Psychopathology and Mental Distress: Contrasting Perspectives

Cover
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Diagnostic Boxes
List of Features
Tour of the Book
Online Learning and Teaching Resources
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgments
1. Conceptual, Historical, and Research Perspectives
	OVERVIEW
	1.1 Getting Started: Psychopathology and Mental Distress
		Basic Definitions
		Case Examples
		The Challenge: Experts often Disagree
	1.2 Basic Terms
		Psychiatry vs. Psychology
		Mental Illness and Mental Disorder
		Harmful Internal Dysfunction
		Deviance
		Social Oppression
		“Abnormal Psychology”
	1.3 Common Criteria of “Abnormality”
		Statistical Deviation
		Violation of Social Norms and Values
		Behavior that Disturbs Others
		Harmfulness to Self or Others
		Emotional Suffering
		Misperception of Reality
	1.4 Three Contrasting Perspectives
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	1.5 From Stone Age to Greek and Roman Perspectives
		Stone Age Perspectives
		Greek and Roman Perspectives
	1.6 Perspectives during the Middle Ages
		Avicenna’s Biological Perspective and Early Hospitals
		Demonological Perspectives in Europe
		The Influence of Cultural Context: Dancing Mania
	1.7 Renaissance Perspectives
		The Renaissance as One of Europe’s Most “Psychically Disturbed” Periods
		Early Asylums in Europe
	1.8 Perspectives during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
		Moral Therapy
		Larger Asylums and Their Reform
	1.9 Perspectives in the Twentieth andTwenty-first Centuries
		Early Twentieth-century Mental Hospitals
		Antipsychiatry and Desinstitutionalization
		RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES
	1.10 The Scientific Method
	1.11 Quantitative Research Perspectives
		Correlational Method
		Experimental Method
	1.12 Qualitative Research Perspectives
		Case Studies
		Grounded Theory Methods
		Phenomenological Analysis
		Trustworthiness, Mixed Methods, and the Status of Qualitative Methods
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	1.13 Caveats before Proceeding
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
2. Theoretical Perspectives
	OVERVIEW
	2.1 Getting Started: The Importance of Theoretical Perspectives
		Case Examples
		Perspectives as Frameworks forUnderstanding People’s Problems
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	2.2 Introducing Biological Perspectives
	2.3 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
	2.4 Brain Structure and FunctionPerspectives
	2.5 Genetic Perspectives
	2.6 Evolutionary Perspectives
	2.7 Immune System Perspectives
	2.8 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	2.9 Introducing Psychological Perspectives
	2.10 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Freud’s Original Psychoanalytic Theory
		Psychodynamic Theories
		Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
	2.11 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Behavioral Perspectives
		Cognitive Perspectives
		Combining Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives
	2.12 Humanistic Perspectives
		Rogers’ Person-Centered Therapy
		Existential Therapy
		Constructivist Perspectives
		Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	2.13 Introducing Sociocultural Perspectives
	2.14 Multicultural and Social JusticePerspectives
		Multicultural Perspectives
		Social Justice Perspectives
	2.15 Service User Perspectives
	2.16 Systems Perspectives
		Minuchin’s Structural Family Therapy
		Bowen’s Multigenerational Family Therapy
	2.17 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	2.18 So Many Perspectives!
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
3. Diagnosis, Formulation, and Assessment
	OVERVIEW
	3.1 Getting Started: Defining Diagnosis
		Case Examples
		Perspectives on Diagnosis
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES:DSM AND ICD
	3.2 DSM and ICD
		Who Writes Them?
