Psychology

Cover
Contents
Preface to the fifth edition
Guided tour
The teaching package
The authors
Acknowledgements
Publisher’s acknowledgements
1 The science of psychology
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 1
	Questions to think about
	What is psychology?
		Psychology defined
		How much of a science is psychology?
		Controversies in psychological science: Is psychology common sense?
		Explaining behaviour
		Cutting edge: Are beautiful people good because they are desired?
		Established and emerging fields of psychology
		Cutting edge: Darkness and dishonesty
		Cutting edge: See no evil? Not quite…
		Psychology in action: How to detect a liar
	Psychology: a European perspective
		Psychology – An international perspective
		Psychological training and status of psychology in Europe
		European views of psychology and psychologists
	Psychology: the development of a science
		Philosophical roots of psychology
	Modern psychology: from the Leipzig laboratory to the cognitive revolution
		Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt
		Memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus
		Functionalism: William James and James Angell
		Evolution and heritability: Charles Darwin and Francis Galton
		Psychodynamic theory: Sigmund Freud
		Behaviourism: Edward Thorndike and Ivan Pavlov
		Behaviourism: John B. Watson
		Radical behaviourism: Edward Tolman and Clark Leonard Hull
		Radical behaviourism: Burrhus Frederic Skinner
		Genetic epistemology: Jean Piaget
		Gestalt psychology: Max Wertheimer
		Humanistic psychology
		The personality psychologists: Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck, Walter Mischel, Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
		The social psychologists
		The cognitive revolution: beyond behaviourism
		The biological revolution
		Cognitive neuroscience: the future of the biology of the 'mind'?
	Conceptual and historical issues in psychology
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
2 Research methods in psychology
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 2
	Questions to think about
	The process of discovery in psychology: the scientific method
		Stages in experimentation
		Communicating the results of scientific research
		Constructing a hypothesis
		Controversies in psychological science: Psychology and the media
		Creating a theory
		Quantitative research methods: designing an experiment
		Psychology in action: The Barnum effect
		Response bias – An international perspective
		Cutting edge: Psychologists in a bind
		Correlational studies
		Single-case studies
		Qualitative analysis
	Ethics
		Research with human participants
		Informed consent
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
3 Evolution, genetics and behaviour
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 3
	Questions to think about
	The development of evolutionary theory
		In the beginning: the voyage of the Beagle
		The Origin of Species
		Darwin's theory of evolution
		Human evolution
		Natural selection and human evolution
	Heredity and genetics
		The basic principles of genetics
		Genetic diversity
		Influences of sex on heredity
		Mutations and chromosomal aberrations
		Epigenetics
		Heredity and behaviour genetics
	Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology
		Reproductive strategies and the biological basis of parenting
		Controversies in psychological science: Are some body types universally attractive?
		Psychology in action: Menstrual cycle and attraction
		Cutting edge: Boom and bust?
		Infidelity – An international perspective
		Cutting edge: Facing jealousy
		Altruism and kin selection
		Sociobiology and evolutionary psychology as an explanation for human behaviour
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
4 Psychobiology and neuroscience
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 4
	Questions to think about
	Psychobiology and neuroscience
	The nervous system: the brain and its components
		The central nervous system
		The peripheral nervous system
		Cells of the nervous system
		Neurotransmitters
		The action potential
		Synapses
		Excitation and inhibition
		Neuromodulators: action at a distance
	Techniques in psychobiology and neuroscience
		Lesioning
		Studying brain injury: clinical neuropsychology
		Rehabilitation after brain damage
		Psychophysiology: measuring CNs activity
		Psychophysiology: measuring activity outside the CNs
		Neuroimaging techniques
		Measures of brain structure
		Measures of brain function
		Cutting edge: On faces, bodies, buildings and living and non-living things: how does the brain perceive them?
		Caveats
		Controversies in psychological science: Can brain scanners detect deception?
		Modern brain stimulation: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMs)
		Other techniques
	Organisation of the cerebral cortex
		Primary sensory and motor cortex
		Temporal sequencing of events
		Lateralisation of function
		Vision: the occipital lobe
		Audition and language: the temporal lobe
		Somatosensation and spatial perception: the parietal lobe
		Planning and moving: the frontal lobe
	Control of internal functions and automatic behaviour
		The brain stem
		The cerebellum
		Subcortical structures
	Drugs and behaviour
		Stimulating or inhibiting the release of transmitter substances
		Brain structure and response – An international perspective
		Stimulating or blocking postsynaptic receptor molecules
		Inhibiting reuptake
		Sedatives
		Stimulants
		Psychology in action: What is drug addiction?
