Psychology: frontiers and applications sixth canadian Justin Trudeau fascist mangina series Atkinson, Michael L., Mitchell, John B., Passer, Michael W., Smith, Ronald Edward

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BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF BEHAVIOUR
	The Nature of Psychology
		Psychology\'s Scientific Approach
		Thinking Critically about Behaviour
		Psychology\'s Goals
		Psychology as a Basic and Applied Science
		Psychology\'s Broad Scope: A Simple Framework
	Perspectives on Behaviour
		Psychology\'s Intellectual Roots
		Early Schools: Structuralism and Functionalism
		The Psychodynamic Perspective: The Forces Within
		The Behavioural Perspective: The Power of the Environment
		The Humanistic Perspective: Self-Actualization and Positive Psychology
		The Cognitive Perspective: The Thinking Human
		The Sociocultural Perspective: The Embedded Human
	Research Foundations: Would You Marry Someone You Didn\'t Love?
		The Biological Perspective: The Brain, Genes, and Evolution
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Imaging Studies
	Using Levels of Analysis to Integrate The Perspectives
	Frontiers: Culture, Language, and Behaviour
		An Example: Understanding Depression
		Summary of Major Themes
	Psychology Today
	Applications: Academic Performance Enhancement Strategies
CHAPTER 2 STUDYING BEHAVIOUR SCIENTIFICALLY
	Scientific Principles in Psychology
		Scientific Attitudes
	Research Foundations: Bystander Intervention
		Gathering Evidence: Steps in the Scientific Process
		Two Approaches to Understanding Behaviour
		Defining and Measuring Variables
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of the Human Brain at Work
	Methods of Research
		Descriptive Research: Recording Events
		Correlational Research: Measuring Associations between Events
		Experiments: Examining Cause and Effect
	Threats to the Validity of Research
		Confounding of Variables
		Placebo Effects
		Experimenter Expectancy Effects
		Replicating and Generalizing the Findings
	Frontiers: Does Esp Exist?
	Ethical Principles in Human and Animal Research
		Ethical Standards in Human Research
		Ethical Standards in Animal Research
	Critical Thinking in Science and Everyday Life
	Applications: Evaluating Claims in Research and Everyday Life
CHAPTER 3 BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR
	The Neural Bases of Behaviour
		Neurons
		The Electrical Activity of Neurons
		How Neurons Communicate: Synaptic Transmission
	Applications: Understanding How Drugs Affect Your Brain
	The Nervous System
		The Peripheral Nervous System
		The Central Nervous System
	Research Foundations: Wilder Penfield and a Cortical Map
		The Hierarchical Brain: Structures and Behavioural Functions
	Frontiers: Mirror Neurons and Autism Spectrum Disorder
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Music
CHAPTER 5 GENES, EVOLUTION, AND BEHAVIOUR
	Genetic Influences
		Chromosomes and Genes
	Focus on Neuroscience: Early Experience, Epigenetics, and Adolescence
		Behaviour Genetics Techniques
	Applications: Gene Therapy and Genetic Counselling
	Genetic Influences on Behaviour
		Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence
		Biological Reaction Range, the Environment, Personality, and Intelligence
	Evolution and Behaviour
		Evolution of Adaptive Mechanisms
		Evolution and Human Nature
		Evolutionary Psychology
	Frontiers: Heritability, Evolution, and Politics
	Research Foundations: Gender Differences in the Ideal Mate
	How Not to Think about Behaviour Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology
CHAPTER 5 SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
	Sensory Processes
		Stimulus Detection: The Absolute Threshold
		Signal Detection Theory
	Focus on NeuroscienceThe Neuroscience of Subliminal Perception and Prosopagnosia
		The Difference Threshold
		Sensory Adaptation
	The Sensory Systems
		Vision
		Audition
		Taste and Smell: The Chemical Senses
		The Skin and Body Senses
	Frontiers: Sensory Prosthetics: Restoring Lost Function
	Perception: The Creation of Experience
		Perception Is Selective: The Role of Attention
		Perceptions Have Organization and Structure
		Perception Involves Hypothesis Testing
	Applications: Mona Lisa\'s Smile
		Perception Is Influenced by Expectations: Perceptual Sets
		Stimuli Are Recognizable under Changing Conditions: Perceptual Constancies
	Perception of Depth, Distance, and Movement
		Depth and Distance Perception
		Perception of Movement
	Illusions: False Perceptual Hypotheses
	Experience, Critical Periods, and Perceptual Development
	Research Foundations: Critical Periods: The Role of Early Experience
		Cross-Cultural Research on Perception
		Restored Sensory Capacity
CHAPTER 6 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
	The Puzzle of Consciousness
		Measuring States of Consciousness
		Levels of Consciousness: Psychodynamic and Cognitive Perspectives
	Frontiers: Detecting Awareness
		The Neural Basis of Consciousness
	Circadian Rhythms: Our Daily Biological Clocks
		Keeping Time: Brain and Environment
		Environmental Disruptions of Circadian Rhythms
	Sleep and Dreaming
		Stages of Sleep
		Getting a Night\'s Sleep: Brain and Environment
		How Much Do We Sleep?