		Historical Perspectives on ICD and DSM
		Current Versions
		Definition of Disorder
		Guidelines, Criteria, and Codes
		Reliability
		Validity
		Evaluating DSM and ICD
		Trends and Future
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES: ALTERNATIVES TO DSM AND ICD
	3.3 Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM)
		Distinguishing PDM from DSM and ICD
		PDM Axes
		Evaluating PDM
	3.4 Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
		Toward a Diagnostic System Based on Biomarkers
		RDoC’s Six Domains
		Evaluating RDoC
	3.5 Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)
		Defining HiTOP and Distinguishing it from DSM and ICD
		HiTOP and RDoC
		Evaluating HiTOP
	3.6 Power Threat Meaning Framework (PTMF)
		A Psychosocial Framework for Identifyingand Assessing Mental Distress
		Evaluating PTMF
		FORMULATION
	3.7 Formulation vs. Psychiatric Diagnosis
		Two Examples of Formulation
		Evaluating Formulation
		ASSESSMENT
	3.8 Introducing Assessment
	3.9 Clinical Interviews
		Unstructured Interviews
		Structured Interviews
		Interviews in DSM Diagnosis
	3.10 Personality Tests
		Objective Tests
		Projective Tests
		Cognitive-Behavioral Assessment
		Humanistic Assessment
	3.11 Intelligence Tests
	3.12 Neuropsychological and Neurological Tests
		Neuropsychological Tests
		Neurological Tests
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	3.13 Beware of Culture Bias
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
4. Psychosis
	OVERVIEW
	4.1 Getting Started: What Is Psychosis?
		Case Example
		Psychosis and Reality Contact
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	4.2 DSM and ICD
		Five Symptoms of Psychosis
		Specific Psychotic Disorders in DSMand ICD
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	4.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives on Psychosis
		PDM
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	4.4 From Dementia Praecox to Schizophrenia
		Morel, Kraepelin, and Dementia Praecox
		Bleuler Coins the Term “Schizophrenia”
	4.5 Early Twentieth-century Treatments
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	4.6 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
		Distinguishing the Dopamine Hypothesis from Antipsychotic Use
		Dopamine Hypothesis and Amphetamine Psychosis
		Aberrant Salience
		Dopamine and Antipsychotic Drugs
		Second- and Third-Generation Antipsychotics
		Glutamate Hypothesis
	4.7 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		Ventricle Size
		Decreased Brain Volume
	4.8 Genetic Perspectives
		Twin Studies
		Family Studies
		Adoption Studies
		Genetic Association Studies
	4.9 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Schizophrenia as Evolutionarily Advantageous
		Schizophrenia and Theory of Mind
	4.10 Immune System Perspectives
	4.11 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	4.12 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Classic Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Views of Schizophrenia
		Modern Psychodynamic Therapy for Schizophrenia
	4.13 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Cognitive and Behavioral Assumptions about Psychosis
		Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp)
		Syndrome vs. Symptom Approaches inCBTp
		Evaluating CBTp
	4.14 Humanistic Perspectives
		Psychosis as a Meaningful Extreme State
		Pre-therapy
		Narrative Therapy
		Impoverished Narratives and Difficulty with Metacognition
	4.15 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	4.16 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Inequality and Adversity
		Ethnic and Racial Factors
	4.17 Service User Perspectives
		Stigma of Psychosis
		Consumer Groups vs. Survivor Groups
	4.18 Systems Perspectives
		Family Systems and Psychosis
		Community Care Approaches
	4.19 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	4.20 Caring for Those Experiencing Psychosis
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
5. Depression and Mania
	OVERVIEW
	5.1 Getting Started: The Highs and Lows of Mood
		Case Examples
		Depression and Mania
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	5.2 DSM and ICD
		Types of Mood Episodes
		Specific Mood and Bipolar Disorders
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	5.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives on Mood Problems
		PDM
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	5.4 Ancient Greece through the Renaissance
		Melancholia in Ancient Greece
		Acedia and Melancholia in the Early Christian Era and Renaissance
	5.5 Evolving Views during the Nineteenthand Twentieth Centuries
		Industrialization, Depleted Nervous Systems, and Neurasthenia
		From Kraepelin to Modern Conceptions of Depression and Mania
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	5.6 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression and Antidepressants
		Glutamate Hypothesis of Depression and New Kinds of Drug Treatments
		Herbal Remedies for Depression
		Mood Stabilizers and Bipolar Disorder
	5.7 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		Brain Areas Linked to Depression and Bipolar Disorder
		Non-Drug Brain Treatments for Depression
	5.8 Genetic Perspectives
		Family and Twin Studies
		Genetic Association Studies
	5.9 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Depression as Evolved Adaptation
		Circadian Rhythms and Bipolar Disorder
	5.10 Immune System Perspectives
	5.11 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	5.12 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Classic Psychoanalytic and Attachment Perspectives