		Drugs and altered states of consciousness
		Drug classification
		The psychology of cannabis use – An international perspective
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
5 Sensation
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 5
	Questions to think about
	Sensation and behaviour
	Sensory processing
		Transduction
		Sensory coding
		Psychophysics
	Vision
		Light
		The eye and its functions
		Colour vision
		Defects in colour vision
		Psychology in action: What is it about the colour red?
		Cutting edge: Can colour generate heat?
	Audition
		Sound
		The ear and its functions
		Detecting and localising sounds in the environment
		The interaction between audition and vision
		Audition and the temporal cortex
		Deafness
		Cutting edge: The neuropsychology of opera
	Gustation
		Taste receptors and the sensory pathway
		Qualities of taste
		The development of taste preference
		Supertasters
	Olfaction
		Odour perception – An international perspective
		Anatomy of the olfactory system
		Controversies in psychological science: Do human pheromones exist?
		The dimensions of odour
		Sex differences
	The somatosenses
		The skin senses
		Pain
		Cutting edge: The effect of a partner on pain reduction
		The internal senses
		The vestibular senses
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
6 Perception
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 6
	Questions to think about
	The nature of perception
		Definition of perception
	Perception of form
		Figure and ground
		Organisation of elements: the principles of Gestalt
		Models of pattern perception
		Top-down processing: the role of context
		Direct perception: Gibson's affordances
		Face perception
		Cutting edge: Quarter back, nice front
	Perception of space and motion
		Depth perception
		Psychology in action: CCTV and face perception
		Distance and location
		Constancies of visual perception
		Visual perception across cultures
		Controversies in psychological science: How does language influence visual perception?
		Perception of motion
		Perception and the environment – An international perspective
		Does language affect our understanding of spatial relations?
	Brain mechanisms of visual perception
		The primary visual cortex
		The visual association cortex
		The 'special' case of faces: evidence from neuroimaging
		Brain damage and visual perception
		Perceptual disorders
		Psychology in action: How does brain injury affect artists?
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
7 Learning and behaviour
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 7
	Questions to think about
	The purpose of learning
	Habituation
	Classical conditioning
		Pavlov's serendipitous discovery
		The biological significance of classical conditioning
		Basic principles of classical conditioning
		Conditional emotional responses
		What is learned in classical conditioning?
		Neurobiological correlates of Pavlovian conditioning
	After behaviourism
		Cutting edge: Decoding the brain: Morse code
		Hull's computational approach to learning
		Tolman and the cognitive map
	Operant conditioning
		The law of effect
		Skinner and operant behaviour
		The three-term contingency
		Reinforcement, punishment and extinction
		Other operant procedures and phenomena
	Conditioning of complex behaviours
		Aversive control of behaviour
		Psychology in action: Flavour aversions
		Applications of operant conditioning to human behaviour
		Controversies in psychological science: Is the brain like a computer?
	Learning in practice: being a student
		Deep v. shallow learning
		Learning style
		Cutting edge: Cheaters profiled
		Personality and academic success
		Confidence
		The best way to understand a textbook
		Studying psychology – An international perspective
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
8 Memory
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 8
	Questions to think about
	Memory: an introduction
		Types of memory
	Sensory memory
		Iconic memory
		Echoic memory
	Short-term memory (STM)
		Working memory
		Primacy and recency effects
		The limits of short-term and working memory
		Loss of information from short-term memory
	Learning and encoding in long-term memory
		The consolidation hypothesis
		Levels of processing
		Mnemonics and memory aids
	Long-term memory: episodic and semantic memory
		Episodic memory across the ages
		Memory – An international perspective
		Explicit and implicit memory
	Remembering
		Reconstruction: remembering as a creative process
		Why do we remember the things that we do?
		Controversies in psychological science – How long does memory last?
		The malleability of memory
		Eyewitness testimony
		Eyewitness identification
		Interference
		State-dependent memory: the effect of mood on recall
		Flashbulb memories
		Cutting edge: Humour improves memory, incidentally
	The biological basis of memory
		Before memory: learning
		Where are long-term memories formed?
