Psychology in Everyday Life

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Brief Contents......Page 13
Contents......Page 14
Preface......Page 20
Content Changes......Page 38
Time Management: Or, How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life......Page 46
CHAPTER 1 Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools......Page 53
CHAPTER 2 The Biology of Mind and Consciousness......Page 81
CHAPTER 3 Developing Through the Life Span......Page 119
CHAPTER 4 Gender and Sexuality......Page 159
CHAPTER 5 Sensation and Perception......Page 185
CHAPTER 6 Learning......Page 219
CHAPTER 7 Memory......Page 245
CHAPTER 8 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence......Page 271
CHAPTER 9 Motivation and Emotion......Page 307
CHAPTER 10 Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing......Page 335
CHAPTER 11 Personality......Page 363
CHAPTER 12 Social Psychology......Page 389
CHAPTER 13 Psychological Disorders......Page 423
CHAPTER 14 Therapy......Page 461
Appendix A: Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life......Page 488
Appendix B: Psychology at Work......Page 498
Appendix C: Subfields of Psychology......Page 508
Appendix D: Complete Chapter Reviews......Page 514
Appendix E: Answers to Chapter Test Questions......Page 546
A......Page 552
A......Page 566
References......Page 582
B......Page 658
A......Page 672
Psychological Science Is Born......Page 54
Contemporary Psychology......Page 56
Four Big Ideas in Psychology......Page 57
Big Idea 2: Behavior Is a Biopsychosocial Event......Page 58
Big Idea 4: Psychology Explores Human Strengths as Well as Challenges......Page 60
The Limits of Intuition and Common Sense......Page 61
The Scientific Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and Humble......Page 63
The Scientific Method......Page 64
Description......Page 65
Correlation......Page 68
Experimentation......Page 69
Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology......Page 72
Improve Your Retention—and Your Grades......Page 75
A Neuron’s Structure......Page 82
How Neurons Communicate......Page 83
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us......Page 84
The Nervous System......Page 85
The Central Nervous System......Page 86
The Endocrine System......Page 88
Older Brain Structures......Page 89
CLOSE-UP: Tools of Discovery—Having Our Head Examined......Page 90
The Cerebral Cortex......Page 94
Our Divided Brain......Page 99
Brain States and Consciousness......Page 102
Selective Attention......Page 103
Sleep and Dreams......Page 104
Conception......Page 120
Prenatal Development......Page 122
The Competent Newborn......Page 123
CLOSE-UP: Twin and Adoption Studies......Page 124
Physical Development......Page 125
Cognitive Development......Page 127
Social Development......Page 133
Thinking About Nature and Nurture......Page 137
Physical Development......Page 138
Cognitive Development......Page 139
Social Development......Page 141
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: How Much Credit or Blame Do Parents Deserve?......Page 143
Emerging Adulthood......Page 144
Thinking About Continuity and Stages......Page 145
Physical Development......Page 146
Cognitive Development......Page 148
Social Development......Page 149
Thinking About Stability and Change......Page 153
How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ?......Page 160
The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex......Page 162
The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences......Page 165
The Physiology of Sex......Page 167
The Psychology of Sex......Page 170
Sexual Orientation: Why Do We Differ?......Page 172
Biology and Sexual Orientation......Page 174
Gender Differences in Sexuality......Page 177
Natural Selection and Mating Preferences......Page 178
Critiquing the Evolutionary Perspective......Page 179
Reflections on Gender, Sexuality, and Nature–Nurture Interaction......Page 180
CLOSE-UP: For Those Troubled by the Scientific Understanding of Human Origins......Page 181
From Outer Energy to Inner Brain Activity......Page 186
Thresholds......Page 187
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Can Subliminal Messages Control Our Behavior?......Page 188
Sensory Adaptation......Page 189
Context Effects......Page 190
Light Energy: From the Environment Into the Brain......Page 191
The Eye......Page 192
Visual Information Processing......Page 194
Color Vision......Page 195
Visual Organization......Page 197
Visual Interpretation......Page 202
Hearing......Page 203
Touch......Page 206
Taste......Page 209
Smell......Page 210
Body Position and Movement......Page 211
Sensory Interaction......Page 212
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ESP—Perception Without Sensation?......Page 213
How Do We Learn?......Page 220
Pavlov’s Experiments......Page 221
Pavlov’s Legacy......Page 224
Skinner’s Experiments......Page 226
Skinner’s Legacy......Page 231
Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning......Page 232
Biological Limits on Conditioning......Page 233
Cognitive Influences on Conditioning......Page 235
Learning by Observation......Page 236
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Does Viewing Media Violence Trigger Violent Behavior?......Page 240
An Information-Processing Model......Page 246
Automatic Processing and Implicit Memories......Page 247
Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories......Page 248
Retaining Information in the Brain......Page 251
Synaptic Changes......Page 253
Measuring Retention......Page 254
Retrieval Cues......Page 255
Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind......Page 258
Retrieval Failure......Page 259
Memory Construction Errors......Page 261
Misinformation and Imagination Effects......Page 262
Recognizing False Memories......Page 263
Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?......Page 264
Improving Memory......Page 266
Solving Problems......Page 272
Making Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments......Page 273
