Psychology

Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Features list
Guide to the text
Guide to the online resources
Preface
About the authors
Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
	1.1 The world of psychology: an overview
		Subfields of psychology
		Linkages within psychology and beyond
	1.2 A brief history of psychology
		Wundt and the structuralism of Titchener
		Gestalt psychologists
		Freud and psychoanalysis
		William James and functionalism
		John B. Watson and behaviourism
		Psychology today
	1.3 Approaches to the science of psychology
		Biological approach 17 Evolutionary approach
		Psychodynamic approach
		Behavioural approach
		Cognitive approach
		Humanistic approach
	1.4 Human diversity and psychology
		Impact of sociocultural diversity on psychology
	1.5 Studying and working in psychology in Australia and New Zealand
		Psychological literacy and the Accreditation Standards: Foundational graduate competencies (Level 1)
		Careers in psychology
		This book
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
	2.1 Thinking critically about psychology
		Critical thinking and scientific research
		Role of theories
	2.2 Research methods in psychology
		Observational methods
		Case studies: taking a closer look
		Surveys: looking at the big picture
		Correlational studies: looking for relationships
		Experiments: exploring cause and effect
		Selecting human participants for research 52 Qualitative methodology
		Linkages: Psychological research methods and behavioural genetics
	2.3 Statistical analysis of research results
		Descriptive statistics
		Inferential statistics
		Statistics and research methods as tools in critical thinking
	2.4 Ethical guidelines for psychologists
		Ethical conduct with humans
		Ethical research with animals
CHAPTER 3: BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
	3.1 Nervous system
		Cells of the nervous system
		Action potential
		Synapses and communication between neurons
		Organisation and functions of the nervous system
	3.2 Peripheral nervous system
		Somatic nervous system
		Autonomic nervous system
	3.3 Central Nervous System
		Spinal cord
		Brain
		Focus on research: Manipulating genes in animal models of human disease
		Cerebral cortex
		Exploring the brain
		Thinking critically: What can fMRI tell us about behaviour and mental processes?
		The divided brain in a unified self
		Plasticity in the central nervous system
		Linkages: Human development and the changing brain
	3.4 Chemistry of psychology
		Main classes of neurotransmitters
	3.5 Endocrine system
		Hormones
		Role of the brain
		Feedback systems
CHAPTER 4: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
	4.1 Sensory systems
		How we sense
		The problem of encoding
		Absolute thresholds: is something out there?
		Linkages: Sensation and biological aspects of psychology
		Signal detection theory
		Judging differences: has anything changed?
		Magnitude estimation: how intense is that?
	4.2 Hearing
		Sound
		The ear
	4.3 Vision
		Light
		Focusing light
		Converting light into images
		Seeing colour
		Interaction of the senses: synaesthesia
	4.4 Chemical senses: smell and taste
		Olfaction
		Gustation
		Smell, taste and flavour
	4.5 Sensing your body
		Touch and temperature
		Pain
		Thinking critically: Does acupuncture relieve pain?
		Proprioception: sensing body position
		Focus on research: The case of the mysterious spells
	4.6 Perception
		The perception paradox
		Three approaches to perception
	4.7 Organising the perceptual world
		Basic processes in perceptual organisation
		Perception of location and distance
		Perception of motion
		Perceptual constancy
	4.8 Recognising the perceptual world
		Bottom- up processing
		Top- down processing
		Network processing
		Culture, experience and perception
		Linkages: Perception and human development
	4.9 Attention
		Directing attention
		Ignoring information
		Dividing attention
		Attention and automatic processing
		Attention and the brain
CHAPTER 5: CONSCIOUSNESS
	5.1 Scope of consciousness
		Functions of consciousness
		Levels of consciousness
		Mental processing without awareness
		Thinking critically: Can subliminal messages change your behaviour?
		Focus on research: Subliminal messages in popular music
		Neuropsychology of consciousness
	5.2 Sleeping and dreaming
		Stages of sleep
		Why do people sleep?