		Chemical modulation of long-term potentiation
		Amnesia
		Psychology in action: Memory at the movies…
		The role of the hippocampus in memory
		Neuroimaging and memory
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
9 Consciousness
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 9
	Questions to think about
	Consciousness: an introduction
		Philosophical approaches to consciousness
		The meaning of 'consciousness'
	Theories of consciousness
		Neurobiological theories
		Cognitive theories
	Selective attention
		Dichotic listening
		The cocktail-party phenomenon
		Background noise
		Controversies in psychological science: Does mobile phone use impair your driving?
		Models of selective attention
		Cutting edge: Open-plan offices- a good way to increase workload and errors
		Noise – An international perspective
		Visual information
		Inattentional blindness
		Controversies in psychological science: Well, are you "lovin it"? Quick, turn the page. The evidence for Subliminal perception
		Divided attention
		Cutting edge: Can gaming improve attention?
		Brain mechanisms of selective attention
	Hypnosis
		The induction of hypnosis
		Characteristics of hypnosis
		Psychology in action: Attention and pain
		Theories of hypnosis
		Controversies in psychological science: Can hypnosis reduce pain and stress?
	Sleep
		The stages of sleep
		Evening and morning types
		Functions of sleep
		Sleep deprivation
		Effects of REM sleep deprivation
		Sleep-dependent memory consolidation
		Dreaming
		Psychology in action: How sleep loss affects behaviour
		Brain mechanisms of sleep
		Sleep disorders
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
10 Language
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 10
	Questions to think about
	The use of language
		Psycholinguistics: the study of language acquisition and meaning
		Perception of speech
		Recognition of speech sounds
		Production of speech
		Recognition of words: the importance of context
		Understanding the meaning of speech
		The relationship between semantics and syntax
		What is meaning?
		Is there a universal language?
		Cutting edge: Finishing each others' sentences…
		Psychology in action: Sex differences in communication
	Reading
		Scanning text
		Phonetic and whole-word recognition
		The process of reading
		The dual-route model of reading
		How children learn to read
		Understanding the meanings of words and sentences
		Cutting edge: Is it Ms or Mrs?
	Language acquisition by children
		Perception of speech sounds by infants
		The pre-speech period and the first words – An international perspective
		Infant communication
		Acquisition of adult rules of grammar
		Acquisition of meaning
		Bilingualism
		Is there a language acquisition device?
		Controversies in psychological science: Can other primates acquire language?
	Brain development and language
		The case of 'Genie'
		Plasticity and language development
		Is half a brain enough?
	The neuropsychology of language and language disorders
		Language disorders
		Aphasia
		Specific language impairment
		Psychology in action: The man who lost his language: the phenomenology of aphasia
		Dyslexia
	Word recognition and production: neuroimaging studies
		Is there a visual word form area?
		Neuropsychological models of language: a summary
		Neuroimaging and language – An international perspective
		Caveats and complications
		Handedness
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
11 Intelligence and thinking
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 11
	Questions to think about
	What is intelligence?
	Theories of intelligence
		Spearman's two-factor theory
		Evidence from factor analysis
		Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence
		Gardner's multiple intelligences theory
		Emotional intelligence
		Estimating intelligence – An international perspective
		Are there consistent sex differences in cognitive ability?
		Cutting edge: Boys, creatures of extremes?
	Intelligence testing
		Early intelligence tests
		Modern intelligence tests
		Reliability and validity of intelligence tests
	The roles of heredity and environment
		Cutting edge: Is there a relationship between cognitive ability test performance and career and academic success?
		The meaning of heritability
		Sources of environmental and genetic effects during development
		Results of heritability studies
		If intelligence is inherited, how does inheritance occur?
		Psychology in action: Can low intelligence be improved?
		The effect of intelligence on health
		Controversies in psychological science: Is there a relationship between race and intelligence?
	Intelligence, thinking and ageing
		Ageing and cognitive ability
		What is ageing?
		Dementia
		Dementia of the Alzheimer type
		Clinical features of DAT
		Memory decline in Alzheimer's disease
		Dementia and the novelist: the case of iris Murdoch
		Treatment for DAT
	Thinking
		Classifying
		Formal and natural concepts
		Deductive reasoning
		Syllogistic reasoning: An international perspective
		Inductive reasoning
		Logical errors in inductive reasoning
		Psychology in action: Jury decision-making
		Problem-solving
		Reasoning, decision-making and the brain
		Creative thinking
		Controversies in psychological science: Are creativity and psychopathology related?
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
12 Developmental psychology
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 12
	Questions to think about
	Developmental psychology
	Prenatal development
		Stages of prenatal development
	Physical and perceptual development in infancy and childhood
		Brain development
		Controversies in psychological science: Does foetal learning exist?
