Psychology: From Inquiry to Understanding

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
About Revel and the Newedition
1 Psychology and Scientific Thinking: A Framework for Everyday Life
	1.1: What Is Psychology? Science Versus Intuition
		Psychology and Levels of Analysis
		What Makes Psychology Distinctive—and Fascinating
		Why We Can’t Always Trust Our Common Sense
			Naive Realism: Is Seeing Believing?
			When Our Common Sense Is Right
		Psychology as a Science
			What Is a Scientific Theory?
			Science as a Safeguard Against Bias: Protecting Us from Ourselves
		Metaphysical Claims: The Boundaries of Science
		Recognizing That We Might Be Wrong
	1.2: Psychological Pseudoscience: Imposters of Science
		The Amazing Growth of Popular Psychology
		What Is Pseudoscience?
			Warning Signs of Pseudoscience
			Why Are We Drawn to Pseudoscience?
			Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Do We Perceive Patterns Even When They Don’t Exist?
			Thinking Clearly: An Antidote Against Pseudoscience
		The Dangers of Pseudoscience: Why Should We Care?
	1.3: Scientific Thinking: Distinguishing Fact from Fiction
		Scientific Skepticism
		A Basic Framework for Scientific Thinking
			Scientific Thinking Principle #1: Ruling Out Rival
Hypotheses
			Scientific Thinking Principle #2: Correlation Isn’t Causation
			Scientific Thinking Principle #3: Principle #3: Falsifiability
			Scientific Thinking Principle #4: Replicability
			Scientific Thinking Principle #5: Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence
			Evaluating Claims Remarkable Dietary Claims
			Scientific Thinking Principle #6: Occam’s Razor
	1.4: Psychology’s Past and Present: What a Long, Strange Trip it’s Been
		Psychology’s Early History
		The Great Theoretical Frameworks of Psychology
			Structuralism: The Elements of the Mind
			Functionalism: Psychology Meets Darwin
			Behaviorism: The Laws of Learning
			Cognitivism: Opening the Black Box
			Psychoanalysis: Plumbing the Depths of the Unconscious
		The Multifaceted World of Modern Psychology
			The Growth of a Field
			Types of Psychologists: Fiction and Fact
		The Great Debates of Psychology
			The Nature–Nurture Debate
			The Free Will–Determinism Debate
		How Psychology Affects Our Lives
			Applications of Psychological Research
			Thinking Scientifically: It’s a Way of Life
	Summary: Psychology and Scientific Thinking
2 Research Methods: Vital Safeguards Against Error
	2.1: The Beauty and Necessity of Good Research Design
		Why We Need Research Designs
		How We Can Be Fooled: Two Modes of Thinking
	2.2: Scientific Methodology: A Toolbox of Skills
		Naturalistic Observation: Studying Humans “In the Wild”
		Case Study Designs: Getting to Know You
		Self-Report Measures and Surveys: Asking People About Themselves and Others
			Random Selection: The Key to Generalizability
			Evaluating Measures
			Advantages and Disadvantages of Self-Report Measures
			Rating Data: How Do They Rate?
		Correlational Designs
			Identifying When a Design Is Correlational
			Correlations: A Beginner’s Guide
			The Scatterplot
			Illusory Correlation
			Correlation Versus Causation: Jumping the Gun
		Experimental Designs
			What Makes a Study an Experiment: Two Components
			Confounds: Sources of False Conclusions
			Cause and Effect: Permission to Infer
			Pitfalls in Experimental Design
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: How Do
Placebos Work?
	2.3: Ethical Issues in Research Design
		Tuskegee: A Shameful Moral Tale
		Ethical Guidelines for Human Research
			Informed Consent
			Debriefing: Educating Participants
		Ethical Issues in Animal Research
	2.4: Statistics: the Language of Psychological Research
		Descriptive Statistics: What’s What?
		Inferential Statistics: Testing Hypotheses
			Statistical Significance
			Practical Significance
		How People Lie with Statistics
			Example 1
			Example 2
			Example 3
	2.5: Evaluating Psychological Research
		Becoming a Peer Reviewer
			Study 1
			Study 2
		Most Reporters Aren’t Scientists: Evaluating Psychology in the Media
	Evaluating Claims Hair-Loss Remedies
	Summary: Research Methods
3 Biological Psychology: Bridging the Levels of Analysis
	3.1: Nerve Cells: Communication Portals
		Neurons: The Brain’s Communicators
			The Cell Body
			Dendrites
			Axons and Axon Terminals
			Synapses
		Glial Cells
		Electrifying Thought
			Action Potentials
			The Absolute Refractory Period
		Chemical Communication: Neurotransmission
			Neurotransmitters
			Neurotransmitters and Psychoactive Drugs
		Neural Plasticity: How and When the Brain Changes
			Neural Plasticity Over Development
			Neural Plasticity and Learning
			Neural Plasticity Following Injury and Degeneration
	3.2: The Brain–Behavior Network
		The Central Nervous System: The Command Center
			The Cerebral Cortex
			The Basal Ganglia
			The Limbic System
			The Cerebellum
			The Brain Stem
			The Spinal Cord
		The Peripheral Nervous System
			The Somatic Nervous System
			The Autonomic Nervous System
	3.3: The Endocrine System
		The Pituitary Gland and Pituitary Hormones
		The Adrenal Glands and Adrenaline
		Sexual Reproductive Glands and Sex Hormones
	3.4: Mapping the Mind: The Brain in Action
		A Tour of Brain-Mapping Methods
			Phrenology: An Incorrect Map of the Mind
			Brain Damage: Understanding How the Brain Works by Seeing How It Doesn’t
			Electrical Stimulation and Recording of Nervous System Activity
			Brain Scans and Other Imaging Techniques
			Magnetic Stimulation and Recording
		How Much of Our Brain Do We Use?