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Fear Factor—Why We Fear the Wrong Things......Page 276
Thinking Creatively......Page 278
Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills?......Page 280
Language......Page 281
Language Development......Page 282
The Brain and Language......Page 284
Thinking Without Language......Page 285
Do Other Species Have Language?......Page 286
What Is Intelligence?......Page 287
Assessing Intelligence......Page 291
The Nature and Nurture of Intelligence......Page 293
CLOSE-UP: Extremes of Intelligence......Page 294
CLOSE-UP: What Is Heritability?......Page 296
Intelligence Across the Life Span: Stability or Change?......Page 297
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores......Page 298
Arousal Theory......Page 308
A Hierarchy of Needs......Page 309
The Physiology of Hunger......Page 310
The Psychology of Hunger......Page 312
Obesity and Weight Control......Page 313
The Benefits of Belonging......Page 315
CLOSE-UP: Waist Management......Page 316
The Pain of Being Shut Out......Page 317
Connecting and Social Networking......Page 318
Emotion: Arousal, Behavior, and Cognition......Page 320
Historic Emotion Theories......Page 321
Zajonc, LeDoux, and Lazarus: Emotion and the Two-Track Brain......Page 322
Emotions and the Autonomic NervousSystem......Page 324
The Physiology of Emotions......Page 325
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: Lie Detection......Page 326
Detecting Emotion in Others......Page 327
Culture and Emotional Expression......Page 328
The Effects of Facial Expressions......Page 329
Stressors—Things That Push Our Buttons......Page 336
Stress Reactions—From Alarm to Exhaustion......Page 337
Stress Effects and Health......Page 338
Stress and Cancer......Page 340
Stress and Heart Disease......Page 341
Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being......Page 343
Who Controls Your Life?......Page 344
Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?......Page 345
Social Support......Page 346
CLOSE-UP: Pets Are Friends, Too......Page 347
Aerobic Exercise......Page 348
Relaxation and Meditation......Page 349
Faith Communities and Health......Page 351
Happiness......Page 353
The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs......Page 354
Why Can’t Money Buy More Happiness?......Page 355
CLOSE-UP: Want to Be Happier?......Page 358
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective: Exploring the Unconscious......Page 364
The Neo-Freudian and Later Psychodynamic Theorists......Page 367
Assessing Unconscious Processes......Page 368
Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective and Modern Views of the Unconscious......Page 369
Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person......Page 371
Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective......Page 372
Evaluating Humanistic Theories......Page 373
Exploring Traits......Page 374
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Stigma of Introversion......Page 375
The Big Five Factors......Page 376
Evaluating Trait Theories......Page 377
Reciprocal Influences......Page 378
Exploring the Self......Page 380
The Benefits of Self-Esteem......Page 381
Self-Serving Bias......Page 382
Culture and the Self......Page 383
The Fundamental Attribution Error......Page 390
Attitudes and Actions......Page 391
Conformity and Obedience......Page 393
Group Influence......Page 398
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: The Internet as Social Amplifier......Page 401
Prejudice......Page 402
CLOSE-UP: Automatic Prejudice......Page 403
Aggression......Page 406
Attraction......Page 410
CLOSE-UP: Online Matchmaking and Speed Dating......Page 411
Altruism......Page 415
Conflict and Peacemaking......Page 417
Understanding Psychological Disorders......Page 424
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT: ADHD—Normal High Energy or Disordered Behavior?......Page 425
Classifying Disorders—and Labeling People......Page 426
Generalized Anxiety Disorder......Page 428
Phobias......Page 429
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)......Page 430
Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD......Page 431
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders......Page 433
Depressants......Page 434
Stimulants......Page 436
Hallucinogens......Page 439
Understanding Substance Use Disorder......Page 440
Major Depressive Disorder......Page 442
Bipolar Disorder......Page 443
Suicide and Self-Injury......Page 444
Understanding Mood Disorders......Page 445
Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 449
Understanding Schizophrenia......Page 450
Eating Disorders......Page 452
Dissociative Disorders......Page 453
Personality Disorders......Page 455
Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy......Page 462
Humanistic Therapies......Page 464
Behavior Therapies......Page 466
Cognitive Therapies......Page 469
Group and Family Therapies......Page 471
Is Psychotherapy Effective?......Page 472
Which Psychotherapies Work Best?......Page 473
How Do Psychotherapies Help People?......Page 474
How Do Culture and Values Influence Psychotherapy?......Page 475
Drug Therapies......Page 476
Brain Stimulation......Page 479
Psychosurgery......Page 481
Therapeutic Lifestyle Change......Page 482
Preventing Psychological Disorders......Page 483
C......Page 553
D......Page 554
E......Page 555
G......Page 556
I......Page 557
M......Page 558
O......Page 559
P......Page 560
R......Page 561
S......Page 562
T......Page 563
Z......Page 564
C......Page 567
E......Page 569
F......Page 570
G......Page 571
I......Page 572
M......Page 573
N......Page 574
P......Page 575
R......Page 577
S......Page 578
T......Page 579
W......Page 580
Z......Page 581
C......Page 659
D......Page 660
G......Page 661
H......Page 662
K......Page 663
L......Page 664
M......Page 665
P......Page 666
S......Page 667
W......Page 669
Z......Page 670
C......Page 673
D......Page 675
E......Page 676
G......Page 677
I......Page 678
M......Page 679
N......Page 680
P......Page 681
R......Page 683
S......Page 684
V......Page 686
Z......Page 687