		Does environment affect brain development?
		Motor development
		Development of perceptual ability
	Cognitive development in infancy and childhood
		Number sense
		Development of memory
		Knowing where things are – spatial development at 2 years old
		The development of cognition: Jean Piaget
		Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development
	Social and emotional development in infancy and childhood
		Infant attachment
		The nature and quality of attachment
		Predictors of secure attachment
		Relationships with siblings
		Relationships with others
		Social organisation – An international perspective
	Disorders of social cognition and emotion
		Autism
		Autism – an international perspective
		Asperger's syndrome
		Conduct disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
		Emotion, attachment and hemispheric asymmetry
	Development of sex roles in childhood
		Development of sexual identity
		Cutting edge: Pink for girls, blue for boys – is it all black and white?
	Moral development
		Piaget's theory of moral development
		Kohlberg's theory of moral development
		Morality across cultures – an international perspective
		Evaluation of Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development
		Alternative models of moral development
	Adolescence
		Physical development
		Sexual maturation
		Behavioural effects of puberty
		Cutting edge: Immature brains
		How do adolescents view puberty?
		Psychology in action: Adolescence and the internet
		Social development, peer relations and delinquency
		Adolescence and mental health
		Friendship
		Psychology in action: Bullying
		Relationships with parents
	Adulthood: beyond adolescence
		Middle adulthood: a period of contentment?
		Parenthood
		Late adulthood and the menopause
		Old age
		Death and bereavement
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
13 Motivation and emotion
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 13
	Questions to think about
	Motivation
		Biological needs
		Physiology of reinforcement
	Ingestion: drinking and eating
		Thirst
		What starts a meal?
		What stops a meal?
		Sensory-specific satiety
		Hunger, obesity, food odour and the brain
		Psychology in action: The problem of obesity and its treatment
		Obesity
		Mood, food and emotion
		Anorexia nervosa
		Bulimia nervosa
		Aetiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa
		Body dissatisfaction in healthy and eating-disordered women
		Eating disorders – An international perspective
	Sexual behaviour
		Effects of sex hormones on behaviour
		Sexual orientation
	Aggressive behaviour
		Ethological studies of aggression
		Hormones and aggression
		Cutting edge: Reaching boiling point?
		Testosterone: status, relationships and empathy
		Psychology in action: Aggression at work
	Emotion
		Basic emotions
		The biology of emotion
		Controversies in psychological science: What is the key to enduring happiness?
		Emotion – An international perspective
		Cutting edge: The fear of the unknown, in a scanner
		Emotional experience: anger and disgust
		Using display rules
		Facial feedback hypothesis
		Posture and emotion
		Facing emotion
	Theories of emotion
		Physiological theories
		Evolutionary theories
		Cognitive theories
		Emotional distance
		Emotion without cognition?
		Controversies in psychological science: Dark clouds gathering, sunny spells later…
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
14 Personality
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 14
	Questions to think about
	Towards a definition of personality
	Trait theories of personality
		Personality types and traits
		Identification of personality traits
		Stability of personality traits across the lifespan
		Personality – An international perspective
		Cutting edge: The joy of text
		How we view ourselves in the past and the present
	Heritability of personality traits
		Cutting edge: Comedians' personalities
		Personality and birth order
		Neurobiological basis of personality
		The state you're in: a psycho-geography of personality
		Psychology in action: Facebook, MySpace, Twitter … are we all narcissists now?
	The social learning approach
		Expectancies and observational learning
		Reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy
		Person variables
		Locus of control
		Cutting edge: Why liberals are miserable
	The psychodynamic approach
		The development of Freud's theory
		Structures of the mind: id, ego and superego
		Defence mechanisms
		Freud's psychosexual theory of personality development
		Further development of Freud's theory: the neo-Freudians
		Evaluation of psychodynamic theory and research
	The humanistic approach
		Maslow and self-actualisation
		Rogers and conditions of worth
		Cutting edge: Does your appearance accurately reflect your personality?
		Evaluation of the humanistic approach
	Assessment of personality
		Objective tests of personality
		Projective tests of personality
		Controversies in psychological science: Are projective tests reliable and valid?
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
15 Social cognition and attitudes
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 15
	Questions to think about
	Social psychology
		Doing social psychology
	Social cognition and social knowledge
		Forming impressions of people
		Schemas and categories
		Group schemas and stereotypes
		When good intentions backfire: stereotypes, influence and behaviour
		Implicit attitudes: insights from neuroscience
		Facing racial stereotypes
		Cutting edge: He looks guilty
		Stereotypes – An international perspective
		Controversies in psychological science: Sexist humour: does it make you sexist?
