Public Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Hierarchies, Markets and Networks (Public Sector Organizations)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Public Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Hierarchies, Markets or Networks
	1 Reform Paradigms
		1.1 Operationalizing the Reform Paradigms: HTM, MTM and NTM
	2 The Case of Pakistan
	3 Structure of the Book
	References
Part I: Reforms in Public Sector Organizations
	Interface of Actors and Positions: Implications for Reforms
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Background
		3 Methods and Data
			3.1 Classification of Reform Drivers
			3.2 Operationalizing the Maps for Reform Drivers
		4 Data Analysis
			4.1 First Period 1947–1958
				Religion
				Military
				Judiciary
		5 Summary
			5.1 Second Period 1958–1970
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Judiciary
				Summary
			5.2 Third Period 1970–1977
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Summary
			5.3 Fourth Period 1977–1988
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Judiciary
				Summary
			5.4 Fifth Period 1988–1998
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Judiciary
				Summary
			5.5 Sixth Period 1999–2008
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Judiciary
				Summary
			5.6 Seventh Period 2008–2018
				Religion
				Politics
				Military
				Judiciary
				Summary
		6 Discussion & Conclusions
		References
	Reforming Structures and Procedures in Pakistan (1947–2018)
		1 Data and Methods
		2 The Politico-Administrative Context of Pakistan and the Restructuring
			2.1 Restructuring in the Government (1947–1958)
			2.2 Restructuring in the Government (1958–1970)
			2.3 Restructuring in the Government (1970–1977)
			2.4 Restructuring in the Government (1977–1988)
			2.5 Restructuring in the Government (1988–1999)
			2.6 Restructuring in the Government (1999–2008)
			2.7 Restructuring in the Government (2008–2018)
		3 Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Autonomy of Public Hospitals in Pakistan in the Time of Covid-19: A Policy Perspective
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Background
			1.2 Need and Objective of the Study
			1.3 Research Question
		2 Literature Support
		3 Theoretical Lens
		4 Data Collection and Analysis
			4.1 Agenda Setting
			4.2 Policy Formation
			4.3 Decision Making
			4.4 Policy Implementation
			4.5 Policy Evaluation
		5 Identification of Barriers
		6 Discussion, Summary of Findings, and Conclusion
			6.1 Discussion
			6.2 Summary of Findings
			6.3 Conclusion
		References
	Energy Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Trends and Challenges
		1 Introduction
		2 Historic Context and Current State of Energy Sector in Pakistan
		3 Institutional Framework and Policy Context of Pakistan
		4 Reforms in Energy Sector in Pakistan
			4.1 State-Led Development Through State Monopolies
			4.2 Liberalization and Privatization
			4.3 Restructuring Public Bureaucracies
			4.4 Creation of Regulatory Agencies
			4.5 Coordination, Collaboration and Integration
			4.6 Capacity Building: Clean and Renewable Energy Reforms
		5 Reflection from Hierarchy, Market and Network Approaches of Coordination
		6 Current Challenges
			6.1 Emergence of Governance Networks
			6.2 Interdependencies and Centralized Arrangements
			6.3 Complexity and Fragmentation
			6.4 High Cost of Production with Imbalanced Energy Mix
			6.5 Complex Tariff Determination
			6.6 Circular Debt
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Reforms in Federal Training Institutions in Pakistan—An Institutional Perspective
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Public Sector Reform Models
			2.2 Theoretical Understanding of Agencification
			2.3 Public Sector Reforms and Institutional Isomorphism
		3 Methods
		4 Findings and Discussion
			4.1 FTIs: Tasks and Categorizations
				4.1.1 Tasks of FTIs
				4.1.2 Legal Categorization of FTIs
			4.2 Administrative Reforms in FTIs
				4.2.1 Formative Years (1947–1973)
				4.2.2 Changing Roles and Status of Bureaucracy and Politics (1973–1999)
				4.2.3 Major Structural Changes in FTIs (1999–2008)
				4.2.4 Good Governance and Donor Driven Efforts (2013 onwards)
			4.3 FTI Reforms and Institutional Isomorphism
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Interagency Collaboration/Coordination in the Context of Pakistan: Case of Polio Eradication Program
		1 Introduction
		2 Structuring Interagency Approach in Pakistan
			2.1 Context of the Polio Program
		3 Reformations of the Polio Program Towards Interagency Collaboration
		4 Interagency Issues Specific to Pakistan
		5 Collaborative Considerations Extracted from the Polio Program
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Decentralization/Devolution
	Trends in Local Government Reforms: Case of Environmental Protection Authority