		Short-Term Interpersonal and Psychodynamic Therapies for Depression
		Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy for Mania
	5.13 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression
		Learned Helplessness
		CBT Assessment and Therapy for Depression
		CBT and Mania
	5.14 Humanistic Perspectives
		Person-Centered Therapy
		Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
	5.15 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	5.16 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Context and Culture in Mood Problems
		Socioeconomic Inequality and Depression
		Gender and Depression
	5.17 Service User Perspectives
		The Experience of Depression
		Stigma
	5.18 Systems Perspectives
		Relationship Problems and Expressed Emotion
		Family Therapies
	5.19 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	5.20 The Wide-Ranging Relevance of Mood
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
6. Anxiety, Obsessions, and Compulsions
	OVERVIEW
	6.1 Getting Started: Anxiety, Fear, Obsessions, and Compulsions
		Case Examples
		Defining Anxiety, Fear, Obsessions, and Compulsions
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	6.2 DSM and ICD
		Anxiety Disorders
		Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	6.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives
		PDM-2
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	6.4 Ancient Greece through the Renaissance
	6.5 Eighteenth through Twentieth Centuries
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	6.6 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Anxiety
		Obsessions and Compulsions
	6.7 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		Anxiety and Fear
		Obsessions and Compulsions
	6.8 Genetic Perspectives
		Anxiety
		Obsessions and Compulsions
	6.9 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Anxiety as Adaptive
		Prepared Conditioning
		Malfunctioning Mental Mechanisms
		Group Selection
		Evaluating Evolutionary Perspectives
	6.10 Immune System Perspectives
		Inflammation
		The Gut
	6.11 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	6.12 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Classic Freudian Case Studies
		Unconscious Impulses and Anxiety
		Insecure Attachments and OCD
		Unified Psychodynamic Protocol for Anxiety Disorders (UPP-ANXIETY)
	6.13 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		CBT Conceptualizations of Anxiety and Panic
		CBT Conceptualizations of Obsessions and Compulsions
		Common CBT Interventions for Anxiety, Obsessions, and Compulsions
	6.14 Humanistic Perspectives
		Person-Centered Therapy
		Existential Perspectives
		Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
		Effectiveness of Humanistic-Existential Therapies
	6.15 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	6.16 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Cultural Differences in the Expression of Anxiety
		Economic Conditions and Anxiety
		Gender and Anxiety
	6.17 Service User Perspectives
	6.18 Systems Perspectives
		Expressed Emotion and Accommodation
		Structural Family Therapy for Generalized Anxiety
	6.19 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	6.20 Anxiety and Fear as Uniquely Human
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
7. Trauma, Stress, and Loss
	OVERVIEW
	7.1 Getting Started: The Impact of Trauma, Stress, and Loss
		Case Examples
		Defining Trauma, Stress, Bereavement,Grief, and Dissociation
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	7.2 DSM and ICD
		Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	7.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives
		PDM-2
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	7.4 Early Clinical Descriptions of Trauma
	7.5 Traumatic Neurosis
	7.6 War Neurasthenia and Shell Shock
	7.7 The Emergence of PTSD as a Diagnosis
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	7.8 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Posttraumatic Stress
		Adjustment
		Prolonged Grief
	7.9 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		Hippocampus
		Amygdala and Medial Prefrontal Cortex
		Autonomic Nervous System and HPA Axis
	7.10 Genetic Perspectives
		Heritability of Trauma and Stress
		Candidate Genes in Trauma and Stress
		Bereavement
	7.11 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Trauma and Stress
		Bereavement and Grief
	7.12 Immune System Perspectives
	7.13 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	7.14 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Personality Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress
		Freud and Breuer’s Influence on Modern Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Posttraumatic Stress
		Adjustment and Attachment
		Bereavement
	7.15 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Behavioral Perspectives
		Cognitive and CBT Perspectives on Posttraumatic Stress
	7.16 Humanistic Perspectives
		Person-Centered Therapy
		Meaning Reconstruction following Trauma and Loss
		Posttraumatic Growth
	7.17 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	7.18 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Sociocultural Factors and Posttraumatic Stress
		Cross-Cultural Differences in Bereavement
	7.19 Service User Perspectives
		Posttraumatic Stress
		Adjustment Issues
		Prolonged Grief
	7.20 Systems Perspectives
		Group Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress
		Couples and Family Therapy Approaches
	7.21 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	7.22 Erase Trauma, Loss, And Grief?
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
8. Dissociation and Somatic Complaints
	OVERVIEW
	8.1 Getting Started: Dissociation, Somatic Symptoms, and Stress
		Case Examples
		The Posttraumatic Model
		Defining Dissociation and Somatic Complaints
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	8.2 DSM and ICD
		Dissociative Disorders
		Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
		Evaluating DSM And ICD Perspectives
	8.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives
		PDM-2
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	8.4 Hysteria and the Wandering Womb
	8.5 Sydenham, Briquet, and Charcot on Hysteria
		Sydenham, Briquet, and Briquet’s Syndrome
		Charcot, La Belle Indifférence, and Hypnosis
	8.6 Janet and Dissociation
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	8.7 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Dissociation
		Somatic Symptoms
	8.8 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		Dissociation
		Somatic Symptoms
	8.9 Genetic Perspectives
		Genetics of Dissociation
		Genetics of Somatic Symptoms
	8.10 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Evolutionary Explanations of Dissociation
		Evolutionary Explanations of Somatic Symptoms
	8.11 Immune System Perspectives
		Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Vulnerability to Illness
		The Negative Effect of Stress on Lymphocytes
	8.12 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	8.13 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Primary vs. Secondary Gain
		Dissociation as Response to Trauma
		Somatic Symptoms due to Unconscious Conflicts and Problematic Attachments
	8.14 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives on Dissociation
		Cognitive and Behavioral Perspectives on Somatic Symptoms/Bodily Distress
		Biofeedback for Psychosomatic Illnesses
	8.15 Humanistic Perspectives
		Dissociation as Meaningful and Adaptive Strategy
		Somatic Symptoms and the Need toIntegrate Bodily Awareness
	8.16 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	8.17 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Cross-Cultural Differences and the Riskof Culture Bias
		The Sociocognitive Model of Dissociative Identity Disorder
	8.18 Service User Perspectives
		Dissociation, Abuse, and Stigma
		Stigma and Somatic Symptoms
	8.19 Systems Perspectives
		Family Systems Perspectives on Dissociation
		Family Systems Perspectives on Somatic Symptoms
	8.20 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	8.21 Dissociation and Somatic Symptoms as Elusive yet Intriguing
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
9. Feeding and Eating Problems
	OVERVIEW
	9.1 Getting Started: Feeding vs. EatingProblems
		Case Examples
		Can We Distinguish Feeding from Eating Problems?