		Sleep Deprivation
	Applications: A Good Night\'s Sleep
		Why Do We Sleep?
		Sleep Disorders
		The Nature of Dreams
	Focus on Neuroscience: Dreams and Daydreams
	Drugs and Altered Consciousness
		Drugs and the Brain
		Tolerance and Withdrawal
		Depressants
	Research Foundations: Drinking and Driving: Decision Making in Altered States
		Stimulants
		Opiates
		Hallucinogens
		Marijuana
		From Genes to Culture: Determinants of Drug Effects
	Hypnosis
		The Scientific Study of Hypnosis
		Hypnotic Behaviours and Experiences
		Theories of Hypnosis
	Some Final Thoughts
CHAPTER 7 LEARNING AND ADAPTATION: THE ROLE OF EXPERIENCE
	Adapting to the Environment
		How Do We Learn? The Search for Mechanisms
		Habituation and Sensitization
	Classical Conditioning: Associating One Stimulus with Another
		Pavlov\'s Pioneering Research
		Basic Principles
		Applications: of Classical Conditioning
	Applications: Learning, Virtual Reality, and Therapy
	Operant Conditioning: Learning through Consequences
		Thorndike\'s Law of Effect
		Skinner\'s Analysis of Operant Conditioning
		Antecedent Conditions: Identifying When to Respond
		Consequences: Determining How to Respond
		Shaping and Chaining: Taking One Step at a Time
		Generalization and Discrimination
		Schedules of Reinforcement
		Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
		Applications: of Operant Conditioning
	Biology and Learning
		Constraints on Classical Conditioning: Learned Taste Aversions
		Are We Biologically Prepared to Fear Certain Things?
		Constraints on Operant Conditioning: Animals That \"Won\'t Shape Up\"
		Learning and the Brain
	Cognition and Learning
		Insight and Cognitive Maps
	Focus on Neuroscience: Place Cells and Cognitive Maps
		Cognition in Classical Conditioning
	Frontiers: Animal Cognition
		Cognition in Operant Conditioning
	Observational Learning: When Others Pave The Way
		Bandura\'s Social-Cognitive Theory
	Research Foundations: Using Social-Cognitive Learning Theory to Prevent AIDS: A National Experiment
CHAPTER 8 MEMORY
	Memory as Information Processing
		A Three-Component Model
	Research Foundations: In Search of the Icon
	Encoding: Entering Information
		Effortful and Automatic Processing
		Levels of Processing: When Deeper Is Better
		Exposure and Rehearsal
		Organization and Imagery
		How Prior Knowledge Shapes Encoding
	Storage: Retaining Information
		Memory as a Network
		Types of Long-Term Memory
	Retrieval: Accessing Information
		The Value of Multiple and Self-Generated Cues
		The Value of Distinctiveness
		Context, State, and Mood Effects on Memory
	Applications: Improving Memory and Academic Learning
	Forgetting
		The Course of Forgetting
		Why Do We Forget?
		Amnesia
		Forgetting to Do Things: Prospective Memory
	Frontiers: Methods to Enhance Memory
	Memory as a Constructive Process
		Memory Distortion and Schemas
		The Misinformation Effect and Eyewitness Testimony
		The \"Recovered Memory\" Controversy: Repression or Reconstruction?
	The Biology of Memory
		Sensory and Working Memory
		Long-Term Memory
	Focus on Neuroscience: How Are Memories Formed?
CHAPTER 9 LANGUAGE AND THINKING
	Language
		Adaptive Functions of Language
		Properties of Language
		The Structure of Language
		Understanding and Producing Language
		Acquiring a First Language
		Bilingualism: Learning a Second Language
		Linguistic Influences on Thinking
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Bilingual Brain
	Frontiers: Can Animals Acquire Human Language?
