Public Speaking and Civic Engagement

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Democratic Citizenship and the Ethics of Public Speaking
	Public Speaking and Civic Engagement
		The Challenges of Democratic Citizenship
		The Engaged Citizen
		Focus on Civic Engagement “Granny D” Gets Involved
	The Rhetorical Tradition and the Ethics of Speech
		Speaking Responsibly
		Thinking Critically
		Lessons of the Past
		The Ethics of Speech
		Focus on Civic Engagement Voices of Democracy: The U.S. Oratory Project
	Deliberation and Demagoguery in the Twenty-First Century
		Deliberating in Good Faith
		Demagoguery and the Ethics of Emotional Appeal
	The Responsible Citizen-Speaker
		Characteristics of the Responsible Citizen-Speaker
		Legal and Ethical Issues in Public Speaking
		Highlighting Ethical Communication
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Speech to the 58th National Prayer Breakfast, February 4, 2010, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
Chapter 2 Listening and Speaking in a Democratic Society
	The Speaker-Listener Partnership
	The Engaged Listener
		Positive Outcomes of Effective Listening
		Highlighting Listening and Leadership
		Preparing for Critical Listening: Your Responsibility as a Citizen
		Focus on Civic Engagement National Issues Forums: The Role of Listening in Democratic Deliberations
	Barriers to Good Listening
		Passivity Syndrome
		Automatic Rejection
		Focus on Civic Engagement Building a Climate for Peace through Critical Listening
		Short Attention Span
		Stereotyping
		Highlighting Stereotypes in the Media
		Distractions
	Critical Listening
		Preparing to Listen
		Active Listening
		Highlighting Note Taking
		Offer Feedback
	Preparing Yourself to Speak
		Know Yourself
		Know Your Audience
		Know the Situation
		Highlighting Preparation
		Aim for Audience Response
	Building and Delivering Your Speech
		Gather Relevant Materials
		Construct a Reasonable Argument
		Give Your Message Structure
		Speak Directly with Your Audience
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 3 Speaking with Confidence
	Understanding Communication Apprehension
		Highlighting Communication Apprehension How Universities Are Helping Students
	Factors That Contribute to Communication Apprehension
		Poor Preparation
		Trait Anxiety
		State Anxiety
		Self-Expectations
		Fear of Evaluation
		Fearing That Listeners Perceive Apprehension
		Fear of Failure
		Overreacting to the Body’s Physiological Responses
	Managing Communication Apprehension
		Address Issues to Which You Are Committed
		Focus on Civic Engagement The Ripon College Speakers Bureau
		Be Well Prepared
		Focus on Civic Engagement Speaking with Conviction
		Develop a Positive Attitude
		Practice Your Speech
		Anticipate the Speech Situation
		Practice Active Listening
		Exercise for Relaxation
		Acknowledge Potential Benefits of Moderate Communication Apprehension
		Maintain a Sense of Perspective
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 4 Diverse Audiences in a Democratic Society
	Understanding Diverse Audiences
		Age and Values
		Gender Roles and Stereotypes
		Race and Ethnicity
		Cultural Differences
		Religion
		Geographical Environment
		Education
		Occupation or Profession
		Highlighting Audience Demographics
		Economic Status
	Identifying Individual Listener Needs and Values
		Satisfying Basic Physiological Needs
		Ensuring Listeners’ Personal Safety
		Reinforcing Feelings of Love and a Sense of Belonging
		Helping Listeners Feel Appreciated by Others
		Helping Listeners Realize Their Own Potential
		Identifying Audience Values
		Focus on Civic Engagement President Obama on Realizing Your Potential through Public Service
	Identifying Communal Needs and Values
		The Saliency of Key Group Memberships
		Focus on Civic Engagement Group Membership
	Gathering Information for Audience Adaptation
		Internet Research
		Interviewing for Information
		Administering an Audience Survey
		Devising Good Questions for an Audience Survey
	Ongoing Strategies for Audience Adaptation
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Speech on the Crisis in Venezuela, Marco Rubio
Chapter 5 Developing Significant Topics
	Finding a Suitable Topic
		Finding Topics of Public Concern
		What Matters to You?
		Highlighting Sources for Identifying Topics of Public Concern Using a Library Research Guide
		Conducting a Personal Inventory
	Narrowing the Topic
		Consider the Situation
		Consider the Audience
	Ethical Obligations in Selecting a Topic
		Accuracy
		Objectivity versus Subjectivity
		Taste and Judgment
	General Purposes
		Informative Purposes
		Persuasive Purposes
		Ceremonial Purposes
	Crafting and Testing Specific Purposes
		Purpose and Response
		Purpose and the Situation
		Purpose and Audience Benefits
		Testing Specific Purposes
	Constructing a Thesis Statement
		Guidelines for Constructing a Thesis Statement
		Highlighting the Process From Topic to Purpose to Thesis
		Avoiding Common Mistakes
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 6 Responsible and Productive Research
	A Productive Start
		Highlighting How to Begin Your Investigation
		Finding Relevant Information: A High-Speed Pursuit
	The Creative Enterprise of Building a Speech
		The Creative Process
		Productive Note Taking: Drafting as You Investigate Your Topic
	Developing Information Literacy
		Finding Information
		Evaluating Information
		Properly Using Information
	Searching the Internet
		Locating Information
		Evaluating Internet Resources
	Investigating Like a Professional: Using Library Resources
		Highlighting Databases as a Research Tool
	Gathering Information through Interviews
		Preparing for the Interview
		Conducting the Interview
		After the Interview
	Gathering Information through E-mail and Online Networking
	Citing Sources of Quoted and Paraphrased Material
		Guidelines for Incorporating Material
		Guidelines for Citing Sources during Your Presentation
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 7 Supporting Your Ideas
	Supporting Ideas with Evidence
		Facts
		Definitions
		Examples
		Statistics
		Highlighting Specific Examples On Ratifying the Law of the Sea Convention
		Highlighting Examples and Statistics
		Testimony
	Supporting Ideas through Comparison and Contrast
		Techniques of Comparison and Contrast
		Focus on Civic Engagement Candidates’ Contrasting Views
		Thinking Critically about Comparison and Contrast
	Evaluating Supporting Material
		Accuracy
		Highlighting Source Accuracy Beware of Wikipedia
		Completeness
		Recency
		Source Reliability
		Audience Appropriateness
		Ethical Considerations
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Overcrowded Prisons and Reform of Our Justice System, Terry Ford
Chapter 8 Organizing Your Speech
	The Elements of Sound Organization
		Clarity of Ideas
		Simplicity of Ideas
		Suitability to the Situation
	How Patterns of Organization Connect Ideas
		Chronological or Sequential Order
		Spatial Order
		Categorical Order
		Climactic Order
		Causal Order
		Problem-Solution Patterns
		Narrative Patterns
	Guidelines for Organizing Your Speech
		Making the Pattern a Strategic Choice
		Developing Main Ideas with a Concern for Symmetry
		Determining the Number of Main Ideas
		Choosing the Placement of Main Ideas
	Transitions as Connectives
		Internal Previews
		Internal Summaries
		Signposts
		Rhetorical Questions
	Introducing Your Speech
		Establish Common Ground
		Capture and Maintain the Listeners’ Attention
		Focus on Civic Engagement The Power of Storytelling in Capturing the Audience’s Attention
		Stress Relevance
		Establish Your Credibility
		Clarify Your Purpose/Advance Your Thesis
		Preview Your Main Points
		Final Tips about Introductions
	Concluding Your Speech
		Summarize Your Ideas
		Challenge Your Audience
		Focus on Civic Engagement President Obama on Human Rights
		Appeal to Your Audience
		Visualize the Future
		End with a Quotation
		Refer to the Introduction
		Final Tips about Conclusions
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 9 Outlining Your Speech
	Types of Outlines
		Working Outlines
		Formal Outlines
		Keyword Outlines
	Basic Principles of Outlining
		Guidelines for Developing the Formal Outline
		Focus on Civic Engagement Job Training for the Poor: A Speech of Advocacy
		The Keyword Outline: Some Special Considerations
		Focus on Civic Engagement A Keyword Outline for a Speech of Advocacy
