Public Order Policing: A Professional's Guide to International Theories, Case Studies, and Best Practices

Introduction
Contents
About the Editors
Public Order Policing: From Theory to Practice
	1 Social Significance of Assemblies
	2 The “Mob”
	3 Understanding Crowds: ESIM
	4 The Crowd
		4.1 “Types” of Individuals and Offenders
		4.2 Types of Assemblies
	5 Crowds and the Police: Phenomenon-Intrinsic Conflicts
		5.1 Functional Conflict
		5.2 Legality-Legitimacy Conflict
		5.3 Communicative-Cultural Conflict
		5.4 Legitimacy-Perception Conflict
	6 (De)escalation
	7 The Role of the Police in Preventing Escalation
		7.1 Conscious Verbal Communication
		7.2 Conscious Non-verbal Communication
		7.3 Differentiated, Targeted, Timely, and Containable Intervention Behavior
		7.4 Support Legitimate Goals
		7.5 Avoid Chaos
		7.6 Regular Consideration of Others’ Perspective
	8 Conclusion
	References
Preventing Crime at Assemblies
	1 Introduction
	2 Crowds and Crime Opportunities
	3 Routine Activity Theory
	4 Rational Choice Theory
	5 Situational Crime Prevention
	6 The RDFC Interaction Model
		6.1 First RDFC Dimension: Reasonable
		6.2 Second RDFC Dimension: Disarming
		6.3 Third RDFC Dimension: Focused
		6.4 Fourth RDFC Dimension: Consistent
		6.5 Summary
	7 4D Tactic
		7.1 Detect
		7.2 Disarm
		7.3 Deter
		7.4 Defuse
	8 Conclusion
	References
How Collective Violence Emerges and Escalates
	1 Introduction
	2 The Initiation and Escalation of Collective Violence
		2.1 The Initiation of Collective Violence
		2.2 The Escalation of Collective Violence
		2.3 Intermediate Conclusion: the Behaviour of People in Crowds
		2.4 The Predisposition Debate
	3 Implications for Police Work
		3.1 Terminology
		3.2 The Four Key Principles
		3.3 The Appropriateness of Police Action
		3.4 Professional Risk Assessment
	4 Influences of Research on Practice
	5 Conclusion
	References
Interpretive Regimes of Violence in Action. The “Welcome to Hell” Demonstration During the G20 Summit in Hamburg 2017
	1 Hamburg July 2017
	2 The “Welcome to Hell” Demonstration
	3 Explaining Violence in Demonstrations: Mass, Identity, Emotion
	4 On the Emergence of Interpretive Regimes with an Affinity for Violence
	5 Interpretive Regimes in Action
	6 On the Tensions of Police Actions
	References
Almost Forgotten Experiential Knowledge of De-escalation
	1 Initial Situation: Orientation Toward “Weimar Conditions” and Le Bon
	2 The “Munich Policy” as an Initial De-escalation Strategy
	3 1968: Police Tactics Between Escalation and De-escalation
		3.1 De-escalation by External Mediators at the “International Vietnam Congress”
		3.2 De-escalation Through Cooperation at the “Star March on Bonn”
		3.3 De-escalation Through Communication: “Integrated Officers” in Munich, “Discussion Squads” in West Berlin
		3.4 Broadening Perspectives
	4 Anti-nuclear Movement and Civil Disobedience
		4.1 The Development of the “Stuttgart Policy”
		4.2 “Stuttgart Talks”
