Psychology of Group and Collective Intelligence

Introduction: What Is Collective Intelligence?
Contents
List of Figures
Contents
Author’s Bio
Chapter 1: Social Cognition
	1.1 Cognitive Psychology
		1.1.1 Pattern Recognition
		1.1.2 Attention
			Joint Attention
			Give It a Try: “Selective Attention Task”
		1.1.3 Memory
			Implicit Memory
			False Memory
			Spreading Activation Hypothesis
			Accessibility
		1.1.4 Knowledge Structure
			Priming Effect
			Category
			Schema
			Mental Model
		1.1.5 Inference Process
			Confirmation Bias
			Heuristics
			Collaborative Problem-Solving
		1.1.6 Metacognition
			Two Neural Signalings of Emotion
			Give it a Try: “The Iowa Gambling Task”
			Misunderstanding of Agreement
	1.2 Game Theory
		1.2.1 Prisoner’s Dilemma
			Give it a Try: Prisoner’s Dilemma
		1.2.2 Tragedy of Commons
		1.2.3 Give it a Try: NetLogo
	1.3 Evolutionary Psychology
		1.3.1 Evolutionary Game
			Influence of Culture
			Relational Mobility
	1.4 Social Cognition
		1.4.1 Perspective in Social Cognition
		1.4.2 Dual Process Theory
			Automatic Processing and Control Processing
			Misattribution
			Give it a Try
		1.4.3 Self-Regulation
		1.4.4 Motivation
		1.4.5 Goal Contagion
		1.4.6 Relationship Schema
		1.4.7 Attitude
			Implicit Attitude
			Mere Exposure Effect
			Online Processing and Memory-Based Processing
			Associative Network Model of Emotion
			Give it a Try
	1.5 Social Neurosciences
		1.5.1 Cognitive Neuroscience
		1.5.2 Empathy
			Embodied Cognition
			Innateness of Empathy
			Give it a Try: Rubber Hand Illusion
		1.5.3 Self-Regulation and Brain
		1.5.4 Default-Mode Network
			Nervous System Responsible for Social Cognition
			Social Exclusion
			Give it a Try: “Mobile Electroencephalograph Device”
	1.6 Common Sense
	1.7 Summary
Chapter 2: Group Process
	2.1 What Is a Group?
		2.1.1 Organization and Group
		2.1.2 Cooperative Actions
			Emergence Delivered from Cooperative Activities
			Process Losses
			Social Loafing and Social Facilitation
			Demonstrability of Correct Answers
		2.1.3 Collaborative Memory
			Collaborative Inhibition
			Knowledge Structure Sharing Process
			Distributed Cognition
			Group False Memory
			Give it a Try: The Experiment for the Collective False Memory
	2.2 Group Process Study
		2.2.1 Groupthink
			Reconsideration of Groupthink
		2.2.2 Leadership
			Leadership Research
		2.2.3 Social Influence Process
			Informational Influence
			Normative Influence
			Influence of Conformity on Memory
		2.2.4 Power of Social Situations
			Lucifer Effect
		2.2.5 Influence from the Minority
			Give It a Try: NASA Tasks
				NASA Tasks
	2.3 Social Identity
		2.3.1 Requirements for Group Formation
		2.3.2 Self-Categorization Theory
		2.3.3 Social Comparison Theory
		2.3.4 Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
		2.3.5 Effect of Categorization
			Stereotype
			Illusory Correlation
	2.4 Social Cognition
		2.4.1 Shared Knowledge Effect
			Cognitive Centrality
			Majority Bias
			Give it a Try: Shared Knowledge Effect
		2.4.2 Cognitive Tuning
	2.5 Attitude Change by Group Discussion
		2.5.1 Risky Shift Experiments
		2.5.2 Group Polarization Phenomenon
			Polarization Brought by the Majority Rule
			Influence of Shared Knowledge
			Influence of Mean Tendency of Society
			Give it a Try: Group Polarization Phenomenon
			Belief polarization
			Extremes of Political Beliefs
	2.6 Summary
Chapter 3: Collective Behavior
	3.1 Flock Behavior
		3.1.1 Flock Movement
		3.1.2 Environmental and Social Information
		3.1.3 Group Conformity
	3.2 Group Intelligence
		3.2.1 Swarm Intelligence
		3.2.2 Example of Swarm Intelligence
			Give it a Try: “StarLogo”
		3.2.3 Combined Decisions
		3.2.4 Human Crowd Behavior
			Movement of Human Crowd
	3.3 Conformity and Contagion
		3.3.1 Emotional Contagion
			Process of Emotional Contagion
		3.3.2 Behavioral Contagion
			Social Factors Affecting Behavioral Contagion
			Emergent Norm Approach
			Give it a Try
	3.4 Network Science
		3.4.1 Small-World Experiment
			Give it a Try
			Role of Weak Ties
		3.4.2 Balance Theory
			Triadic Closure
			Social Capital
		3.4.3 Positive Feedback
			Give it a Try
		3.4.4 Power Distribution and Scale-Free Network
		3.4.5 Information Cascade
			Process of Information Cascade
			Structure to Prevent Cascade
			Simple and Complex Contagions
			Give it a Try
			Network Effect
			Schelling’s Segregation Model
		3.4.6 Real-World Networks
			Dunbar’s Number
			Effect of Belonging Group
			Homophily
			Bipartite Networks
			Contagion of Habitual Behavior
			Loneliness Is Contagious
			Behavioral Contagion
			Intervention Case for Bullying Problem Considering Network
			Political Activities
	3.5 Summary
Chapter 4: Group Collective Intelligence
	4.1 Why the Many Are Smarter than the Few?
		4.1.1 Diversity
		4.1.2 Independence
		4.1.3 Decentralization
		4.1.4 Aggregation
	4.2 Index of Collective Intelligence
		4.2.1 Various Indicators of Collective Intelligence
		4.2.2 Classification of Experimental Tasks
		4.2.3 Tasks with Correct Answers
		4.2.4 Task without a Correct Answer
		4.2.5 Classification of Information
	4.3 ‘Page’s Theory
		4.3.1 The Diversity Prediction Theorem
			Quantity Judgment by the Group
			Give it a Try: Collective Intelligence Experiment
	4.4 Empirical Research on Collective Intelligence
		4.4.1 Majority Rule
			Comparison of the Majority Vote and the Average of the Crowd
			Evolutionary Simulation of the Majority Rule
		4.4.2 Collective Intelligence in Tasks with Correct Answers
			Crowd within Effect
			Collective Intelligence Found in Distribution without Bias
			Collective Intelligence Found in Distributions with Bias
	4.5 The Social Influence on Collective Intelligence
		4.5.1 Negative Results of Social Influence
		4.5.2 Collective Intelligence when a Minority Has Valid Information
		4.5.3 Positive Results of Social Influence
		4.5.4 Experimental Models of Social Influence
		4.5.5 Cognitive Toolbox
	4.6 Distributed Cognition in Teams
		4.6.1 Shared Mental Model
		4.6.2 IPO Theory
		4.6.3 Measurement of Shared Mental Model
		4.6.4 Transactive Memory
		4.6.5 Sharing Inference Process
		4.6.6 Effect of Training
		4.6.7 Formation Process of Shared Mental Model
	4.7 Summary
Chapter 5: Collective Intelligence in Organizations
	5.1 Organizational Psychology
		5.1.1 Performance
		5.1.2 Job Satisfaction
			Fairness
		5.1.3 Job Stress
		5.1.4 Organizational Restructuring
		5.1.5 Organizational Development
	5.2 Organizational Science Applying Collective Intelligence
		5.2.1 People Analytics
			Recruitment
			Leadership Evaluation and Training
		5.2.2 Social Physics
			Statistical Physics
			Give it a Try: Phase Transition
			Collective Intelligence in Social Physics
			Pentland’s Social Physics
			People Analytics Using Mobile Sensors
		5.2.3 Team
			Factors that Improve Team Ability
	5.3 How to Select Experts
		5.3.1 Collective Intelligence by Experts
		5.3.2 Signals of Experts
			Weighting Method for Answers
		5.3.3 Forecast Market
		5.3.4 Reputation
	5.4 Society and Collective Intelligence
		5.4.1 Language and Cognition
			Text Analysis
			Construal Level Theory
			Tuning for the Group
		5.4.2 Pluralistic Ignorance
		5.4.3 Language as Culture
		5.4.4 Collective Memory
			Give it a Try:“Text Analysis”
	5.5 Summary
Chapter 6: Collective Intelligence on the Internet
	6.1 The Internet
		6.1.1 Web 2.0
	6.2 Collective Intelligence on the Internet
		6.2.1 Social Networking Service (SNS)
			Belief Polarization on SNS
		6.2.2 Machine Learning
			Give It a Try
	6.3 Task Solving by Online Groups
		6.3.1 Decentralized Task Solution
		6.3.2 Interaction Between Information Volume and Issues
			Combinatorial Optimization Problem
		6.3.3 Online Shared Knowledge
			Sharing of Inference Process
	6.4 Human-Computer Interaction
		6.4.1 Web Services and Collective Intelligence
		6.4.2 Crowdsourcing
			Issues in Crowdsourcing
			Machine Learning Used for Crowdsourcing
			Peer Production
			Issues in Wikipedia
	6.5 Collective Intelligence Research Using the Internet
		6.5.1 Task Resolution Using a Wide Area Network
		6.5.2 Creativity
			Crowdfunding
		6.5.3 Near Future Prediction Research
	6.6 Split Networks
		6.6.1 Need for Education
		6.6.2 Online Learning
			Dispersion of Attention
			Distributed Cognition and Education
			The Presence of Others Online
	6.7 Summary
Glossary
Concluding remarks: Humans as Coupled Oscillators
References
Index