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	9.2 DSM and ICD
		Anorexia and Bulimia
		Binge-Eating Disorder (BED)
		Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
		Pica
		Rumination Disorder
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	9.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives
		PDM-2
		HiTOP
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	9.4 Anorexia, Bulimia, and Binge Eating
	9.5 Pica
	9.6 Rumination
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	9.7 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Monoamine Neurotransmitters
		Psychopharmacology for Eating Problems
		Psychopharmacology for Feeding Problems
	9.8 Brain Structure and Function Perspectives
		The Hypothalamus and the HPA Axis
		Reward Pathway Disturbances
		Other Brain Correlates
	9.9 Genetic Perspectives
		Family and Twin Studies
		Genetic Marker Research
	9.10 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Evolutionary Explanations of Anorexia and Bulimia
		Evolution and Binge Eating
		Critique of Evolutionary Perspectives
	9.11 Immune System Perspectives
	9.12 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	9.13 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Personality Factors Associated with Eating Problems
		Early Psychoanalytic Conceptualizations of Anorexia
		Modern Psychodynamic Approaches
		Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
	9.14 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Behavioral Interventions
		Enhanced Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT-E)
		Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for ARFID (CBT-AR)
		Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
	9.15 Humanistic Perspectives
		Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT)
		Narrative Therapy
	9.16 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	9.17 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		The Western Ideal of Thinness
		Socioeconomic Status
		Race and Ethnicity
		Gender and the Media
		Cultural Pica
	9.18 Service User Perspectives
		Stigma
		Levels of Care
	9.19 Systems Perspectives
		Psychosomatic Families
		Family-Based Treatment (FBT) for Anorexia and Bulimia
	9.20 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	9.21 Are Feeding and Eating Problems Culture-Bound?
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
	CHAPTER SUMMARY
10. Sexual Functioning and GenderIdentity
	OVERVIEW
	10.1 Getting Started: What Is “Normal” Sexual Behavior?
		Case Examples
		Sex, Gender, and Values
		Sex and Gender: Basic Terms
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	10.2 DSM and ICD
		Sexual Dysfunctions
		Paraphilias and Paraphilic Disorders
		Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
		Compulsive Sexual Disorder
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	10.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives
		PDM-2
		HiTOP and RDoC
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	10.4 The Medicalization of Sexual Deviance
	10.5 Asking People about Their Sex Lives
		The Kinsey Reports
		The Hite and Janus Reports
	10.6 Masters and Johnson on the Sexual Response Cycle
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	10.7 Brain Chemistry (and Hormonal) Perspectives
		Sexual Dysfunctions
		Paraphilias
		Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
	10.8 Brain Structure and Function (and Anatomical) Perspectives
		Sexual Dysfunctions
		Paraphilias
		Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
	10.9 Genetic Perspectives
		Sexual Dysfunction
		Paraphilias
		Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence
	10.10 Evolutionary Perspectives
	10.11 Immune System Explanations
	10.12 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	10.13 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Classic Freud
		Paraphilias as Hostile Fantasies
		Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) for Transgender Clients
	10.14 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Behavioral Perspectives on Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
		Cognitive Perspectives on Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias
		Transgender-Affirmative CBT
	10.15 Humanistic Perspectives
		Critique of Medicalization of Sexuality
		Experiential Sex Therapy
	10.16 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		Sexual Dysfunctions
		Paraphilic Disorders and Sex Offenders
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	10.17 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		The New View Critique and Reconceptualization of Sexual Dysfunctions
		Transgender Affirmative Therapists: Gatekeepers or Advocates?
	10.18 Service User Perspectives
		Programs for Sexual Offenders
		Transgender Support and Advocacy Groups
	10.19 Systems Perspectives
		Sexual Complaints as Expressions of Couple and Family Dynamics
		Family Systems Approaches with Sexual Minority Youth
	10.20 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	10.21 Sexuality as Socially Constructed?
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
11. Substance Use and Addiction
	OVERVIEW
	11.1 Getting Started: Substance Use andOther Behaviors as Addictive?
		Case Examples
		Basic Terms: Addiction, Abuse, and Dependence
	11.2 Types of Drugs Common in Substance Use Issues
		Depressants
		Stimulants
		Opioids
		Hallucinogens
		Cannabis
	11.3 Polydrug Use: Using More than One Drug
		Polydrug Use
		Cross-Tolerance
		Synergistic Effects
	11.4 Beyond Substances: Behavioral Addictions
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	11.5 DSM and ICD
		Abuse vs. Dependence: A Distinction only ICD Still Makes
		DSM-5-TR: Substance Use Disorder
		Gambling Disorder and Gaming Disorder
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	11.6 HiTOP
	11.7 PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	11.8 Drug Use throughout Human History
	11.9 Moral vs. Illness Models of Addiction
	11.10 The Founding of Alcoholics Anonymous
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	11.11 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Dopamine Hypotheses of Addiction
		Other Neurotransmitters
		Comparable Neurochemistry in Behavioral vs. Substance Addictions?