		4.3 Bremen’s “Long Breath” Strategy
	5 The “Brokdorf Decision” of the Federal Constitutional Court
		5.1 Key Statements of the Brokdorf Ruling Regarding “De-escalation”
		5.2 Implementation of the “Brokdorf Decision”
	6 Developments After the “Brokdorf Decision”
		6.1 The “Motivation” Working Group
		6.2 Social Science Studies on “Demonstrators and Police”
		6.3 Peaceful Integration of Groups with Affinity to Violence at a Large Demonstration in Bonn
		6.4 The “Bonn Forum Citizens and Police e. V.”
	7 Modules of a De-escalation Concept
		7.1 Examination of One’s Own Role in the Interactive Events of a Demonstration
		7.2 Recognition of the Contradicting Effect of “Self-Protection”
		7.3 Sensitivity to the Ambivalent Effect of the “Show of Force”
		7.4 Counteracting a Weakening of the De-escalation Principle
		7.5 Avoidance of “Violence Traps”
		7.6 Comprehensive Dialogue Orientation
	8 Conclusion
	References
The Role of Police in Assemblies: Ethical Implications, Imperatives, and Interventions
	1 Ethical Implications of Assemblies
		1.1 Social Dimension: Demonstrations as Democracy Generators
		1.2 Individual Dimension: Demonstrations as Courage Generators
		1.3 Police: Demonstrations as Risk Generators
	2 Ethical and Moral Aspects
		2.1 Morally Relevant Police Stakeholder Relationships in the Context of Assemblies.
		2.2 Moral Aspects of Internal Stakeholder Relationships (in the Context of Assemblies)
		2.3 Moral Aspects of External Stakeholder Relationships (in the Context of Assemblies)
	3 Conclusion
	References
Differences in United States and German Police Organizations with an Impact on the Policing of Public Assemblies
	1 Introduction
	2 Size Matters
	3 Density Makes the Difference
	4 History Characterizes Perception of Democracy
	5 Different Forms of Federalism
	6 All That Is Right
	7 Education Is a Capital for Life
	8 Right of Assembly
	9 Conclusion
	Appendix: Glossary
	References
Police Organization and the Policing of Assemblies in Germany
	1 Introduction
	2 Police Organization in Germany
		2.1 Organization of Police Forces in Germany
		2.2 Public Order Policing
		2.3 Education and Training of Operational Officers and Leaders
	3 Policing of Assemblies in Germany
		3.1 Preparation Phase
			3.1.1 Commander and Command Staff
			3.1.2 Decision-Making and Special Operation Structure
			3.1.3 The Incident Action Plan (IAP)
			3.1.4 Cooperation
			3.1.5 Further Preparations
		3.2 Operational Phase
		3.3 Debriefing Phase
	4 Policing of Assemblies in the European Union
		4.1 Common Training
		4.2 Common Research and Knowledge
		4.3 Common Policing
	References
Police Organization and the Policing of Assemblies in the United States
	1 Introduction
	2 Police Organization in the United States
		2.1 Organization of Police Forces in the United States
		2.2 Public Order Policing
		2.3 Education and Training of Operational Officers and Leaders
	3 Policing of Assemblies in the United States
		3.1 Preparation Phase
		3.2 Operational Phase
		3.3 Debriefing Phase
	References
Protection of Citizens’ Rights, Public Safety & Police Legitimacy: The Legal Equilibrium for Public Order
	1 Introduction
	2 Free Speech and Assemblies: A Constitutional Right
	3 Free Speech and Assemblies: Limitations and Challenges
	4 Additional Practical Challenges for Policing
	5 The Challenging Relationship Between the Crowd and the Police
	6 Case-Study “London Metropolitan Police”
	7 The Importance of Law Enforcement Legitimacy
	8 Policing with Consent
	9 Conclusion: Balancing the Legal Equilibrium
	References
Public Order Policing in the UK
	1 Principles
		1.1 Policing by Consent
		1.2 Assessment
	2 Public Order and Public Safety (POPS) Policing
		2.1 Two Sides of Public Order Policing
		2.2 Public Order Legislation
		2.3 Public Safety and Events Legislation
		2.4 Authorised Professional Practice
	3 Command Structure
		3.1 Police System in the United Kingdom
		3.2 Incident Command Structure
		3.3 The Gold Commander
		3.4 Public Order Public Safety Advisor
	4 Important Components of Public Order Policing
		4.1 Police Liaison Team
		4.2 Community Engagement
		4.3 Training
		4.4 Briefing and Communication
	5 Operationalising the Strategy