		1 Introduction
		2 Institutional Context of Current Administrative Reforms
		3 Trajectories in the Process of Local Governance Reform Efforts in Pakistan
			3.1 First Era
			3.2 Second Era
			3.3 Third Era
			3.4 Fourth Era
			3.5 Fifth Era
			3.6 Sixth Era
		4 Devolution
			4.1 Devolution: A Case of Environmental Protection Agency
			4.2 Process of Devolution
			4.3 Implementation of Devolution in Environmental Protection Agencies in Different Provinces
			4.4 Changes after 18th Amendment in Different Provinces
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Decentralization Reforms in the Public Health Sector in Pakistan
		1 Introduction
		2 Case of Pakistan: Devolution in Health Care
			2.1 Local Government Devolution, 2001
			2.2 Health Sector Devolution: 18th Constitutional Amendment
			2.3 Health Policy and Planning
			2.4 Health Financing
		3 Provincial Health Structure of Pakistan
			3.1 The Provincial Health Facilities
			3.2 The Structure of Primary and Secondary Health Care in Pakistan
			3.3 Health Management and Information System (HMIS)
		4 Systematic Description of Decentralization Reforms
			4.1 Decentralization in Primary and Secondary Health Care in Pakistan
			4.2 Hospital Reforms in Pakistan
		5 Case Studies of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provinces
			5.1 Primary and Secondary Health Sectors
			5.2 Major Initiatives
			5.3 Hospital Reforms
		6 Case of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
			6.1 Primary and Secondary Health-Care Sector
			6.2 Major Initiatives
			6.3 Hospital Reforms
		7 Discussion
			7.1 Overall Trends of Reforms Initiatives under Different Mechanisms
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Deregulation in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan
		1 Introduction
		2 Significance of the Study
		3 Literature Review
		4 Theoretical Framework
		5 Theoretical Model (Fig. 1)
		6 Methodology
		7 Results and Discussion
			7.1 Patterns of Autonomy and Control
			7.2 Era 1
				Before Deregulation
			7.3 Era 2
				After Deregulation
		8 Conclusion
		References
Part III: Involving the Market
	Pakistan Post and the Creation of an Innovative Business Model to Enhance Financial Inclusion
		1 Introduction
		2 Public–Private Partnerships
		3 Background to the Case
			3.1 Financial Inclusion in Pakistan
			3.2 Pakistan Post
			3.3 Distribution of Financial Services in Pakistan
		4 Methodology
		5 Characteristics of the ICT-induced PPP Business Model
		6 Suitability of the ICT-Induced PPP Business Model to Pakistan
		7 Applicability of the ICT-Induced PPP Model to Neighboring South Asian Economies
		8 Conclusions
		References
	Sustainable Public–Private Partnership Delivery in Pakistan; Evolution, Barriers, and Way Forward
		1 Introduction
		2 P3 Development in Pakistan
		3 P3-Related Policy Developments in Pakistan
		4 Public–Private Partnership Authority
		5 Sector-Wise Dynamics of Infrastructure P3 Projects
		6 Barriers and Way Forward to Sustainable P3 Delivery in Pakistan
			6.1 Financial Barriers
			6.2 Local Resource Maximization Barriers
			6.3 Contract-Related Barriers
			6.4 Lack of Understanding of Sustainability
			6.5 Roles and Responsibility Adherence Barriers
			6.6 Corruption Barrier
			6.7 Public Support Barrier
		7 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Adopting the New Trends
	Digital Government: Transforming Sialkot into a Citizen-Friendly District
		1 Introduction
		2 Successful Cases and Shifting Trends
		3 Case of Developing Countries
		4 Scope of the Chapter
		5 E-Government Versus Digital Government
		6 Case Background
		7 Digital Government Services Introduced in Sialkot
		8 Methodology and Data
		9 Results
		10 Findings
		11 Conclusions
		References
	Disaster Management Reforms in Pakistan
		1 Introduction
		2 History of Disaster Management in Pakistan
		3 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030)
		4 Reforms in Disaster Management
			4.1 Institution Building in Disaster Management
				Shifting Focus from Response Devastation to Preparedness and Planning
				Decentralization: Shifting More Disaster Relief Responsibility from the Federal Government to the Provincial and Local Authorities
		5 Disaster Management: Education and Training/NIDM
		6 Disaster Management Curriculum and Academic Collaborations
			6.1 Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
		7 Information Technology: Infrastructure Development
		8 Global Coordination Frameworks
		9 Inclusion of New Public Management
			9.1 Resource Mobilization in Case of Disaster
		10 Analysis and Areas of Improvements
		11 Conclusions
		References
	Public Sector Reforms in Pakistan: Concluding Reflections
		1 Some Reflections on the Way Forward
			1.1 Institutional Context of Reform
			1.2 Reform Content and Strategy
			1.3 Sector-Specific Measures for Reform Implementation
Index