		Drug Interventions for Addiction
		Drugs to Treat Addiction and Prevent Relapse
		Drug Replacement Therapies
	11.12 Brain Structure Perspectives
	11.13 Genetic Perspectives
		Heritability of Addiction
		Candidate Genes
	11.14 Evolutionary Perspectives
	11.15 Immune System Perspectives
	11.16 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	11.17 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		The Self-Medication Hypothesis
		The Addictive Personality
	11.18 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Contingency Management
		Social Skills Training
		Relapse Prevention
		Cognitive Therapy
	11.19 Humanistic Perspectives
	11.20 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	11.21 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Poverty, Discrimination, and Substance Use
		Prevention and Early Intervention Programs
		Therapeutic Communities
	11.22 Service User Perspectives
		Stigma
		Alcoholics Anonymous and Other12-Step Programs
	11.23 Systems Perspectives
	11.24 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	11.25 How Do I Know If I’m Addicted?
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
12. Personality Issues
	OVERVIEW
	12.1 Getting Started: What Is Personality?
		Case Examples
		Defining and Measuring Personality
		Traits and Personality Disorder
		The Five-Factor Model of Personality
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	12.2 DSM and ICD
		DSM-5-TR’s Ten Personality Disorder Categories
		DSM-5-TR’s Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD)
		ICD-11’s Complete Overhaul: A Fully Dimensional Approach
		EVALUATING DSM AND ICD PERSPECTIVES
	12.3 HiTOP
	12.4 PDM-2
	12.5 PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	12.6 Personality and Bodily Humors
	12.7 Moral Insanity and Psychopathic Personalities
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	12.8 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Neurotransmitters and Personality Disorders
		Polypharmacy and Non-Specificity of Drug Treatments
		Medication for Personality Disorders:Debate over Effectiveness and Use
	12.9 Brain Structure Perspectives
		Brain Volume in Antisocial, Borderline,and Obsessive-Compulsive PDs
		Schizotypal Personality Disorder
	12.10 Genetic Perspectives
		Heritability of Personality Disorders
		Candidate Genes
	12.11 Evolutionary Perspectives
	12.12 Immune System Perspectives
	12.13 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	12.14 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Attachment and Object Relations Approaches
		Research on Structured Psychodynamic Therapies
	12.15 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Schema Therapy
		Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
	12.16 Humanistic Perspectives
		Recasting “Personality Disorders” as Fragile Process
		Research Evidence for Person-Centered Therapy
	12.17 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	12.18 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Personality Disorders: Culturally Universal or Culturally Relative?
		Gender Bias, Trauma, Socioeconomic Disadvantage, and Racism
	12.19 Service User Perspectives
		Stigma
		Service User/Survivor Perspectives
	12.20 Systems Perspectives
		Family Systems and Personality Issues
		Couples and Family DBT for Borderline Personality
	12.21 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	12.22 Can Personality Be Disordered?
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
13. Disruptive Behavior and Attachment
	OVERVIEW
	13.1 Getting Started: How Do Developmental Problems Impact Behavior?
		Case Examples
		Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors
		DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES
	13.2 DSM and ICD
		Disruptive Behavior
		Social Connection and Attachment Issues
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives
	13.3 Other Diagnostic Perspectives onDisruptive Behavior and Attachment Issues
		HiTOP and RDoC
		PDM
		PTMF
		HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
	13.4 History of ADHD
		Eighteenth Century: Identifying “Lack of Attention” as a Medical Condition
		Nineteenth Century: Hoffman’s “Fidgety Philip”
		Early Twentieth Century: AttentionDisorders, Lack of Moral Control, and Hyperkinetic Disease
	13.5 History of Autism
		Leo Kanner and Autism
		Hans Asperger and Asperger’s Syndrome
		The Refrigerator Mother Theory of Autism
		BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	13.6 Brain Chemistry Perspectives
		Disruptive Behavior
		Autism
	13.7 Brain Structure Perspectives
		Disruptive Behavior
		Autism
	13.8 Genetic Perspectives
		Disruptive Behavior
		Autism
	13.9 Evolutionary Perspectives
		Attention-Deficits and Hyperactivity
		Autism
	13.10 Immune System Perspectives
		Inflammation in ADHD and ASD
		Autoimmune Issues in ADHD and ASD
		Viral Theory of ASD
	13.11 Evaluating Biological Perspectives
		PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
	13.12 Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Disruptive Behavior
		Autism
	13.13 Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
		Disruptive Behavior
		Autism
	13.14 Humanistic Perspectives
		Person-Centered Perspectives
		Narrative Therapy
	13.15 Evaluating Psychological Perspectives
		Behavior Therapy versus Drugs for ADHD
		Psychological Therapies for Autism
		SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
	13.16 Cross-Cultural and Social Justice Perspectives
		Cultural and Social Influences
		Environmental Factors
	13.17 Service User Perspectives
		Stigma
		Identity and Asperger’s
	13.18 Systems Perspectives
	13.19 Evaluating Sociocultural Perspectives
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	13.20 Neurodiversity
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
14. Cognitive, Communication, and Motor Problems
	OVERVIEW
	14.1 Getting Started: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Issues
		INTELLECTUAL AND LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
		Case Examples: Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
	14.2 DSM and ICD Perspectives onIntellectual and Learning Difficulties
		Intellectual Development Disorder
		Learning Disorders
	14.3 Historical Perspectives on Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
	14.4 Biological Perspectives on Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
		Intellectual Disabilities
		Learning Disorders
	14.5 Psychological Perspectives on Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
		Intellectual Disabilities
		Learning Disorders
	14.6 Sociocultural Perspectives on Intellectual and Learning Difficulties
		Intellectual Disabilities
		Learning Disorders
		MOTOR PROBLEMS
		Case Example: Motor Problems
	14.7 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Motor Problems
	14.8 Historical Perspectives on Motor Problems
	14.9 Biological Perspectives on Motor Problems
		Genetics, Brain Chemistry, and Brain Structure in Tic Disorders
		Tics and Immune System Dysfunction
		Biological Interventions
	14.10 Psychological Perspectives on Motor Problems
		Behavior Therapies
		Cognitive Therapies
	14.11 Sociocultural Perspectives on Motor Problems
		COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS
	14.12 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Communication Problems
		Case Example: Communication Problems
	14.13 Biological Perspectives on Communication Problems
		Genetics and Stuttering
		Dopamine and Drug Treatments
	14.14 Psychological Perspectives on Communication Problems
		Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
		Constructivist Therapy and Stuttering Relapse
	14.15 Sociocultural Perspectives on Communication Problems
		DELIRIUM AND DEMENTIA
		Case Example: Delirium and Dementia
	14.16 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Delirium and Dementia
	14.17 Historical Perspectives on Delirium and Dementia
	14.18 Biological Perspectives on Delirium and Dementia
		The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
		Genetics of Alzheimer’s
		Drugs Prescribed for Alzheimer’s
	14.19 Psychological Perspectives on Deliriumand Dementia
		Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Alzheimer’s Disease
		Other Interventions: Physical Activity,Pre-Therapy, and Person-Centered Care
	14.20 Sociocultural Perspectives on Deliriumand Dementia
		Social Factors and Dementia
		Day Care and Long-Term Care
		Culture, Context, and Dementia
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	14.21 The Growing Prevalence of Dementia
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
15. Sleep and Elimination Difficulties
	OVERVIEW
	15.1 Getting Started: Introducing Sleep and Elimination Issues
		SLEEP DISTURBANCES
		Case Examples: Sleep Disturbances
	15.2 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
		Insomnia, Hypersomnia, and Narcolepsy
		Parasomnias
		Evaluating DSM and ICD Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
	15.3 Historical Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
	15.4 Biological Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
		The Sleep Cycle
		Biological Explanations and Drugs for Sleep Disturbances
		Drug Treatments for Hypersomnia and Narcolepsy
	15.5 Psychological Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
		Psychodynamic Theory and Nightmares
		Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
	15.6 Sociocultural Perspectives on Sleep Disturbances
		ELIMINATION ISSUES
		Case Examples: Elimination Issues
	15.7 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Elimination Issues
		Enuresis and Encopresis
		Criticisms of DSM and ICD Perspectives
	15.8 Historical Perspectives on Elimination Issues
	15.9 Biological Perspectives on Elimination Issues
		Genetics and Enuresis
		Drug Treatments for Enuresis
	15.10 Psychological Perspectives on Elimination Issues
		Behavior Therapy for Enuresis
		Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for Encopresis
		Psychodynamic and Humanistic Alternatives
	15.11 Sociocultural Perspectives on Elimination Issues
		Culture, Stigma, and Socioeconomic Impact
		Family Systems Approaches
		Alternative Therapies
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	15.12 Infinite Variety in Presenting Problems
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
16. Suicide, Ethics, and Law
	OVERVIEW
	16.1 Getting Started: Self-Harm and Other Ethical and Legal Dilemmas
		PERSPECTIVES ON SUICIDE
	16.2 Suicide: Definition, Types, and Prevalence
		Case Example
		Defining Suicide
		Subintentional Death (Indirect Suicide)
		How Many People Die by Suicide?
	16.3 Historical Perspectives on Suicide
	16.4 DSM and ICD Perspectives on Suicide
	16.5 Biological Perspectives on Suicide
		The Search for Suicide Biomarkers
		Medication for Suicide Prevention
	16.6 Psychological Perspectives on Suicide
		Psychodynamic Perspectives
		Cognitive-Behavioral (CBT) Perspectives
		Humanistic Perspectives
	16.7 Sociocultural Perspectives on Suicide
		Durkheim and the Sociology of Suicide
		Demographic Factors and Suicide
		Social Contagion and Suicide
	16.8 Preventing Suicide
		Suicide Prevention Programs
		Can We Predict Suicide?
		ETHICAL PERSPECTIVES
	16.9 Professional Ethics Codes
	16.10 Informed Consent
	16.11 Confidentiality and Privilege
		Case Example
		Confidentiality
		Privilege
	16.12 Competence
	16.13 Conflicts of Interest
	16.14 Access to Care
		Barriers to Care
		Enhancing Access via E-Mental Health
		LEGAL PERSPECTIVES
	16.15 The Insanity Defense
		Insanity and the Insanity Defense as Legal Terms
		Historical Origins of the Insanity Defense
		Legal Tests of Insanity
		Insanity Defense Reform Act
		Guilty But Mentally Ill
		The Insanity Defense Around the World
		Evaluating the Insanity Defense
	16.16 Competence to Stand Trial
		Case Example
		What Is Competence to Stand Trial?
		Competence to Stand Trial: Practical and Ethical Challenges
	16.17 Civil Commitment
		Case Example
		Temporary Commitment
		Extended Commitment
		Involuntary Outpatient Commitment (IOC)
		Debate over Civil Commitment
	16.18 Right to Refuse Treatment
		Why Might a Patient Refuse Treatment?
		What Happens when a Patient Refuses Treatment?
		Debate Surrounding Right to Refuse Treatment
	16.19 Right to Treatment
	16.20 Duty to Protect
		Case Example
		The Tarasoff Case and Duty to Protect
		CLOSING THOUGHTS
	16.21 Ethical and Legal Dilemmas: The Case of Suicide
		EPILOGUE
		CHAPTER SUMMARY
		Appendix: Diagnosing the Case Examples
		Glossary
		References
		Name Index
		Subject Index