		5.1 Example: Operationalising the Overall Objective and Protocols
		5.2 Example and Case Study: Operationalising the Mindset
		5.3 Case Study: Operationalising Community Engagement
		5.4 Case Study: Operationalising a Multi-agency Approach
	6 Conclusion
	References
Specialized Public Order Units: Integrating a Community Policing Mindset
	1 Introduction
	2 Review on Organizational Culture
	3 Community Policing as the Starting Point for Change Processes
	4 Anchoring the Elements of the ESIM in USK Units
		4.1 Goal Setting and Strategy Development
		4.2 Practical Implementation: Further Development of the Self-Image
			ESIM in Practice: A Hypothetical Example
		4.3 Practical Implementation: Personnel Selection and Development
		4.4 Practical Implementation: Adaptation of Tactical Means
		4.5 Practical Implementation: Transparency to the Outside World—Demystifying the USK
		4.6 Practical Implementation: Auditing and Reviews
	5 Conclusion
	References
Maintaining Public Order from a Military Police Perspective
	1 Theoretical Notions on Collective Violence
	2 Parties Involved in Public Order Management in the Netherlands
	3 Gendarmerie-Type (Military) Police
		3.1 Characteristics and Strengths
		3.2 Challenges of Gendarmerie-Type (Military) Police
		3.3 Role in Post-Conflict Environments
	4 The Doctrine on Public Order and Security
		4.1 Level of the Situation
		4.2 Definition of Specific Terms
	5 Concluding Remarks
		5.1 Military Police in Civil Environment
		5.2 Military Police in the NATO Operating Environment
		5.3 Interoperability
	References
January 6th: A Challenge for Public Order Policing and Democracy
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The State of Law Enforcement before January 6th
		1.2 Equipment and Training
		1.3 Police Landscape in Washington, D.C.
	2 January 6th
		2.1 The Day Unfolds
		2.2 Mobilization of the FCPD CDU
		2.3 The Way to the Capitol
		2.4 On Scene at the Capitol
		2.5 Outside of the Capitol
		2.6 Aftermath
	3 Lessons Learned
		3.1 Training
		3.2 Equipment
		3.3 Communication
	References
The “Yellow Vest Protests”: A Challenge for Police and Democracy
	1 A Movement that Challenges Democracy
	2 Classic Responses to Maintain Order Are Challenged
	3 Political, Legal and Technical Responses under Time Pressure
	4 Characteristics of the New Form of Protest
		4.1 Complexity of Democratic Systems: The Fragmentation of Power
		4.2 The Disappearance of Representatives of the Protests
		4.3 The Fragmentation of Demands
		4.4 The Inviolability of the Individual
	5 Policing Assemblies in the Twenty-First Century
		5.1 Democratic Framework
		5.2 The Challenges of Implementing the Democratic Framework
		5.3 The Weaknesses of the French Doctrine
	6 Conclusion
	References
Public Order Policing 2.0: Addressing the Challenges of the Information Age
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Constitutional Right Vs. Intended Criminal Action
		1.2 The Current State of Public Order Policing in the United States of America
	2 Impacts of the Information Age on Public Order Policing
		2.1 Long-Term Impact Vs. Short-Term Solution
		2.2 Spreading Misinformation and Disinformation
		2.3 Sharing Tactics
		2.4 Global Reach and the Coordination of Protesters
		2.5 Delegitimization of Police
		2.6 Legitimizing an Agenda: Moral Authority
		2.7 Economic Consequences
		2.8 Classic Public Order Policing Is Not Enough
	3 Addressing the New Challenges: Public Order Policing 2.0
		3.1 Before an Event
		3.2 During an Event
		3.3 After an Event
		3.4 Internal Strategies
	4 Conclusion
	References
Intelligence in Public Order Policing
	1 Introduction
	2 Intelligence and the Intelligence Cycle
	3 Public Order Intelligence: Collection Considerations
		3.1 Extremist Ideologies and Demonstrations
		3.2 Categorizing Extremist Groups
		3.3 Takeaways
	4 Public Order Policing: Intelligence Case Study
		4.1 End Domestic Terrorism Rally: First Intelligence Cycle Iteration
		4.2 End Domestic Terrorism Rally: Second Intelligence Cycle Iteration
	5 Public Order Intelligence: Resources and Integration
		5.1 Intelligence Fusion Centers
		5.2 Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs)
