-operative Seizure Recurrence After a Standard Anterior Temporal Lobectomy......Page 494
Post-operative Seizure Freedom After Cortical Resection Based on EEG, and no clear MRI lesion......Page 496
Comment 1: Why Do Some Patients Have Seizures After Brain Surgery While Others Do Not? A Comment on the Evidence......Page 499
References......Page 501
Comment 2: Why Do Some Patients Have Seizures After Brain Surgery While Others Do Not? A Clinical Perspective......Page 502
References......Page 504