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Autism: Why Are the Rates Rising? Kaitlin Rapone
Chapter 10 Using Language Effectively
	Language and Meaning
		The Symbolic Nature of Language
		Denotative and Connotative Meaning
	Using Language That Is Clear and Accurate
		Familiar Language
		Technical Language
		Concreteness and Specificity
		Precise Language
		Avoid Clichés, Empty Words, and Distracting Language
		Constructing Sentences to Promote Clarity
		Simplicity
	Using Language That Is Active and Interesting
		Use Active, Vivid Language
		Highlighting Active and Interesting Language
		Using Figures of Speech
		Highlighting Language Hillary Clinton Declares Women’s Rights Are Human Rights
	Using Appropriate and Ethical Language
		Appropriateness
		Gender-Inclusive Language
		Audience Expectations
	Responding Critically to a Speaker’s Style
		Using Emotional Language Ethically
		Style Substituted for Argument
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Remarks by the President at the 50th Anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery Marches, Barack Obama
Chapter 11 Delivering Your Speech Effectively
	Sounding Good versus Being Sound
		Beyond Delivery: Listening to the Message
		The Foundation of Ethical Delivery
	Principles of Good Delivery
		Understand the Situation and Audience Expectations
		Establish Eye Contact
		Reinforce Ideas through Gestures, Movement, and Facial Expressions
		Highlighting Eye Contact Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Eye Contact and Gaze
		Strive for an Effective Speaking Voice
		Highlighting the Importance of a Good Voice The Practices of Demosthenes
		Remain Flexible
		Practice Your Speech
		Highlighting Flexibility A Dramatic Example
		Highlighting the Importance of Practice President Reagan Rehearses
		Seek Out Opportunities to Speak
	Speaking Extemporaneously
		Advantages of Speaking from a Keyword Outline
		Why Use Extemporaneous Delivery?
	Alternative Styles of Delivery
		The Impromptu Speech
		The Manuscript Speech
		The Memorized Speech
		Focus on Civic Engagement The Theodore Roosevelt Association’s Public Speaking Contests
	Responding to Audience Questions
		Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Period
		Conducting the Question-and-Answer Period
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 12 Supporting Your Ideas Visually
	Functions of Presentational Aids
		Promoting Clarity
		Highlighting Visual Perception and Thinking
		Assisting Retention
		Providing Emphasis
		Providing Support
		Encouraging Emotional Involvement
		Highlighting Using Graphs to Communicate Data Some Practical and Ethical Guidelines
		Stimulating Interest
		Enhancing Your Credibility
		Highlighting Visual Literacy The Visual Dimension of Critical Thinking
		Facilitating Extemporaneous Delivery
	Options for Presentational Aids
		Computer-Generated Slide Shows
		Highlighting Prezi An Alternative to PowerPoint
		Highlighting How Not To Use Powerpoint
		Whiteboard
		Flip Charts
		Poster Board Drawings and Displays
		Handouts
		Objects
		Models
		Transparencies and Overhead Projectors
		Audio and Video Materials
	Guidelines for Preparing Presentational Aids
	Guidelines for Using Presentational Aids
		Highlighting Presentational Aids and Ethics
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 13 Speaking to Inform
	Functions of Informative Speeches
		Sharing Ideas and Information
		Raising Awareness
		Articulating Alternatives
	Types of Informative Speeches
		The Speech of Description
		The Speech of Demonstration
		The Speech of Explanation
		The Informative Oral Report
	Organizing the Informative Speech
		A Chronological Illustration
		A Spatial Illustration
		A Categorical Illustration
		A Causal Illustration
	How Audiences Learn from Informative Speeches
		The Role of Listener Motivation
		Capturing and Maintaining the Audience’s Attention
		Helping Listeners Learn
		Ethical Considerations
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Preparing Students for Community Involvement, Cecelia Orphan
Chapter 14 Persuasive Speaking in a Democratic Society
	The Anatomy of Public Controversy
		Deliberating in Good Faith
	Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy
		Is That the Truth?