		Sleep disorders
		Dreams and dreaming
	5.3 Hypnosis
		Experiencing hypnosis
		Explaining hypnosis
CHAPTER 6: LEARNING
	6.1 Learning about stimuli
		Habituation and sensitisation
		Opponent process theory
		Learnt association
	6.2 Classical conditioning: learning signals and associations
		Pavlov's discovery
		Conditioned responses over time
		Stimulus generalisation and discrimination
		Signalling of significant events
		Some applications of classical conditioning
	6.3 Operant conditioning: learning the consequences of behaviour
		From the puzzle box to the Skinner box
		Basic components of operant conditioning 262 Forming and strengthening operant behaviour
		Why reinforcers work
		Punishment
		Some applications of operant conditioning
		Linkages: Neural networks and learning
	6.4 Cognitive processes in learning
		Learnt helplessness
		Focus on research: An experiment on human helplessness
		Latent learning and cognitive maps
		Insight and learning
		Observational learning: learning by imitation
		Thinking critically: Does watching violence on television make people more violent?
	6.5 Using research on learning to help people learn
		Skill learning
CHAPTER 7: MEMORY
	7.1 The nature of memory
		Basic memory processes
		Types of memory
		Explicit and implicit memory
		Models of memory
	7.2 Storing new memories
		Sensory memory
		Short- term memory and working memory
		Long- term memory
		Distinguishing between short- term and long- term memory
	7.3 Retrieving memories
		Retrieval cues and encoding specificity
		Context and state dependence
		Focus on research: I could swear I heard it!
		Retrieval from semantic memory
	7.4 Constructing memories
		Relating semantic and episodic memory: PDP models
		Schemas
		Linkages: Memory, perception and eyewitness testimony
	7.5 Forgetting
		How do we forget?
		Why do we forget? The roles of decay and interference
		Thinking critically: Can traumatic memories be repressed and then recovered?
		Collective memories and forgetting
		Prospective memory
		Ageing and memory
		Other interesting phenomena
	7.6 Biological bases of memory
		Biochemistry of memory
		Brain structures and memory
	7.7 Improving your memory
		Mnemonic strategies
		Guidelines for more effective studying
		Reading a textbook
		Lecture notes
		Design for memory
CHAPTER 8: THOUGHT, LANGUAGE AND INTELLIGENCE
	8.1 Basic functions of thought
		Circle of thought
	8.2 Mental representations
		Concepts
		Images and cognitive maps
	8.3 Thinking strategies
		Propositions
		Schemas, scripts and mental models
		Formal reasoning
		Informal reasoning
	8.4 Problem- solving
		Strategies for problem- solving
		Obstacles to problem- solving
		Building problem- solving skills
		Problem- solving by computer
		Computer- assisted problem- solving
		Creative thinking
	8.5 Decision- making
		Evaluating options
		Biases and flaws in decision- making
		Linkages: Group processes in problem- solving and decision- making
	8.6 Language
		How is language acquired?
	8.7 Understanding intelligence
		Development of language
		Psychometric approach
		Information- processing model
		Triarchic theory of intelligence
		Multiple intelligences
	8.8 Testing intelligence
		Intelligence tests today
		Aptitude and achievement measures
	8.9 Evaluating intelligence tests
		Statistical reliability
		Statistical validity
		Linkages: Emotionality and the measurement of cognitive abilities
		Innate and environmental influences on IQ
		Conditions that can raise IQ
		IQ in the classroom
		Thinking critically: Are intelligence tests unfairly biased against certain groups?
		Focus on research: Tracking cognitive abilities over the life span
	8.10 Diversity in intelligence
		Unusual intelligence
CHAPTER 9: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
	9.1 Concepts and theories of motivation
		Sources of motivation
		Instinct doctrine and its descendants
		Drive reduction theory
		Arousal theory
		Incentive theory
	9.2 Hunger and eating
		Biological signals for hunger and satiation
		Hunger and the brain
		Flavour, sociocultural experience and food selection
		Unhealthy eating
	9.3 Sexual behaviour
		Focus on research: A survey of human sexual behaviour
		Biology of sex
		Social and cultural factors in sexuality
		Sexual orientation
		Thinking critically: What shapes sexual orientation?