	Conceptual and historical issues in social psychology
	Self and identity
		Self-knowledge
		Orientations of self-knowledge
		Self-awareness
		Types of self and identity
		Social identity
		Self motives
		Self-esteem
	Social inference
		Causal attribution
		Cultural differences in self and identity – An international perspective
		Implications and extensions of attribution theory
		Attributional biases
		Attributional processes in relationships
		Heuristic judgements
	Attitudes and attitude change
		The nature of attitudes
		Attitudes and behaviour
		Attitude change and persuasion
		Psychology in action: How not to throw in the towel
		Cognitive dissonance
		Self-perception
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
16 Interpersonal and group processes
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 16
	Questions to think about
		Social influence
		Compliance
		Obedience
		Conformity
		The social psychology of attribution – An international perspective
		The Stanford Prison experiment
		Minority influence
	People in groups
		The treatment of marginal group members and deviants
		Which is more important – the individual or the group?
		Social facilitation
		Social loafing
		Group decision-making
		Psychology in action: The social psychology of drunkenness
		Leadership
		Crowds and social movements
		Negotiation, teamwork and leadership – An international perspective
		When crowds go wrong: football hooliganism
	Intergroup relations and prejudice
		Intergroup behaviour
		Prejudice
		Cutting edge: the prejudice that dare not speak its name…
		Can we reduce prejudice?
	Aggression and helping behaviour
		Aggression
		Prosocial and helping behaviour
		Controversies in psychological science: What did Kitty Genovese's witnesses really witness?
	Attraction and relationships
		Interpersonal attraction
		Cutting edge: Risky business
		Loving
		Maintaining and ending relationships
	Non-verbal communication
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
17 Health psychology
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 17
	Questions to think about
	Health psychology: a definition
	Health and ill health
		Nutrition
		Heart disease and eating – explaining the French paradox
		Physical fitness
		Cutting edge: You look healthy – people's estimates of good health from skin blood perfusion
		Controversies in psychological science: Can exercise improve mood?
		Cigarette smoking: An international perspective
		Psychology in action: How to stop smoking
		Alcohol use
		Sexually transmitted diseases and aids
	Stress and health
		Selye's general adaptation syndrome
		The biological basis of stress
		Physiological mechanisms involved in stress
		Cognitive appraisal and stress
		Psychoneuroimmunology
		Stress and the immune system
		Cutting edge: A view to a kill: How seeing disease activates the immune system
		Controversies in psychological science: Can humour reduce stress?
	Coping with everyday stress
		Sources of stress
		Coping styles and strategies
		Do psychological interventions reduce stress?
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
18 Abnormal psychology
	What you should be able to do after reading Chapter 18
	Questions to think about
	Classification and diagnosis of mental disorders
	What is 'abnormal'?
	The causes of mental disorders
		The psychodynamic perspective
		The medical perspective
		The cognitive behavioural perspective
		The humanistic and sociocultural perspective
	Classification of disorders
		DSM-IV TR classification
		How valid and reliable is the DSM?
	The need for classification
		Lay knowledge of mental illness
		Mental illness: An international perspective
		THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS
	The evolution of interventions
	The development of modern treatment
	Current treatment: the eclectic approach
	Types of treatment
		Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy
		Modern psychodynamic therapy
		Humanistic therapies
		Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies
		Psychology in action: How instructions to express reduce distress
		Other forms of psychotherapy
		Controversies in psychological science: Does psychotherapy work?
		Biological treatments
		MENTAL DISORDERS
	Anxiety, somatoform and dissociative mental disorders
	Anxiety disorders
		Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD)
		Panic disorder
		Phobic disorders
		Cutting edge: How specific is specific phobia?
		Psychology in action: Virtual planes can relieve real fear of flying
		Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
		Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
	Somatoform and dissociative disorders
		Somatisation disorder
		Conversion disorder
	Dissociative disorders
	Personality disorders
		Antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy
	Schizophrenic disorders
		Description
		Types of schizophrenia
		Psychology in action: Treating paranoid schizophrenia
		Aetiology
		Treatment
		MOOD DISORDERS
	Mania
	Depression
		Description
		Aetiology
		Suicide – An international perspective
		Treatment
	Chapter review
	Suggestions for further reading
Glossary
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References
Indexes
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	Subject Index
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