	Thinking
		Thought, Brain, and Mind
		Concepts and Propositions
		Reasoning
		Problem Solving
		Knowledge, Expertise, and Wisdom
	Applications: Guidelines for Creative Problem Solving
		Mental Imagery
		Metacognition: Knowing Your Own Cognitive Abilities
	Research Foundations: \"Why Did I Get That Wrong?\" Improving Students\' Awareness of Whether They Understand Text Material
CHAPTER 10 INTELLIGENCE
	Intelligence in Historical Perspective
		Sir Francis Galton: Quantifying Mental Ability
		Alfred Binet\'s Mental Tests
		Binet\'s Legacy: An Intelligence-Testing Industry Emerges
	The Nature of Intelligence
		The Psychometric Approach: The Structure of Intellect
		Cognitive Process Approaches: The Nature of Intelligent Thinking
		Broader Conceptions of Intelligence: Beyond Mental Competencies
	The Measurement of Intelligence
		Increasing the Informational Yield from Intelligence Tests
		Theory-Based Intelligence Tests
		Should We Test for Aptitude or Achievement?
		Psychometric Standards for Intelligence Tests
		Assessing Intelligence in Non-Western Cultures
	Focus on Neuroscience: Brain Size and Intelligence
	Heredity, Environment, and Intelligence
	Group Differences in Intelligence
	Applications: Early-Childhood Interventions: A Means of Boosting Intelligence?
		Ethnic Group Differences
		Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities
	Research Foundations: Effects of Hormonal Fluctuations on Perceptual and Motor Skills
	Extremes of Intelligence
		The Intellectually Gifted
	Frontiers: Musical Training and Auditory Processing
		The Intellectually Disabled
		A Concluding Thought
CHAPTER 11 MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
	Perspectives on Motivation
		Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psychology
		Homeostasis and Drive Theory
		Incentive and Expectancy Theories
		Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theories
	Hunger and Weight Regulation
		The Physiology of Hunger
	Focus on Neuroscience: Brain Activation and Food Cues
		Psychological Aspects of Hunger
		Environmental and Cultural Factors
		Obesity
	Applications: The Battle to Control Eating and Weight
	Sexual Motivation
		Sexual Behaviour: Patterns and Changes
		The Physiology of Sex
		The Psychology of Sex
		Cultural and Environmental Influences
		Sexual Orientation
	Achievement Motivation
		The Thrill of Victory, the Agony of Defeat
		Achievement Goal Theory
		Achievement Needs and Situational Factors
		Family and Cultural Influences
	Motivational Conflict
	The Nature and Functions of Emotion
		The Adaptive Value of Emotion
		The Nature of Emotion
	Frontiers: A New Emotion?
	Theories of Emotion
		The James-Lange Somatic Theory
		The Cannon-Bard Theory
		Cognitive-Affective Theories
	Research Foundations: Cognition-Arousal Relations
CHAPTER 12 DEVELOPMENT OVER THE LIFESPAN
	Prenatal Development
		Genetics and Sex Determination
		Environmental Influences
	Infancy and Childhood
		The Amazing Newborn
		Sensory-Perceptual Development
		Physical, Brain, and Motor Development
		Cognitive Development
		Social-Emotional and Personality Development
	Frontiers: Social Media and Social Development
	Applications: Understanding How Divorce and Remarriage Affect Children
		Moral Development
	Adolescence and Adulthood
		Physical Development
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of the Teenage Brain
		Cognitive Development
		Social-Emotional and Personality Development
	Research Foundations: What Does It Take to Become an Adult?
CHAPTER 13 BEHAVIOUR IN A SOCIAL CONTEXT
	Social Thinking and Perception
		Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behaviour
		Forming and Maintaining Impressions
		Attitudes and Attitude Change
	Social Influence
		The Mere Presence of Others
		Social Norms: The Rules of the Game
		Conformity and Obedience
	Research Foundations: The Dilemma of Obedience: When Conscience Confronts Malevolent Authority
		Crowd Behaviour and Deindividuation
		Group Influences on Performance and Decision Making
	Social Relations
		Affiliation and Interpersonal Attraction
		Love
		Prejudice and Discrimination
	Applications:Making Close Relationships Work: Lessons from Psychological Research
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Stereotyping
		Prosocial Behaviour: Helping Others
		Aggression: Harming Others
	Frontiers: Do Violent Video Games Promote Aggression?
CHAPTER 14 PERSONALITY
	What Is Personality?
	The Psychodynamic Perspective
		Freud\'s Psychoanalytic Theory
	Frontiers: Attachment Style and Abusive Romantic Relationships
		Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory
	The Humanistic Perspective
		George Kelly\'s Personal Construct Theory
		Carl Rogers\'s Self Theory
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neurobiology of the Self
		Research on the Self
		Evaluating Humanistic Theories
	Trait and Biological Perspectives
		Cattell\'s Sixteen Personality Factors
		Eysenck\'s Extraversion-Stability Model
		The Five Factor Model
		Traits and Behaviour Prediction
		Biological Foundations of Personality Traits
		The Stability of Personality Traits
		Evaluating the Trait Approach
	Social Cognitive Theories
		Julian Rotter: Expectancy, Reinforcement Value, and Locus of Control
		Albert Bandura: The Social Cognitive Perspective and Self-Efficacy
	Research Foundations: Albert Bandura, Human Agency, and the Social Cognitive Perspective
	Applications:Increasing Self-Efficacy through Systematic Goal Setting
		Walter Mischel: The Consistency Paradox and If … Then … Behaviour Consistencies
		Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories
	Personality Assessment
		Interviews
		Behavioural Assessment
		Remote Behaviour Sampling
		Personality Scales
		Projective Tests
		Personality Theory and Personality Assessment
CHAPTER 15 STRESS, COPING, AND HEALTH
	The Nature of Stress
		Stressors
		The Stress Response
		Chronic Stress and the GAS
	Stress and Health
		Stress and Psychological Well-Being
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
		Stress and Illness
	Vulnerability and Protective Factors
		Social Support
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Social Support
		Hardiness
		Coping Self-Efficacy
		Optimism
		Personality Factors
		Finding Meaning in Stressful Life Events
	Coping with Stress
		Effectiveness of Coping Strategies
	Research Foundations: Stress, Physical Contact, and Health: I Wanna Hold Your Hand
	Frontiers: Mindfulness and the Stresses of Teaching
		Bottling Up Feelings: The Costs of Constraint
		Gender, Culture, and Coping
	Health Promotion and Illness Prevention
		How People Change: The Transtheoretical Model
		Increasing Behaviours That Enhance Health
		Reducing Behaviours That Impair Health
	Combatting Substance Abuse
		Psychological Approaches to Treatment and Prevention
	Positive Psychology
	Applications: How to Be Happy
CHAPTER 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
	The Scope and Nature of Psychological Disorders
		What Is \"Abnormal\"?
	Historical Perspectives on Deviant Behaviour
	Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
		The DSM-5: Integrating Categorical and Dimensional Approaches
		Critical Issues in Diagnostic Labelling
	Research Foundations: On Being Sane in Insane Places
	Anxiety Disorders
		Phobic Disorder
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder
		Panic Disorder
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
		Causal Factors in Anxiety Disorders and OCD
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Eating Disorders
	Mood (Affective) Disorders
		Depression
		Bipolar Disorder
		Prevalence and Course of Mood Disorders
		Causal Factors in Mood Disorders
	Applications: Understanding and Preventing Suicide
	Somatic Symptom Disorders
	Dissociative Disorders
		What Causes Dissociative Identity Disorder?
	Frontiers: Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Clinical and Scientific Puzzle
	Schizophrenia
		Characteristics of Schizophrenia
		Subtypes of Schizophrenia
		Causal Factors in Schizophrenia
	Personality Disorders
		Antisocial Personality Disorder
		Borderline Personality Disorder
	Disorders of Childhood and Old Age
		Childhood Disorders
		Dementia in Old Age
	A Closing Thought
CHAPTER 17 TREATMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
	The Helping Relationship
	Psychodynamic Therapies
		Psychoanalysis
		Brief Psychodynamic Therapies
	Humanistic Psychotherapies
		Client-Centred Therapy
		Gestalt Therapy
	Cognitive Therapies
		Ellis\'s Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
		Beck\'s Cognitive Therapy
	Behaviour Therapies
		Classical Conditioning Treatments
	Focus on Neuroscience: The Neuroscience of Treating Unipolar Depression
	Frontiers:
	Virtual Reality as a Therapeutic Technique
		Operant Conditioning Treatments
		Modelling and Social Skills Training
	\"Third-Wave\" Cognitive-Behavioural Therapies
		Mindfulness-Based Treatments
	Cultural and Gender Issues in Psychotherapy
		Cultural Factors in Treatment Utilization
		Gender Issues in Therapy
	Evaluating Psychotherapies
		Psychotherapy Research Methods
		Factors Affecting the Outcome of Therapy
	Research Foundations: Drug versus Psychological Treatments for Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial
	Biological Approaches to Treatment
		Drug Therapies
		Electroconvulsive Therapy
		Psychosurgery
		Mind, Body, and Therapeutic Interventions
	Psychological Disorders and Society
		Deinstitutionalization
		Preventive Mental Health
	A Final Word
	Applications: When and Where to Seek Therapy
APPENDIX: STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGY
ANSWERS TO THINKING CRITICALLY
GLOSSARY
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REFERENCES
NAME INDEX
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Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index