	9.4 Achievement motivation
		Need for achievement
		Achievement and success in the workplace
		Achievement and wellbeing
		Relations and conflicts among motives
		Linkages: Conflicting motives and stress
		Opponent processes, motivation and emotion
	9.5 Nature of emotion
		Defining characteristics
		Biology of emotion
	9.6 Theories of emotion
		James' peripheral theory
		Cannon's central theory
		Cognitive theories of emotion
	9.7 Communicating emotion
		Innate expressions of emotion
		Social and cultural influences on emotional expression
CHAPTER 10: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
	10.1 Exploring human development
		Genes and the environment
	10.2 Beginnings
		Prenatal development
		The newborn
	10.3 Infancy and childhood: cognitive development
		Changes in the brain
		Development of knowledge: Piaget's theory
		Modifying Piaget's theory
		Information processing during childhood
		Linkages: Development and memory
		The social world and cognitive development
		Individual variations in cognitive development
	10.4 Infancy and childhood: social and emotional development
		Individual temperament
		Attachment
		Thinking critically: Does day care harm the emotional development of infants?
		Relationships with parents and peers
		Focus on research: Exploring developing minds
		Gender roles
		Risk and resilience
	10.5 Adolescence
		Changes in body, brain and thinking
		Adolescent feelings and behaviour
		Identity and development of the self
		Moral development
	10.6 Adulthood
		Physical changes
		Cognitive changes
		Social changes
		Longevity, death and dying
CHAPTER 11: HEALTH, STRESS AND COPING
	11.1 Health psychology: stress and stressors
		Health psychology
		Understanding stress and stressors
		Psychological stressors
		Measuring stressors
	11.2 Stress responses
		Physical responses
		Psychological responses
		Linkages: Stress and psychological disorders
	11.3 Stress mediators
		How stressors are perceived
		Predictability and control
		Coping resources and coping methods
		Social support
		Stress, personality and gender
		Focus on research: Personality and health
	11.4 Physiology and psychology of health and illness
		Stress, illness and the immune system
		Stress, illness and the cardiovascular system
		Thinking critically: Does hostility increase the risk of heart disease?
	11.5 Promoting healthy behaviour
		Health beliefs and health behaviours
		Changing health behaviours: stages of readiness
		Programs for coping with stress and promoting health
CHAPTER 12: PERSONALITY
	12.1 Psychodynamic approach
		Structure and development of personality
		Variations on Freud's personality theory
		Contemporary psychodynamic theories
		Evaluating the psychodynamic approach
	12.2 Trait approach
		Traits versus types
		Allport's trait theory
		Five- factor personality model
		Biological trait theories
		Evaluating the trait approach
		Thinking critically: Are personality traits inherited?
	12.3 Social- cognitive approach
		Historical basis of the social- cognitive approach
		Prominent social- cognitive theories
		Evaluating the social- cognitive approach
	12.4 Humanistic approach
		Prominent humanistic theories
		Evaluating the humanistic approach
		Linkages: Personality, culture andhuman development
		Focus on research: Personality development over time
	12.5 Assessing personality
		Projective personality measures
		Non- projective personality measures
		Personality tests and employee selection
CHAPTER 13: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND TREATMENT
	13.1 Defining and explaining psychological disorders
		What is abnormal?
		Behaviour in context: a practical approach
		Explaining psychological disorders
		Biopsychosocial approach
		Diathesis- stress as an integrative explanation
	13.2 Classifying psychological disorders
		A classification system: DSM- 5
		Thinking critically: Is psychological diagnosis biased?
		Anxiety disorders
		Linkages: Anxiety disorders and learning
		Somatic symptom and related disorders
		Dissociative disorders
		Affective disorders
		Schizophrenia
		Personality disorders
		Focus on research: Exploring links between child abuse and antisocial personality disorder
		Additional psychological disorders
		Mental illness and the law
	13.3 Approaches to treatment of psychological disorders
		Basic features of treatment
		Psychodynamic psychotherapy
		Humanistic psychotherapy
		Behaviour therapy
		Group, family and couples therapy
		Evaluating psychotherapy
		Thinking critically: Are all forms of therapy equally effective?