		5.3 State Police Intelligence Units
		5.4 Major City Intelligence Units
		5.5 Organic Assets
	6 Intelligence Integration
		6.1 Integrating Intelligence into Tactical Execution
		6.2 Integrating Intelligence into Communication Efforts
		6.3 Integrating Intelligence into Prosecutive Teamwork
		6.4 Integrating Intelligence into Political Relationships
	7 Collection Techniques
	8 Conclusion
	References
The Importance of Police Public Relations in Assembly Situations
	1 Introduction: Legal Classification and the “Public Pillory”
	2 Public, Journalism, Media, and the Challenges for the Police
		2.1 What Is the Public?
		2.2 Why Is it Necessary to Communicate with the Public?
		2.3 What Is Important to Keep in Mind When it Comes to Police Public Relations?
	3 Special Part: Police Public Relations Studies
	4 Practical Advice and Implications for Police Practice
	References
Mission Communication as an Integrative Overall Strategy in Protest 2.0
	1 Initial Situation: Dannenröder Forest 2020
	2 Assemblies in the Age of Social Media: Protest 2.0
	3 The Need for an Integrated Operational Communication
		3.1 Human Information Processing
		3.2 Group Effects and Social Identity
		3.3 Protective Environment
		3.4 Targeted Escalation “For the Sake of the Cause”
	4 De-escalation: Active Situation Management
	5 Tactical Communication During Operations
		5.1 Basic Objective
		5.2 Situation Assessment
		5.3 Components of Tactical Communication
		5.4 Communicative Intervention
	6 Challenges of Police Communication in Protest 2.0
	7 Conclusion: Operational Communication as an Overall Communication Strategy
	References
Public Order Standards: Moving the Public Trust Needle Forward
	1 Introduction
	2 The Need for Public Order Standards
	3 Case Study: The NYPD and the Crown Heights Riots
	4 Public Order Training Standards
	5 Public Order Equipment Standards
	6 Missing Standards Foster False Narratives
	7 Public Order Standards Effect on Citizen Trust of Police
	8 Conclusion
	References
Building an Evidence-Based Training Curriculum for Public Order Policing: A Case Study
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Crowd Management Training in the United States
		1.2 The Importance of Evidenced-Based Curriculum in Law Enforcement
		1.3 A Curriculum Development Process
	2 A Case Study
		2.1 Analyze: Develop the Evidence
		2.2 Assessing Best Practices
		2.3 Evaluating the Research
		2.4 Conducting Literature Reviews
		2.5 Developing the Curriculum: Putting it Together
	3 Conclusion
	References
Public Order Policing: Use of Force
	1 Introduction
	2 Law and Policy
		2.1 Public Sentiment
		2.2 Political Influence on Police Use of Force Law and Policy
		2.3 Use of Force Policy
	3 Public Order Policing Training
		3.1 Training Case Study
	4 Supervision of Use of Force
	5 Public Order Policing Force Options
		5.1 Physical Control and Batons
		5.2 Oleoresin Capsicum (OC)
		5.3 Tear Gas
		5.4 Less Lethal Impact Munitions
		5.5 Distraction Devices
		5.6 Restricted Force Options
	6 Research and Partnerships
	7 Mass Detentions and Arrests
	8 Documentation
	9 Conclusion
	References
Considerations for Personal Protective Equipment for Public Order Policing
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Considerations
		2.1 Job Hazard Analysis
		2.2 Public Order Hazards and Threats
		2.3 Importance of Personal Protective Equipment and Training
		2.4 Public Order PPE Standards
		2.5 Guidance and Selection of Personal Protective Equipment
	3 Considerations Regarding Basic PPE
		3.1 Impact Protection
		3.2 Hearing Protection
		3.3 Eye Protection
		3.4 Respirators
		3.5 Gloves and Boots
		3.6 Outer Garments and Base Layers
		3.7 Shields
		3.8 Fire Suppression
	4 Conclusion
	References