		Which Parts of Our Brain Do We Use for What?
		Which Side of Our Brains Do We Use for What?
		Psychomythology: Are Some People Left-Brained
and Others Right-Brained?
		Evaluating Claims: Brain Scans in tHe Courtroom
	3.5: Nature and Nurture: Did Your Genes—or Parents—Make You Do It?
		How We Come to Be Who We Are
			The Biological Material of Heredity
			Genotype Versus Phenotype
			Behavioral Adaptation
			Human Brain Evolution
		Behavioral Genetics: How We Study Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behavior
			Heritability: Misconceptions and Conceptions
			Behavioral Genetic Designs
	Summary: Biological Psychology
4 Sensation and Perception: How We Sense and Conceptualize the World
	4.1: Two Sides of the Coin: Sensation and Perception
		Sensation: Our Senses as Detectives
			Transduction: Going from the Outside World to Within
			Psychophysics: Measuring the Barely Detectable
		The Role of Attention
			Selective Attention: How We Focus on Specific Inputs
			Inattentional Blindness
		The Binding Problem: Putting the Pieces Together
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: How Does Magic Work?
	4.2: Seeing: The Visual System
		Light: The Energy of Life
		The Eye: How We Represent the Visual Realm
			How Light Enters the Eye
			The Retina: Changing Light into Neural Activity
			How We Perceive Shape and Contour
			How We Perceive Color
		When We Can’t See or Perceive Visually
			Blindness
			Blindsight: How Are Some Blind People Able to Navigate Their Worlds?
			Visual Agnosia
	4.3: Hearing: The Auditory System
		Sound: Mechanical Vibration
			Pitch
			Loudness
			Timbre
		The Structure and Function of the Ear
		When We Can’t Hear
	4.4: Smell and Taste: The Sensual Senses
		What Are Odors and Flavors?
		Sense Receptors for Smell and Taste
		Olfactory and Gustatory Perception
		When We Can’t Smell or Taste
	4.5: Our Body Senses: Touch, Body Position, and Balance
		The Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain
			Pressure, Temperature, and Injury
			Specialized and Free Nerve Endings in the Skin
			How We Perceive Touch and Pain
			Phantom Limb Illusion
			Psychomythology Psychic Healing of Chronic Pain
			When We Can’t Feel Pain
		Proprioception and Vestibular Sense: Body Position and Balance
			Proprioceptors: Telling the Inside Story
			The Vestibular Sense: A Balancing Act
		Ergonomics: Human Engineering
	4.6: Perception: When Our Senses Meet Our Brains
		Parallel Processing: The Way Our Brain Multitasks
		Perceptual Hypotheses: Guessing What’s Out There
			Perceptual Sets
			Perceptual Constancy
			Gestalt Principles
			How We Perceive Faces
			How We Perceive Motion
			How We Perceive Depth
			How We Perceive Where Sounds Are Located
		When Perception Deceives Us
		Subliminal and Extrasensory Perception
			Subliminal Perception and Persuasion
			Extrasensory Perception (ESP): Fact or Fiction?
	Evaluating Claims Packaging Subliminal Persuasion
for the Consumer
	Summary: Sensation and Perception
5 Consciousness: Expanding the Boundaries of Psychological Inquiry
	5.1: The Biology of Sleep
		The Circadian Rhythm: The Cycle of Everyday Life
		Stages of Sleep
			Stage 1 Sleep
			Stage 2 Sleep
			Stages 3 and 4 Sleep
			Stage 5: Rem Slee
		Lucid Dreaming
		Disorders of Sleep
			Insomnia
			Narcolepsy
			Sleep Apnea
			Night Terrors
			Sleepwalking and Sexsomnia
	5.2: Dreams
		Freud’s Dream Protection Theory
		Activation–Synthesis Theory
		Dreaming and the Forebrain
		Neurocognitive Perspectives on Dreaming
		Evaluating Claims: Dream Interpretations
	5.3: Other Alterations of Consciousness and Unusual Experiences
		Hallucinations: Experiencing What Isn’t There
		Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Do We
Experience Déjà Vu?
		Mystical Experiences
		Hypnosis
			Myths and Facts About Hypnosis: What Hypnosis Isn’t and What It Is
			Theories of Hypnosis
		Psychomythology: Age Regression and Past Lives
	5.4: Drugs and Consciousness
		Substance Use Disorders
			Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder
			Explanations for Substance Use
		Depressants
			Alcohol
			The Sedative-Hypnotics
		Stimulants
			Nicotine
			Cocaine
			Amphetamines
		Narcotics
		Psychedelics
			Marijuana
			LSD and Other Hallucinogens
	Summary: Consciousness
6 Learning: How Nurture Changes Us
	6.1: Classical Conditioning
		Pavlov’s Discovery of Classical Conditioning
		Principles of Classical Conditioning
			Acquisition
			Extinction
			Spontaneous Recovery
			Stimulus Generalization
			Stimulus Discrimination
		Higher-Order Conditioning
		Applications of Classical Conditioning to Daily Life
			Classical Conditioning and Advertising
			The Acquisition of Fears and Phobias: The Strange Tale of Little Albert
			Fetishes
			Disgust Reactions
			Psychomythology Are We What We Eat?
	6.2: Operant Conditioning
		Distinguishing Operant Conditioning from Classical Conditioning
		The Law of Effect
		B. F. Skinner and Reinforcement
		Terminology of Operant Conditioning
			Reinforcement
			Punishment
			Discriminative Stimulus
			Same Song, Second Verse
		Schedules of Reinforcement
		Applications of Operant Conditioning to Daily Life
			Animal Training
			Overcoming Procrastination: I’ll Get to That Later
			Therapeutic Applications of Operant Conditioning
			Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Are We
Superstitious?
		Putting Classical and Operant Conditioning Together
	6.3: Cognitive Models of Learning
		S-O-R Psychology: Tossing Thinking Back into the Mix
		Latent Learning
		Observational Learning
			Observational Learning of Aggression
			Media Violence and Real-World Aggression
		Mirror Neurons and Observational Learning
		Insight Learning
	6.4: Biological Influences on Learning
		Conditioned Taste Aversions
		Preparedness and Phobias
		Instinctive Drift
	6.5: Learning Fads: Do They Work?
		Sleep-Assisted Learning
		Accelerated Learning
		Evaluating Claims: Study Skills Courses
		Discovery Learning
		Learning Styles
	Summary: Learning
7 Memory: Constructing and Reconstructing Our Pasts
	7.1: How Memory Operates: The Memory Assembly Line
		The Paradox of Memory
			When Our Memories Serve Us Well
			When Our Memories Fail Us
		The Reconstructive Nature of Memory
		The Three Systems of Memory
			Sensory Memory
			Short-Term Memory
			Long-Term Memory
	7.2: The Three Processes of Memory
		Encoding: The “Call Numbers” of the Mind
			The Role of Attention
			Mnemonics: Valuable Memory Aids
			Psychomythology: Smart Pills
		Storage: Filing Away Our Memories
			The Value of Schemas
			Schemas and Memory Mistakes
			Evaluating Claims: Memory Boosters
		Retrieval: Heading for the “Stacks”
			Measuring Memory
			Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
			Encoding Specificity: Finding Things Where We Left Them
	7.3: The Biology of Memory
		The Neural Basis of Memory Storage
			The Elusive Engram
			Long-Term Potentiation—A Physiological Basis for Memory
		Where Is Memory Stored?
			Amnesia—Biological Bases of Explicit and Implicit Memory
			Emotional Memory
		The Biology of Memory Deterioration
	7.4: The Development of Memory: Acquiring a Personal History
		Memory Over Time
		Infants’ Implicit Memory: Talking with Their Feet
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Can’t We Remember the First Few Years of Our Lives?
	7.5: False Memories: When Good Memory Goes Bad
		False Memories
			Flashbulb Memories
			Source Monitoring: Who Said That?
		Implanting False Memories in the Lab
			Misinformation Effect
			Lost in the Mall and Other Implanted Memories
			Event Plausibility
			Memories of Impossible or Implausible Events
		Generalizing from the Lab to the Real World
			Eyewitness Testimony
			The False Memory Controversy
		Learning Tips: Getting the Science of Memory to Work for Us
	Summary: Memory
8 Thinking, Reasoning, and Language: Getting Inside Our Talking Heads
	8.1: Thinking and Reasoning
		Cognitive Economy—Imposing Order on Our World
		Heuristics and Biases: Double-Edged Swords
			Representativeness Heuristic
			Availability Heuristic
			Hindsight Bias
		Top-Down Processing
			Concepts and Schemas
			How Does Language Influence Our Thoughts?
	8.2: Thinking at Its Hardest: Decision Making and Problem Solving
		Decision-Making: Choices, Choices, and More Choices
		Framing
		Problem Solving: Accomplishing Our Goals
			Approaches to Solving Problems
			Obstacles to Problem Solving
		Models of the Mind
	8.3: How Does Language Work?
		The Features of Language
			Phonemes: The Ingredients
			Morphemes: The Menu Items
			Syntax: Putting the Meal Together
			Extralinguistic Information: The Overall Dining Experience
			Language Dialects: Regional and Cultural Differences in Dining Habits
		How and Why Did Language Come About?
		How Do Children Learn Language?
			Perceiving and Producing the Sounds of Language
			Learning Words
			Syntactic Development: Putting It All Together
			Bilingualism
		Critical Periods for Language Learning
		Psychomythology: Common Misconceptions About Sign Language
		Theoretical Accounts of Language Acquisition
			The “Pure” Nature and Nurture Accounts
			The Social Pragmatics Account
			The General Cognitive Processing Account
		Nonhuman Animal Communication
			How Animals Communicate
			Teaching Human Language to Nonhuman Animals
	8.4: Written Communication: Connecting Language and Reading
		Reading: Learning to Recognize the Written Word
		Does Speed-Reading Work?
	Evaluating Claims: Speed Reading Courses
	Summary: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language
9 Intelligence and IQ Testing: Controversy and Consensus
	9.1: What Is Intelligence? Definitional Confusion
		Intelligence as Sensory Capacity: Out of Sight, Out of Mind
		Intelligence as Abstract Thinking
		Intelligence as General versus Specific Abilities
		Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
		Multiple Intelligences: Different Ways of Being Smart
			Frames of Mind
			The Triarchic Model
		Biological Bases of Intelligence
			Intelligence and Brain Structure and Function
			The Location of Intelligence
			Intelligence and Reaction Time
			Intelligence and Memory
			Pulling It All Together
	9.2: Intelligence Testing: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
		How We Calculate IQ
		The Eugenics Movement: Misuses and Abuses of IQ Testing
		IQ Testing Today
			Commonly Used Adult IQ Tests
			Commonly Used Childhood IQ Tests
			Culture-Fair IQ Tests
		College Admissions Tests: What Do They Measure?
			College Admissions Tests and IQ
			Psychomythology: Do College Admissions Tests Predict Grades?
			Coaching on College Admissions Tests
		Reliability of IQ Scores: Is IQ Forever?
			Stability of IQ in Adulthood
			Stability of IQ in Infancy and Childhood
		Validity of IQ Scores: Predicting Life Outcomes
		A Tale of Two Tails: From Intellectual Disability to Genius
			Intellectual Disability
			Genius and Exceptional Intelligence
	9.3: Genetic and Environmental Influences on IQ
		Exploring Genetic Influences on IQ
			Family Studies
			Twin Studies
			Adoption Studies
		Exploring Environmental Influences on IQ
			Does How We Think About Intelligence Affect IQ?
			Birth Order: Are Older Siblings Wiser?
			Does Schooling Make Us Smarter?
			Boosting IQ by Early Intervention
			A Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Expectancy Effects on IQ
			Poverty and IQ: Socioeconomic and Nutritional Deprivation
			Getting Smarter All the Time: The Mysterious Flynn Effect
		Evaluating Claims IQ Boosters
	9.4: Group Differences in IQ: The Science and the Politics
		Sex Differences in IQ and Mental Abilities
			Sex Differences in IQ
			Sex Differences in Specific Mental Abilities
			Potential Causes of Sex Differences
		Racial Differences in IQ
			For Whom the Bell Curve Tolls
			Reconciling Racial Differences
			What Are the Causes of Racial Differences in IQ?
			Test Bias
			Stereotype Threat
	9.5: The Rest of the Story: Other Dimensions of Intellect
		Creativity
		Interests and Intellect
		Emotional Intelligence: Is EQ as Important as IQ?
		Curiosity and Grit
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Smart People Believe Strange Things
		Wisdom
	Summary: Intelligence and IQ Testing
10 Human Development: How and Why We Change
	10.1: Special Considerations in Human Development
		Clarifying the Nature–Nurture Debate
			Gene–Environment Interaction
			Nature Via Nurture
			Gene Expression
		The Mystique of Early Experience
		Keeping an Eye on Cohort Effects
		Post Hoc Fallacy
		Bidirectional Influences
	10.2: The Developing Body: Physical and Motor Development
		Conception and Prenatal Development: From Zygote to Baby
			Brain Development: 18 Days and Beyond
			Obstacles to Normal Fetal Development
		Infant Motor Development: How Babies Get Going
			Survival Instincts: Infant Reflexes
			Learning to Get Up and Go: Coordinating Movement
			Factors Influencing Motor Development
		Growth and Physical Development Throughout Childhood
		Physical Maturation in Adolescence: The Power of Puberty
		Physical Development in Adulthood
			Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood
			Changes in Agility and Physical Coordination with Age
		Evaluating Claims Anti-Aging Treatments
	10.3: The Developing Mind: Cognitive Development
		Theories of Cognitive Development
			Piaget’s Theory: How Children Construct Their Worlds
			Vygotsky’s Theory: Social and Cultural Influences on Learning
			Contemporary Theories of Cognitive Development
		Cognitive Landmarks of Early Development
			Physical Reasoning: Figuring Out Which Way Is Up
			Concepts and Categories: Classifying the World
			Self-Concept and the Concept of “Other”: Who We Are and Who We Aren’t
			Psychomythology: Creating “Superbabies” One App at a Time
			Numbers and Mathematics: What Counts
		Cognitive Changes in Adolescence
			Attitudes Toward Knowledge in Adolescents and Young Adults
		Cognitive Function in Adulthood
	10.4: The Developing Personality: Social and Moral Development
		Social Development in Infancy and Childhood
			Temperament and Social Development: Babies’ Emotional Styles
			Attachment: Establishing Bonds
			Influence of Parenting on Development
			Self-Control: Learning to Inhibit Impulses
			The Development of Gender Identity
		Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence
			Building an Identity
			Moral Development: Knowing Right from Wrong
		Life Transitions in Adulthood
			Careers
			Love and Commitment
			Parenthood
			Midlife Transitions
			Social Transitions in Later Years
	Summary: Human Development
11 Emotion and Motivation: What Moves Us
	11.1: Theories of Emotion: What Causes Our Feelings?
		Discrete Emotions Theory: Emotions as Evolved Expressions
			Support for an Evolutionary Basis of Emotions
			Culture and Emotion
			Accompaniments of Emotional Expressions
		Cognitive Theories of Emotion: Think First, Feel Later
			James–Lange Theory of Emotion
			Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion
			Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
			Putting It All Together
		Unconscious Influences on Emotion
			Automatic Generation of Emotion
			Mere Exposure Effect
			Facial Feedback Hypothesis
	11.2: Nonverbal Expression of Emotion: The Eyes, Bodies, and Cultures Have It
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Do We Cry?
		The Importance of Nonverbal Cues
		Body Language and Gestures
		Personal Space
		Lying and Lie Detection
			Humans as Lie Detectors
			The Polygraph Test
			Other Methods of Lie Detection
			Truth Serum
	11.3: Happiness and Self-Esteem: Science Confronts Pop Psychology
		What Happiness Is Good For
		What Makes Us Happy: Myths and Realities
		Forecasting Happiness
		Self-Esteem: Important or Overhyped?
			The Myths of Self-Esteem
			Narcissism: It’s All About Me
			The Potential Benefits of Self-Esteem
		Positive Psychology: Psychology’s Future or Psychology’s Fad?
	11.4: Motivation: Our Wants and Needs
		Motivation: A Beginner’s Guide
			Drive Reduction Theory
			Incentive Theories
			Our Needs: Physical and Psychological Urges
		Hunger, Eating, and Eating Disorders
			Hunger and Eating: Regulatory Processes
			Weight Gain and Obesity: Biological and Psychological Influences
			Eating Disorders: Bulimia and Anorexia
			Evaluating Claims Diet and Weight-Loss Plans
		Sexual Motivation
			Sexual Desire and Its Causes
			The Physiology of the Human Sexual Response
			Frequency of Sexual Activities and Aging
			Sexuality and Culture
			Sexual Orientation: Science and Politics
			Genetic and Environmental Influences on Sexual Orientation
	11.5: Attraction, Love, and Hate: The Greatest Mysteries of Them All
		Social Influences on Interpersonal Attraction
			Proximity: When Near Becomes Dear
			Similarity: Like Attracts Like
			Reciprocity: All Give and No Take Does Not a Good Relationship Make
			Physical Attraction: Like It or Not, We Judge Books by Their Covers
			Sex Differences in What We Find Attractive: Nature, Nurture, or Both?
			Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder?
			When Being “Just Average” Is Just Fine
		Love: Science Confronts the Mysterious
			Passionate Love: Love as a Hollywood Romance
			Companionate Love: Love as Friendship
			The Three Sides of Love
		Hate: A Neglected Topic
	Summary: Emotion and Motivation
12 Stress, Coping, and Health: The Mind–Body Interconnection
	12.1: What Is Stress?
		Stress in the Eye of the Beholder: Three Approaches
			Stressors as Stimuli
			Stress as a Response
			Stress as a Transaction
		No Two Stresses Are Created Equal: Measuring Stress
			Major Life Events
			Hassles: Don’t Sweat the Small Stuff
	12.2: How We Adapt to Stress: Change and Challenge
		The Mechanics of Stress: Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
			The Alarm Reaction
			Resistance
			Exhaustion
		The Diversity of Stress Responses
			Fight or Flight or Tend and Befriend?
			Long-Lasting Stress Reactions
	12.3: Coping with Stress
		Social Support
		Gaining Control
			Behavioral Control
			Psychomythology: Are Almost All People Traumatized by Highly Aversive Events?
			Cognitive Control
			Decisional Control
			Informational Control
			Emotional Control
			Is Catharsis a Good Thing?
			Does Crisis Debriefing Help?
		Individual Differences in Coping: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Personality
			Hardiness: Challenge, Commitment, and Control
			Optimism
			Spirituality and Religious Involvement
		Flexible Coping
			Rumination: Recycling the Mental Garbage
	12.4: How Stress Impacts Our Health
		The Immune System
		Psychoneuroimmunology: Our Bodies, Our Environments, and Our Health
			Stress and Colds
			Stress and Immune Function: Beyond the Common Cold
		Stress-Related Illnesses: A Biopsychosocial View
			Coronary Heart Disease
			CHD, Everyday Experiences, and Socioeconomic Factors
	12.5: Promoting Good Health—and Less Stress!
		Toward a Healthy Lifestyle
			Healthy Behavior #1: Stop Smoking
			Healthy Behavior #2: Curb Alcohol Consumption
			Healthy Behavior #3: Achieve a Healthy Weight
			Healthy Behavior #4: Exercise
			But Changing Lifestyles Is Easier Said Than Done
			Prevention Programs
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine
			Evaluating Claims: Stress Reduction and Relaxation Techniques
			Biologically Based Therapies: Vitamins, Herbs, and Food Supplements
			Manipulative and Body-Based Methods: The Example of Chiropractic Medicine
			Mind-Body Medicine: Biofeedback, Meditation, and Yoga
			Energy Medicine: The Case of Acupuncture
			Whole Medical Systems: The Example of Homeopathy
			Placebos and CAM
			CAM Treatments: To Use or Not to Use, That Is the Question
	Summary: Stress, Coping, And Health
13 Social Psychology: How Others Affect Us
	13.1: What Is Social Psychology?
		Humans as a Social Species
			Gravitating to Each Other—To a Point
			The Need to Belong: Why We Form Groups
			How We Came to Be This Way: Evolution and Social Behavior
			Social Comparison: Where Do I Stand?
			Social Contagion
			Social Facilitation: From Bicyclists to Cockroaches
		The Fundamental Attribution Error: The Great Lesson of Social Psychology
			Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why are Yawns Contagious?
			Evidence for the Fundamental Attribution Error
			The Fundamental Attribution Error: Cultural Influences
	13.2: Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
		Conformity: The Asch Studies
			Social Influences on Conformity
			Imaging Studies: Probing Further Influences
			Individual, Cultural, and Gender Differences in Conformity
		Deindividuation: Losing Our Typical Identities
			Stanford Prison Study: Chaos in Palo Alto
			Crowds: Mob Psychology in Action
		Groupthink
			Groupthink in the Real World
			Group Polarization: Going to Extremes
			Cults and Brainwashing
		Obedience: The Psychology of Following Orders
			Obedience: A Double-Edged Sword
			Stanley Milgram: Sources of Destructive Obedience
			The Milgram Paradigm
	13.3: Helping and Harming Others: Prosocial Behavior and Aggression
		Safety in Numbers or Danger in Numbers? Bystander Nonintervention
			Three Tragic Stories of Bystander Nonintervention
			Causes of Bystander Nonintervention: Why We Don’t Help
		Social Loafing: With a Little Too Much Help from My Friends
		Psychomythology: Is Brainstorming in Groups A Good Way to Generate Ideas?
		Prosocial Behavior and Altruism
			Altruism: Helping Selflessly
			Helping: Situational Influences
		Aggression: Why We Harm Others
			Situational Influences on Aggression
			Aggression: Individual, Gender, and Cultural Differences
	13.4: Attitudes and Persuasion: Changing Minds
		Attitudes and Behavior
			When Attitudes Don’t Predict Behavior
			When Attitudes Do Predict Behavior
		Origins of Attitudes
			Recognition
			Attitudes and Personality
		Attitude Change: Wait, Wait, I Just Changed My Mind
			Cognitive Dissonance Theory
			Alternatives to Cognitive Dissonance Theory
		Persuasion: Humans as Salespeople
			Routes to Persuasion
			Persuasion Techniques
			Characteristics of the Messenger
			The Marketing of Pseudoscience
			Correcting Misinformation
			Evaluating Claims About Antidepressant Advertisements
	13.5: Prejudice and Discrimination
		Stereotypes
		The Nature of Prejudice
		Discrimination
			Consequences of Discrimination
			Creating Discrimination: Don’t Try This at Home
		Roots of Prejudice: A Tangled Web
			Scapegoat Hypothesis
			Just-World Hypothesis
			Conformity
			Individual Differences in Prejudice
		Prejudice “Behind the Scenes”
		Combating Prejudice: Some Remedies
			Robbers Cave Study
			Jigsaw Classrooms
	Summary: Social Psychology
14 Personality: How We Become Who We Are
	14.1: Personality: What Is It and How Can We Study It?
		Investigating the Causes of Personality: Overview of Twin and Adoption Studies
			Reared-Together Twins: Genes or Environment?
			Reared-Apart Twins: Shining a Spotlight on Genes
			Adoption Studies: Further Separating Genes and Environment
			Mysteries of Psychological Science: Where Is the Environmental Influence on Personality?
		Behavior-Genetic Studies: A Note of Caution
	14.2: Psychoanalytic Theory: The Controversial Legacy of Sigmund Freud and His Followers
		Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
		The Id, Ego, and Superego: The Structure of Personality
			How the Psychic Agencies Interact
			Anxiety and the Defense Mechanisms
		Stages of Psychosexual Development
			The Oral Stage
			The Anal Stage
			The Phallic Stage
			The Latency and Genital Stages
		Psychoanalytic Theory Evaluated Scientifically
			Unfalsifiability
			Failed Predictions
			Questionable Conception of the Unconscious
			Reliance on Unrepresentative Samples
			Flawed Assumption of Shared Environmental Influence
		Freud’s Followers: The Neo-Freudians
			Neo-Freudian Theories: Core Features
			Alfred Adler: The Striving for Superiority
			Carl Jung: The Collective Unconscious
			Karen Horney: Feminist Psychology
			Freud’s Followers Evaluated Scientifically
	14.3: Behavioral and Social Learning Theories of Personality
		Behavioral Views of the Causes of Personality
			Behavioral Views of Determinism
			Behavioral Views of Unconscious Processing
		Social Learning Theories of Personality: The Causal Role of Thinking Resurrected
			Social Learning Views of Determinism
			Observational Learning and Personality
			Sense of Perceived Control
		Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Evaluated Scientifically
	14.4: Humanistic Models of Personality: The Third Force
		Rogers and Maslow: Self-Actualization Realized and Unrealized
			Rogers’s Model of Personality
			Maslow: The Characteristics of Self-Actualized People
		Humanistic Models Evaluated Scientifically
	14.5: Trait Models of Personality: Consistencies in Our Behavior
		Identifying Traits: Factor Analysis
		The Big Five Model of Personality: The Geography of the Psyche
			The Big Five and Behavior
			Culture and the Big Five
			Alternatives to the Big Five
		Basic Tendencies versus Characteristic Adaptations
		Can Personality Traits Change?
		Trait Models Evaluated Scientifically
			Walter Mischel’s Argument: Behavioral Inconsistency
			Personality Traits Reborn: Psychologists Respond to Mischel
	14.6: Personality Assessment: Measuring and Mismeasuring the Psyche
		Famous—and Infamous—Errors in Personality Assessment
		Structured Personality Tests
			MMPI and MMPI-2: Detecting Abnormal Personality
			CPI: Descendent of the MMPI
			Rationally/Theoretically Constructed Tests
		Projective Tests
			Rorschach Inkblot Test: What Might This Be?
			Tat: Tell a Tale
			Human Figure Drawings
			Graphology
		Common Pitfalls in Personality Assessment
			The P. T. Barnum Effect: The Perils of Personal Validation
			Personality Assessment Evaluated Scientifically
		Psychomythology: How Accurate Is Criminal Profiling?
		Evaluating Claims: Online Personality tests
	Summary: Personality
15 Psychological Disorders: When Adaptation Breaks Down
	15.1: Conceptions of Mental Illness: Yesterday and Today
		What Is Mental Illness? A Deceptively Complex Question
			Statistical Rarity
			Subjective Distress
			Impairment
			Societal Disapproval
			Biological Dysfunction
		Historical Conceptions of Mental Illness: From Demons to Asylums
			Conceptions of Mental Disorders: From the Demonic to the Medical Model
			The Modern Era of Psychiatric Treatment
		Psychiatric Diagnoses Across Cultures
			Culture-Bound Syndromes
			Cultural Universality
		Special Considerations in Psychiatric Classification and Diagnosis
		Psychiatric Diagnosis Today: DSM-5
			Diagnostic Criteria and Decision Rules
			Thinking Organic
			The DSM-5: Other Features
			The DSM-5: Criticisms
			The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)
			Evaluating Claims: Online Tests for Mental Disorders
			Normality and Abnormality: A Spectrum of Severity
			Mental Illness and the Law: A Controversial Interface
			Psychomythology: The Insanity Defense: Controversies and Misconceptions
	15.2: Anxiety-Related Disorders: The Many Faces of Worry and Fear
		Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Perpetual Worry
		Panic Disorder: Terror That Comes Out of the Blue
		Phobias: Irrational Fears
			Agoraphobia
			Specific Phobia and Social Anxiety Disorder
		Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Enduring Effects of Experiencing Horror
		Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Trapped in One’s Thoughts and Behaviors
			Body Dysmorphic Disorder
			Tourette’s Disorder
		The Roots of Pathological Anxiety, Fear, and Repetitive Thoughts and Behaviors
			Learning Models of Anxiety: Anxious Responses as Acquired Habits
			Catastrophizing, Ambiguity, and Anxiety Sensitivity
			Mysteries of Psychological Science: More than a Pack Rat: Why Do People Hoard?
			Anxiety: Biological Influences
	15.3: Mood Disorders and Suicide
		Major Depressive Disorder: Common, But Not the Common Cold
		Explanations for Major Depressive Disorder: A Tangled Web
			Depression and Life Events
			Interpersonal Model: Depression as a Social Disorder
			Behavioral Model: Depression as a Loss of Reinforcement
			Cognitive Model: Depression as a Disorder of Thinking
			Learned Helplessness: Depression as a Consequence of Uncontrollable Events
			Depression: The Role of Biology
		Bipolar Disorder: When Mood Goes to Extremes
		Suicide: Facts and Fictions
	15.4: Personality and Dissociative Disorders: The Disrupted and Divided Self
		Personality Disorders
			Borderline Personality Disorder: Stable Instability
			Psychopathic Personality: Don’t Judge a Book by Its Cover
		Dissociative Disorders
			Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
			Dissociative Amnesia
			Dissociative Identity Disorder: Multiple Personalities, Multiple Controversies
	15.5: The Enigma of Schizophrenia
		Symptoms of Schizophrenia: The Shattered Mind
			Delusions: Fixed False Beliefs
			Hallucinations: False Perceptions
			Disorganized Speech
			Grossly Disorganized Behavior and Catatonia
		Explanations for Schizophrenia: The Roots of a Shattered Mind
			The Family and Expressed Emotion
			Schizophrenia: Brain, Biochemical, and Genetic Findings
			Vulnerability to Schizophrenia: Diathesis-Stress Models
	15.6: Childhood Disorders: Recent Controversies
		Autism Spectrum Disorders
		Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
			Symptoms of ADHD
			The Controversy over Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
	Summary: Psychological Disorders
16 Psychological and Biological Treatments: Helping People Change
	16.1: Psychotherapy: Clients and Practitioners
		Who Seeks and Benefits From Treatment?
			Gender, Ethnic, and Cultural Differences in Entering Treatment
			Reaping Benefits from Treatment
		Who Practices Psychotherapy
			Professionals Versus Paraprofessionals
			Meeting the Needs for Psychological Services: How Well Are We Doing?
			What Does It Take to Be an Effective Psychotherapist
	16.2: Insight Therapies: Acquiring Understanding
		Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies: Freud’s Legacy
			Psychoanalysis: Key Ingredients
			Developments in Psychoanalysis: The Neofreudian Tradition
		Humanistic Therapies: Achieving Our Potential
			Personcentered Therapy: Attaining Acceptance
			Gestalt Therapy: Becoming Whole
			Existential Therapy
			Humanistic Therapies Evaluated Scientifically
	16.3: Group Therapies: The More the Merrier
		Alcoholics Anonymous
		Controlled Drinking and Relapse Prevention
		Family Therapies: Treating the Dysfunctional Family System
			Strategic Family Therapy
			Structural Family Therapy
	16.4: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches: Changing Maladaptive Actions and Thoughts
		Systematic Desensitization and Exposure Therapies: Learning Principles in Action
			How Desensitization Works: One Step at a Time
			Flooding and Virtual Reality Exposure
			Exposure: Fringe and Fad Techniques
		Modeling in Therapy: Learning by Watching
			Assertion Training
			Behavioral Rehearsal
		Operant and Classical Conditioning Procedures
		Cognitive-Behavioral and Third-Wave Therapies: Learning to Think and Act Differently
			The ABCs of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
			Other Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
			Acceptance: The Third Wave of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
			CBT and Third-Wave Approaches Evaluated Scientifically
	16.5: Is Psychotherapy Effective?
		The Dodo Bird Verdict: Alive or Extinct?
		How Different Groups of People Respond to Psychotherapy
		Psychomythology: Are Self-Help Books Always Helpful?
		Nonspecific Factors
		Empirically Supported Treatments
		Mysteries of Psychological Science: Why Can Ineffective Therapies Appear to Be Helpful? How We Can Be Fooled
	16.6 Biomedical Treatments: Medications, Electrical Stimulation, and Surgery
		Evaluating Claims: Psychotherapies
		Psychopharmacotherapy: Targeting Brain Chemistry
			Cautions to Consider: Dosage and Side Effects
			Evaluating Psychopharmacotherapy
		Electrical Stimulation: Conceptions and Misconceptions
			Electroconvulsive Therapy: Fact and Fiction
			Transcranial Stimulation
		Psychosurgery: An Absolute Last Resort
	Summary: Psychological and Biological Treatments
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Credits