	13.4 Biological treatments
		Psychosurgery
		Electroconvulsive therapy
		Psychoactive medications
		Medications and psychotherapy
		Linkages: Biological aspects of psychology and the treatment of psychological disorders
	13.5 Community psychology: from treatment to prevention
		Community mental health
		Other factors
CHAPTER 14: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
	14.1 Social influences on the self
		Social comparison
		Focus on research: Self- esteem and the ultimate terror
		Social norms
		Linkages: Motivation and the presence of others
		Social identity theory
		Social perception
	14.2 Forming and changing attitudes
		Forming attitudes
		Changing attitudes
	14.3 Prejudice and stereotypes
		Theories of prejudice and stereotyping
		Reducing prejudice
	14.4 Interpersonal attraction
		Keys to attraction
		Intimate relationships and love
	14.5 Social impact
		Social norms
		Conformity and compliance
		Obedience
	14.6 Aggression
		Why are people aggressive?
		When are people aggressive?
		Thinking critically: Do violent video games make people more aggressive?
	14.7 Altruism and helping behaviour. . . . . . .
		Why do people help?
	14.8 Cooperation, competition and conflict
		Social dilemmas
		Promoting cooperation
		Interpersonal conflict
		Group processes
		Linkages: Biological and social psychology
CHAPTER 15: CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY
	15.1 What is culture?
		Dimensions of culture
		Culture and identity
	15.2 Psychology, culture and health
		Importance of culture to health
		Does 'normal' cross cultures?
	15.3 Cultural contact
		Issues with cultural contact
		Thinking critically: Is ethnic prejudice too ingrained ever to be eliminated?
		Consequences of cultural contact
	15.4 Focus on cultural and cross- cultural research methods
		Cultural and cross- cultural researchers
CHAPTER 16: INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY
	16.1 What do we mean by indigenous peoples?
		Health and wellbeing of indigenous peoples
		Why is it important to differentiate indigenous peoples in the study of psychology?
	16.2 Indigenous peoples of Australia and New Zealand
		Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples
		Maori peoples
	16.3 What is indigenous psychology?
		Indigenous psychology in Australia
		Indigenous psychology in New Zealand
	16.4 Working with indigenous peoples
		Developing indigenous cultural competence
		Psychological and mental health assessment and indigenous peoples
		Focus on research: Strategies for remembering in the Australian landscape
	16.5 Focus on indigenous research methods
		Decolonising Australian psychological research
		Decolonising New Zealand psychological research
		Australian Psychological Society apology
CHAPTER 17: NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
	17.1 FOUNDATIONS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
		A brief history of neuropsychology
		Modules and networks
		Lesion analysis
		Neuropsychological assessment
		Training for neuropsychology
	17.2 MECHANISMS OF BRAIN DYSFUNCTION
		Cerebral infarcts
		Traumatic brain injury
		Neurodegenerative diseases
	17.3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
		Amnestic disorders
		Consciousness disturbances
		THINKING CRITICALLYCAN SOMEONE BE PARTIALLY PARALYSED AND NOT KNOW IT?
		Perceptual disturbances
		FOCUS ON RESEARCH STUDYING HEMINEGLECT
		LINKAGES: LANGUAGE DISORDERS AND THE BRAIN
		Movement disorders
		Dementia
CHAPTER 18: BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS
	18.1 THE BIOLOGY OF GENETICSAND HEREDITY
	18.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GENETICRESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
	18.3 THE FOCUS OF RESEARCHIN BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS
	18.4 GENETIC FACTORS IN PSYCHOLOGY
		Genetic influences over the life span
		Genes affecting multiple traits
		Identifying genes related to behaviour
	18.5 BEHAVIOURAL GENETICS ANDENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
CHAPTER 19: STATISTICS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
	19.1 DESCRIBING DATA
		The histogram
	19.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
		N
		Measures of central tendency
		Measures of variability
	19.3 THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
		Correlation
	19.4 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
		Differences between means: the t test
		Beyond the t test
APPENDIX A: CAREERS FOR PSYCHOLOGY GRADUATES
APPENDIX B: SEARCHING PSYCHOLOGY DATABASES
NAME INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX