Psychology: a journey

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Self-Reflective Reading—How to Tame a Textbook......Page 36
How to Use Psychology: A Journey......Page 38
Self-Reflective Note Taking—LISAN Up!......Page 39
Self-Reflective Study Strategies—Making a Habit of Success......Page 40
Self-Regulated Learning—Academic All-Stars......Page 41
Procrastination—Avoiding the Last-Minute Blues......Page 42
Self-Reflective Test Taking—Are You “Test Wise”?......Page 43
General Test-Taking Skills......Page 44
The Book Companion Website......Page 45
Psychology Websites......Page 46
A Final Word......Page 47
Interactive Learning......Page 48
Journey into Psychology: Wondering about Human Behavior......Page 49
Seeking Empirical Evidence......Page 50
Research Specialties......Page 51
Psychology’s Goals......Page 52
Thinking About Behavior......Page 54
Pseudopsychologies—Palms, Planets, and Personality......Page 55
Problems in the Stars......Page 56
The Scientific Method......Page 58
Functionalism......Page 61
Gestalt Psychology......Page 62
Humanistic Psychology......Page 63
The Role of Diversity in Psychology’s Early Days......Page 64
Psychology Today—Three Complementary Perspectives Behavior......Page 65
The Sociocultural Perspective......Page 66
Psychologists—Guaranteed Not to Shrink......Page 68
Discovering Psychology: Is a Career in Psychology Right for You?......Page 70
The Psychology Experiment—Where Cause Meets Effect......Page 71
Variables and Groups......Page 72
Double Blind—On Placebos and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies......Page 73
Researcher Bias......Page 74
Naturalistic Observation......Page 76
Correlational Studies......Page 77
The Clinical Method......Page 78
Survey Method......Page 79
Psychology in Action: Psychology in the Media—Separating Fact from Fiction......Page 81
Journey into Psychology: Finding Music in Walnut-Grapefruit Tofu......Page 87
The Nerve Impulse......Page 88
Synapses and Neurotransmitters......Page 91
Neural Networks......Page 92
Discovering Psychology: You Can Change Your Mind, But Can You Change Your Brain?......Page 93
The Spinal Cord......Page 94
Critical Thinking: Repairing Your Brain......Page 96
Exploring Brain Function......Page 97
The Cerebral Cortex—My, What a Big Brain You Have!......Page 100
Cerebral Hemispheres......Page 101
Hemispheric Specialization......Page 102
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 104
The Hindbrain......Page 108
The Forebrain......Page 109
The Magnificent Brain......Page 110
The Endocrine System—My Hormones Made Me Do It......Page 111
Psychology in Action: Handedness—Are You Sinister or Dexterous?......Page 114
Human Diversity: His and Her Brains?......Page 107
Journey into Psychology: It’s a Girl!......Page 122
Heredity......Page 123
Environment......Page 125
Reciprocal Influences......Page 127
The Newborn—More Than Meets the Eye......Page 128
Perceptual and Cognitive Development......Page 129
Motor Development......Page 131
Emotional Development......Page 132
Attachment......Page 134
Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Attachment Style?......Page 135
Parenting Styles......Page 136
Ethnic Differences: Four Flavors of Parenting......Page 137
Language Development—Who Talks Baby Talk?......Page 139
The Roots of Language......Page 140
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 143
Piaget Today......Page 146
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory......Page 148
Puberty......Page 150
Human Diversity: Ethnic Diversity and Identity......Page 151
Critical Thinking: The Twixters......Page 152
Levels of Moral Development......Page 153
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory......Page 154
Old Age......Page 157
Psychology in Action: Effective Parenting—Raising Healthy Children......Page 159
Journey into Psychology: Dancing the Two-Step......Page 167
Selection......Page 168
Sensory Coding......Page 169
Structure of the Eye......Page 170
Rods and Cones......Page 171
Color Vision......Page 173
Discovering Psychology: Are You Color-Blind?......Page 175
How We Hear Sounds......Page 177
The Sense of Smell......Page 180
Taste and Flavors......Page 181
The Skin Senses......Page 183
The Vestibular System......Page 184
Sensory Adaptation......Page 185
Sensory Gating......Page 186
Perception—That Second Step......Page 189
Bottom-up and Top-down Processing......Page 190
Clinical File: Staying in Touch with Reality......Page 191
Perceptual Constancies......Page 193
Depth Perception—What If the World Were Flat?......Page 195
Binocular Depth Cues......Page 196
Monocular Depth Cues......Page 197
Perceptual Expectancies......Page 203
Human Diversity: Do They See What We See?......Page 204
Extrasensory Perception—Do You Believe in Magic?......Page 206
An Appraisal of ESP......Page 207
Psychology in Action: Becoming a Better Eyewitness to Life......Page 210
Brain Waves: The Matrix: Do Phantoms Live Here?......Page 187
Journey into Psychology: Bending Your Mind......Page 217
Sleep—Catching a Few ZZZ’s......Page 218
Human Diversity: Consciousness and Culture......Page 219
Sleep Patterns......Page 220
Sleep Stages......Page 221
The Dual Process Hypothesis of Sleep......Page 222
Insomnia......Page 225
Sleepwalking, Sleeptalking, and Sleepsex......Page 227
Sleep Apnea......Page 228
Dream Theories......Page 229
Dream Worlds......Page 231
The Reality of Hypnosis......Page 232
Stage Hypnosis......Page 234
Meditation and Sensory Deprivation—Chilling, the Healthy Way......Page 235
Meditation......Page 236
Positive Psychology: Mindfulness and Well-Being......Page 237
Drug-Altered Consciousness—The High and Low of It......Page 238
Patterns of Abuse......Page 240
Uppers—Amphetamines, Cocaine, MDMA, Caffeine, Nicotine......Page 241
Cocaine......Page 243
Caffeine......Page 244
Nicotine......Page 245
Downers—Sedatives, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol......Page 246
Tranquilizers......Page 247
Alcohol......Page 248
LSD and PCP......Page 250
Marijuana......Page 251
A Look Ahead......Page 252
Psychology in Action: Exploring and Using Dreams......Page 253
Clinical File: They Came from Outer Space?......Page 224
Discovering Psychology: Swinging Suggestions......Page 233
Brain Waves: How Psychoactive Drugs Affect the Brain......Page 239
Journey into Psychology: Rats!......Page 260
Types of Learning......Page 261
Classical Conditioning—Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?......Page 262
Pavlov’s Experiment......Page 263
Clinical File: Coping with Chemo......Page 264
Generalization......Page 265
Classical Conditioning in Humans—An Emotional Topic......Page 266
Conditioned Emotional Responses......Page 267
Vicarious, or Secondhand, Conditioning......Page 268
Acquiring an Operant Response......Page 269
The Timing of Reinforcement......Page 270
Operant Extinction......Page 272
Punishment......Page 273
Brain Waves: Tickling Your Own Fancy......Page 274
Discovering Psychology: Learning and Conservation......Page 276
Partial Reinforcement—Las Vegas, a Human Skinner Box?......Page 278
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement......Page 279
Stimulus Control—Red Light, Green Light......Page 281
Variables Affecting Punishment......Page 283
Using Punishment Wisely......Page 284
Latent Learning......Page 287
Observational Learning......Page 289
Modeling and the Media......Page 290
Psychology in Action: Behavioral Self-Management— A Rewarding Project......Page 293
Critical Thinking: Are Animals Stuck in Time?......Page 280
Critical Thinking: You Mean Video Games Might Be Bad for Me?......Page 291
Journey into Psychology: Fuhgeddaboudit......Page 299
Sensory Memory......Page 300
Long-Term Memory......Page 301
Chunking......Page 303
Long-Term Memory—A Blast from the Past......Page 304
Constructing Memories......Page 305
Critical Thinking: Do You Like Jam with Your Memory?......Page 306
Skill Memory and Fact Memory......Page 308
Recognizing Information......Page 310
Relearning Information......Page 311
Explicit and Implicit Memories......Page 312
Forgetting in LTM—Why We, Uh, Let’s See; Why We, Uh. . . . Forget!......Page 313
When Encoding Fails......Page 314
Discovering Psychology: Card Magic!......Page 315
When Retrieval Fails......Page 316
Interference......Page 317
Clinical File: The Recovered Memory/False Memory Debate......Page 319
Consolidation......Page 320
Long-Term Memory and the Brain......Page 321
Exceptional Memory—Wizards of Recall......Page 322
Eidetic Imagery......Page 323
Memory Champions......Page 324
Encoding Strategies......Page 325
Retrieval Strategies......Page 327
A Look Ahead......Page 328
Psychology in Action: Mnemonics—Memory Magic......Page 329
Critical Thinking: Telling Wrong from Right in Forensic Memory......Page 307
Journey into Psychology: Homo sapiens......Page 336
Measuring Intelligence......Page 337
The Wechsler Tests......Page 338
Intelligence Quotients......Page 339
Artificial Intelligence......Page 340
The Mentally Gifted......Page 341
Clinical File: Meet the Rain Man......Page 343
Culture and Intelligence......Page 344
Human Diversity: Intelligence—How Would a Fool Do It?......Page 345
IQ and Heredity......Page 346
Some Basic Units of Thought......Page 349
The Nature of Mental Images......Page 350
Types of Concepts......Page 352
Language—Don’t Leave Home Without It......Page 354
Human Diversity: Bilingualism—Si o No, Oui ou Non, Yes or No?......Page 355
Animal Language......Page 357
Mechanical Solutions......Page 359
Heuristics......Page 360
Insightful Solutions......Page 361
Common Barriers to Problem Solving......Page 363
Creative Thinking—Down Roads Less Traveled......Page 364
Stages of Creative Thought......Page 365
Intuitive Thought—Mental Shortcut? Or Dangerous Detour?......Page 367
Critical Thinking: Have You Ever Thin-Sliced Your Teacher?......Page 368
Wisdom......Page 370
Psychology in Action: Enhancing Creativity—Brainstorms......Page 371
Critical Thinking: You Mean Video Games Might Be Good for Me?......Page 348
Journey into Psychology: Are You Moved by the Music of Life?......Page 378
A Model of Motivation......Page 379
Circadian Rhythms......Page 380
Internal Factors in Hunger......Page 382
Brain Waves: Your Brain’s “Fat Point”......Page 384
Dieting......Page 385
Eating Disorders......Page 387
Pain......Page 389
Sexual Behavior—Mapping the Erogenous Zones......Page 390
Human Sexual Response......Page 391
Sexual Orientation—Who Do You Love?......Page 393
Human Diversity: What’s Love Got to Do with It?......Page 394
Sexual Problems—When Pleasure Fades......Page 395
Sensation Seekers......Page 396
Coping with Test Anxiety......Page 397
The Need for Achievement......Page 398
The Key to Success......Page 399
Motives in Perspective—The View from the Pyramid......Page 400
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation......Page 401
Turning Play into Work......Page 402
Inside an Emotion—How Do You Feel?......Page 403
Emotion and the Brain......Page 404
Physiology and Emotion—Arousal, Sudden Death, and Lying......Page 405
Fight or Flight......Page 406
Lie Detectors......Page 407
Expressing Emotions—Making Faces and Talking Bodies......Page 409
Facial Expressions......Page 410
The James-Lange Theory......Page 411
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory of Emotion......Page 412
Emotional Appraisal......Page 413
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis......Page 414
Clinical File: Suppressing Emotion—Don’t Turn the Music Off......Page 415
Psychology in Action: Emotional Intelligence—The Fine Art of Self-Control......Page 416
Discovering Psychology: Behavioral Dieting......Page 386
Journey into Psychology: The Hidden Essence......Page 422
Traits......Page 423
Self-Concept......Page 424
Human Diversity: Self-Esteem and Culture—Hotshot or Team Player?!......Page 425
The Trait Approach—Describe Yourself in 18,000 Words or Less......Page 426
Discovering Psychology: What’s Your Musical Personality?......Page 427
The Big Five......Page 428
The Structure of Personality......Page 431
The Dynamics of Personality......Page 432
Personality Development......Page 433
How Situations Affect Behavior......Page 436
Social Learning Theory......Page 437
Behavioristic View of Development......Page 438
Personality and Gender......Page 439
Maslow and Self-Actualization......Page 442
Carl Rogers’ Self Theory......Page 444
Clinical File: Telling Stories About Ourselves......Page 445
Do We Inherit Personality?......Page 446
Traits, Consistency, and Situations......Page 448
Overview and Comparison of Personality Theories......Page 449
Personality Assessment—Psychological Yardsticks......Page 450
Direct Observation and Rating Scales......Page 451
Personality Questionnaires......Page 453
Projective Tests of Personality......Page 455
Psychology in Action: Barriers and Bridges—Understanding Shyness......Page 457
Discovering Psychology: Which Personality Are You (and Which Is Best)?......Page 429
Critical Thinking: Amazing Twins......Page 447
Journey into Psychology: Jennifer’s Amazing Race......Page 463
Behavioral Risk Factors......Page 464
Early Prevention......Page 466
Positive Psychology: Wellness......Page 468
HIV/AIDS......Page 469
Behavioral Risk Factors......Page 470
Stress—Threat or Thrill?......Page 471
Stress, Illness, and Your Immune System......Page 472
When Is Stress a Strain?......Page 473
Appraising Stressors......Page 474
Frustration—Blind Alleys and Lead Balloons......Page 475
Reactions to Frustration......Page 477
Conflict—Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Well, Maybe......Page 478
Managing Conflicts......Page 480
Psychological Defense—Mental Karate?......Page 482
Learned Helplessness—Is There Hope?......Page 484
Depression: Why Students Get the Blues......Page 486
Coping with Depression......Page 487
Life Events and Stress......Page 488
Critical Thinking: It’s All in Your Mind......Page 491
The Cardiac Personality......Page 492
Hardy Personality......Page 494
Psychology in Action; Stress Management—Winning the Stress Game......Page 495
Discovering Psychology: Unhealthy Birds of a Feather......Page 467
Clinical File: Coping with Traumatic Stress......Page 476
Human Diversity: Acculturative Stress—Stranger in a Strange Land......Page 490
Journey into Psychology: Beware the Helicopters......Page 504
Normality—What’s Normal?......Page 505
Discovering Psychology: Crazy for a Day......Page 506
Classifying Mental Disorders—Problems by the Book......Page 507
An Overview of Psychological Disorders......Page 508
General Risk Factors......Page 510
The Nature of Psychosis......Page 512
Delusional Disorders—An Enemy Behind Every Tree......Page 514
Schizophrenia—Shattered Reality......Page 515
Catatonic Schizophrenia......Page 516
The Causes of Schizophrenia......Page 517
Implications......Page 521
Major Mood Disorders......Page 522
What Causes Mood Disorders?......Page 523
Adjustment Disorders......Page 525
Anxiety Disorders......Page 526
Stress Disorders......Page 528
Somatoform Disorders......Page 529
Humanistic-Existential Approaches......Page 531
Cognitive Approach......Page 532
Antisocial Personality......Page 533
Disorders in Perspective—Psychiatric Labeling......Page 534
Human Diversity: A Disease Called Freedom......Page 535
Psychology in Action: Suicide—Lives on the Brink......Page 536
Human Diversity: Running Amok with Cultural Maladies......Page 509
Brain Waves: The Schizophrenic Brain......Page 520
Clinical File: Sick of Being Sick......Page 530
Journey into Psychology: The Duck Syndrome......Page 544
Dimensions of Therapy......Page 545
Origins of Therapy—Bored Out of Your Skull......Page 546
Psychoanalysis—Expedition into the Unconscious......Page 547
Psychoanalysis Today......Page 548
Client-Centered Therapy......Page 549
Gestalt Therapy......Page 550
Media Psychologists......Page 551
Telephone and Internet Therapists......Page 552
Behavior Therapy—Healing by Learning......Page 553
Aversion Therapy......Page 554
Desensitization......Page 555
Operant Therapies—All the World Is a Skinner Box?......Page 558
Nonreinforcement and Extinction......Page 559
Reinforcement and Token Economies......Page 560
Cognitive Therapy for Depression......Page 561
Discovering Psychology: Ten Irrational Beliefs—Which Do You Hold?......Page 562
Group Therapy—People Who Need People......Page 564
Group Awareness Training......Page 565
Critical Thinking: How Do We Know Therapy Actually Works?......Page 566
The Future of Psychotherapy......Page 567
Basic Counseling Skills......Page 568
Drug Therapies......Page 570
Electrical Stimulation Therapy......Page 571
Hospitalization......Page 572
Community Mental Health Programs......Page 573
Psychology in Action: Self-Management and Seeking Professional Help......Page 574
Discovering Psychology: Feeling a Little Tense? Relax!......Page 556
Clinical File: Overcoming the Gambler’s Fallacy......Page 563
Human Diversity: Therapy and Culture—A Bad Case of “Ifufunyane”......Page 569
Journey into Psychology: Love and Hate......Page 584
Interpersonal Attraction......Page 585
Liking and Loving—Dating, Rating, Mating......Page 587
Evolution and Mate Selection......Page 588
Humans in a Social Context—People, People, Everywhere......Page 590
Group Structure, Cohesion, and Norms......Page 591
Making Attributions......Page 592
Conformity......Page 593
Compliance—A Foot in the Door......Page 596
Milgram’s Obedience Studies......Page 597
Coercion—Brainwashing and Cults......Page 599
Cults......Page 600
Assertiveness Training—Standing Up for Your Rights......Page 601
Attitudes—Belief + Emotion+ Action......Page 603
Attitudes and Behavior......Page 604
Persuasion......Page 605
Cognitive Dissonance Theory......Page 606
Becoming Prejudiced......Page 608
Intergroup Conflict—The Roots of Prejudice......Page 609
Experiments in Prejudice......Page 611
Instincts......Page 614
Frustration......Page 615
Preventing Aggression......Page 617
Prosocial Behavior—Helping Others......Page 618
Bystander Intervention......Page 619
Who Will Help Whom?......Page 620
Psychology in Action: Multiculturalism—Living with Diversity......Page 621
Critical Thinking: Groupthink—Agreement at Any Cost......Page 594
Discovering Psychology: Quack Like a Duck......Page 598
Human Diversity: Choking on Stereotypes......Page 610
Critical Thinking: Is America Purple?......Page 612
Journey into Psychology: Statistics from “Heads” to “Tails”......Page 628
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 629
Measures of Variability......Page 631
The Normal Curve......Page 632
Relationships......Page 634
The Correlation Coefficient......Page 635
Samples and Populations......Page 637
Significant Differences......Page 638
Glossary......Page 640
References......Page 658
Name Index......Page 698
Subject Index......Page 708