Public Policy in Democratic Backsliding: How Illiberal Populists Engage with the Policy Process

Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: The Policy Process in Democratic Backsliding: A Proposed Framework of Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Democratic Backsliding and Illiberal Populism
	3 Analyzing the Policy Process in Contexts of Democratic Backsliding
		3.1 Disruptions to Policy Resilience
		3.2 Playing Institutional Hardball
		3.3 Outcomes
	4 Book Structure and Chapters
	5 Scholarly Contributions
		5.1 Understanding the Complexities of Illiberal Populism in the Policy Process
	6 A Research Program on Public Policy in Democratic Backsliding
		6.1 Future Research Directions
		6.2 Comparative Research Assumptions
	References
Part I: Preferences and Ideas of Illiberal Populists
	Chapter 2: Democratic Backsliding and the Policy Agenda: Losing Interest in, and Capacity for, the Future
		1 Policymaking for the Future
		2 Democratic Backsliding, Populism, and Policy Preferences
		3 The Populist Personality?
		4 Distrust in Government and Society
		5 Politics as Entertainment
		6 The Denigration of Expertise
		7 Megaprojects
		8 The Democratic Paradox and Future Policies
		9 Summary and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: Political Governance: Conceptualizing the Governance Style of Illiberal Politics
		1 Conceptualizing Political Governance
		2 Defining Governance Styles
		3 Governance Styles and the Rise of Political Governance in Hungary
			3.1 Governance in Hungary Prior to 2010
			3.2 Political Governance in Hungary
		4 Discussion and Conclusion: The Policy Consequences of Political Governance
		References
	Chapter 4: Populist Drift in Poland
		1 Introduction
		2 Sources, Scale, and Consequences
		3 The Impact of Populist Leadership Strategies on the Dismantling of the Rule of Law
		4 Processes and Institutions as Instruments Used in the Introduction of Populism
		5 Future Scenarios
		References
Part II: Institutional Hardball and Policy Outcomes
	Chapter 5: The Political Economic Sources of Policy Non-design and the Decay in Policy Capacity in Turkey
		1 Introduction
		2 Literature Review
			2.1 Drivers of Policy (Non-)Design and Instrument Choice
			2.2 Growth Models and Regimes, Policy Design, and Implications for Policy Capacity
		3 Economic Crisis and Covid-19 Crisis: Policy Non-design, Crisis Response, and Decay in Organisational and Systemic Policy Capacity
			3.1 Revisiting the Context
			3.2 Growth Regime and Growth Model Responding to the Currency Crisis-Induced Economic Crisis
				3.2.1	 The Currency Crisis in 2018 and Non-design
				3.2.2	 The Last Episode in 2021
				3.2.3	 Implications for Organisational and Systemic Policy Capacity
		4 Covid-19 Crisis Coincides with the Economic Crisis: Managing the Dilemma?
			4.1 Implications for Organisational and Systemic Policy Capacity
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 6: Dismantling Science and Technology Policies in Mexico