		Is This Good or Bad?
		What Are We Going to Do?
		Highlighting the Challenge of Persuading Others Will You Give Blood?
	Ethical Proof in Persuasive Speaking
		Trustworthiness
		Competence
		Open-Mindedness
		Dynamism
		How Context Affects Ethos
		Highlighting Credibility
	Appealing to Audience Emotions
		Focus on Civic Engagement Former Presidents Bury the Political Hatchet
		Affective Language
		Shared Values
		Vivid Detail
		Visualization
		Familiar References
		The Ethics of Emotional Appeals
		Summary
		Key Terms
Chapter 15 Arguing Persuasively
	Persuasion and Demagoguery in a Free Society
		Focus on Civic Engagement The Politics of Outrageousness
	Constructing a Reasonable Argument
		Claims
		Evidence
		Warrants
		The Burden of Proof
	The Forms of Reasoning
		Inductive Reasoning
		Deductive Reasoning
		Causal Reasoning
		Analogical Reasoning
	Fallacies of Reasoning and Evidence
		Fallacies of Relevance
		Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning
		Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence
		Highlighting the Post Hoc Fallacy The Gun Control Debate
		Fallacies of Personal Attack
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Global Climate Change, Kathryn Gromowski
Chapter 16 Speaking on Special Occasions
	Ceremonial Speaking in a Free Society
		Remembering the Past
		Honoring Heroes
		Celebrating Shared Beliefs and Values
		Offering Inspiration and Encouragement
	Social Values in Ceremonial Speaking
	The Forms of Ceremonial Speech
		The Speech of Introduction
		Welcome and Farewell Addresses
		Presentation and Acceptance Speeches
		Commemoration and Commencement Speeches
		Tributes and Eulogies
		Inaugural and Keynote Addresses
		The After-Dinner Speech
		Sermons
	Style and Delivery in Ceremonial Speaking
		Vivid Language and Imagery
		Rhythm and Cadence
		Speaking from a Manuscript
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Liberty University Commencement Address, John McCain
Chapter 17 Speaking and Deliberating in Groups
	Understanding Public Deliberation
		Focus on Civic Engagement Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century
		Engaging in Dialogue
		Focus on Civic Engagement Educating for Democracy in a Digital Age
		Benefits of Public Deliberation
		Potential Problems
	Group Structures That Encourage Dialogue and Deliberation
		Study Circles: Dialogue to Change
		Focus on Civic Engagement Study Circle Success Stories
		Town Hall Meetings
		National Issues Forums
	Factors That Influence Effective Group Deliberation
		Conflict
		Highlighting Productive Approaches to Conflict Management: What Leaders Can Do
		Role Structure
		Highlighting the Written Record Keeping Meeting Minutes
		Tolerance of Dissent
		Status and Power
		Leadership
		Highlighting Leadership Avoiding the Pitfalls of Meetings: Practical Tips for Leaders
	Group Presentations
		Panel Discussions
		Symposium Presentations
	Guidelines for Deliberating in Groups
		Prepare Carefully for Each Meeting
		Adopt a Collaborative Attitude and Participate Actively
		Keep an Open Mind
		Highlighting Diversity Recognizing Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication
		Pay Attention to Nonverbal Communication and Listen Carefully
		Play Different Roles
		Highlighting Ethics Communicating Ethically in Groups
		Focus on Substance, Not Personalities
		Summary
		Key Terms
Glossary
Endnotes
Index
Photo Credits
Text Credits