		1 Introduction
		2 Populism and Government
		3 Populism and Higher Education
		4 Three Decades of Neoliberalism (1988–2018)
		5 Politics, Policies, and Populism
		6 Resistance from Bureaucracy
		7 Why Are Policies Hard to Discontinue?
		References
	Chapter 7: Dismantling Policies Through (De)mobilization of Analytical Capacity: Cases from Brazil
		1 Theoretical Debate on Analytical Capacity
			1.1 Capacity Concept and the Analytical Dimension
			1.2 The Multiplicity of Sources, the Context of Use, and the Chain of Knowledge Absorption
		2 A Framework to Examine (De)mobilization of Analytical Capacity Toward Policy Dismantling
		3 Empirical Evidence: (De)mobilization of Analytical Capacity in Brazilian Federal Policies for the Environment and Health
			3.1 Environment policy
			3.2 Healthcare Policy
		4 Final Considerations
		References
	Chapter 8: Dismantling While Accumulating: Dynamics of Local Participatory Institutions in the Philippines
		1 Introduction
		2 Democratic Backsliding, Policy Dismantling, and Public Service Bargains
			2.1 Public Service Bargains Under Democratic Backsliding
		3 The Philippine Case: Hyper-Presidentialism and Participatory Institutions
		4 Policy Accumulation and Passive Dismantling During Aquino
		5 Active Dismantling and Reconstitution of the Codal Institutions During Duterte
		6 Discussion
		7 Conclusion
		Appendix: List of Reviewed Documents
		References
Part III: Institutional Hardball Meets Policy Resilience and Bureaucratic Reactions
	Chapter 9: Democratic Public Action During Times of Backsliding: Examining the Resilience of Brazil’s Food and Water Policies
		1 Introduction
		2 Theory and Scope
			2.1 Policy Resilience: A Literature Review
			2.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		3 Dismantling Democratic Policy Instruments
			3.1 Centralizing Decision-Making and Reducing Transparency
			3.2 Disengaging Civil Society from Policy Implementation
			3.3 Politicizing Policy Options and Bureaucracy
			3.4 Synthesis: Illiberal Dismantling, Interest Groups, and Crises
		4 The Role of Informal Networks on Policy Resilience
			4.1 Activating Policy Networks and Trust Relationships
			4.2 Leveraging Institutional, Financial, and Political Resources
				4.2.1	 Institutional Activism
				4.2.2	 New Funding Partnerships
				4.2.3	 Coalition-Building
		5 Discussion and Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 10: Capacity-Building, Dismantling Strategies, and Resistance Tactics in Brazilian Environmental Agencies: Changes in Ibama’s Authority and Nodality Tools from 2004 to 2022
		1 Introduction
		2 Analytical Framework
		3 Data Collection
		4 Capacity-Building, Dismantling, Resistance: A History of Ibama in Three Acts
			4.1 Authority: From Volume to Deterrence
				4.1.1	 Capacity-Building Process
				4.1.2	 Dismantling Strategies
					Introduction of Conciliation Hearings
					De facto Prohibition of Destructing Equipment
					Subordination of Ibama to the Army and the Federal Police
				4.1.3	 Resistance Tactics
			4.2 Nodality: Media Battle, Censorship, and Whistleblowing
				4.2.1	 Capacity-Building Process
				4.2.2	 Dismantling Strategies
					Censorship
					Abuse of Disciplinary Procedures
					Digital Erasure
				4.2.3	 Resistance Tactics
					Strengthening Associations
					Informal Inter-institutional Alliances
					Anonymous and Collective Whistleblowing
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Action and Reaction: How Bureaucrats Cope with Different Forms of Political Oppression
		1 Introduction
		2 Bureaucracy in a Context of Democratic Backsliding
		3 Context and Methods
		4 Findings
			4.1 Oppressive Political Control
			4.2 Bureaucratic Reactions
		5 Discussion
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 12: Do You Love Me? The Effects of Budget Cuts on Intrinsic Motivation During the Trump Administration
		1 Introduction
		2 Intrinsic Motivation and Budgets
		3 Budget Cuts in the Trump Administration
		4 Empirical Strategy
			4.1 Cases
			4.2 Independent Variable
			4.3 Dependent Variables
			4.4 Models
		5 Results
		6 Discussion and Conclusion
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 13: Democratic Backsliding and Administrative Responsibility: Seeking Guidance for Bureaucratic Behavior in Dark Times
		1 Introduction
		2 How Democratic Backsliders Transform State Bureaucracies
		3 Instrument or Institution?
		4 The Riddle of Administrative Responsibility
		5 The Friedrich-Finer Debate and Its Heirs
		6 Moral Bureaucratic Agency? About Guerillas, Anti-evil Warriors, and Conservers
		7 Administrative Responsibility in Dark Times
		8 Can Bureaucrats Rescue Democracy? Resumé and Outlook
		References
Index