Psychological Testing and Assessment

Title
Contents
PART I An Overview
	1 Psychological Testing and Assessment
		TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
			Psychological Testing and Assessment Defi ned
		THE TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
			The Test
			The Interview
			The Portfolio
			Case History Data
			Behavioral Observation
			Role-Play Tests
			Computers as Tools
			Other Tools
		WHO, WHAT, WHY, HOW, AND WHERE?
			Who Are the Parties?
			In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why?
			How Are Assessments Conducted?
			Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Barbara C. Pavlo
		CLOSE-UP Should Observers Be Parties to the Assessment Process?
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Everyday Accommodations
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	2 Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations
		A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
			Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
			The Twentieth Century
		CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT
			Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues
			Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment
			Tests and Group Membership
		LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
			The Concerns of the Public
			The Concerns of the Profession
			The Rights of Testtakers
		CLOSE-UP The Controversial Career of Henry Herbert Goddard
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Diana D. Jeffery
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
PART II The Science of Psychological Measurement
	3 A Statistics Refresher
		SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
			Nominal Scales
				Ordinal Scales
					Interval Scales
					Ratio Scales
					Measurement Scales in Psychology
		DESCRIBING DATA
			Frequency Distributions
			Measures of Central Tendency
			Measures of Variability
			Skewness
			Kurtosis
		THE NORMAL CURVE
			The Area under the Normal Curve
		STANDARD SCORES
			z Scores
			T Scores
			Other Standard Scores
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jeff Laurent
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware!
		CLOSE-UP The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	4 Of Tests and Testing
		SOME ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT
			Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist
			Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantifi ed and Measured
			Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior
			Assumption 4: Tests and Other Measurement Techniques Have Strengths and Weaknesses
			Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process
			Assumption 6: Testing and Assessment Can Be Conducted in a Fair and Unbiased Manner
			Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Benefi t Society
		WHAT’S A “GOOD TEST”?
			Reliability
			Validity
			Other Considerations
		NORMS
			Sampling to Develop Norms
			Types of Norms
			Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems
			Norm-Referenced versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation
		CORRELATION AND INFERENCE
			The Concept of Correlation
			The Pearson r
			The Spearman Rho
			Graphic Representations of Correlation
			Regression
		INFERENCE FROM MEASUREMENT
			Meta-Analysis
			Culture and Inference
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Putting Tests to the Test
		CLOSE-UP How “Standard” is Standard in Measurement?
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Steve Julius and Dr. Howard Atlas
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	5 Reliability
		THE CONCEPT OF RELIABILITY
			Sources of Error Variance
		RELIABILITY ESTIMATES
			Test-Retest Reliability Estimates
			Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates
			Split-Half Reliability Estimates
			Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency
			Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability
		USING AND INTERPRETING A COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY
			The Purpose of the Reliability Coeffi cient
			The Nature of the Test
			Alternatives to the True Score Model
		RELIABILITY AND INDIVIDUAL SCORES
			The Standard Error of Measurement
			The Standard Error of the Difference between Two Scores
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Reliability Defense and the Breathalyzer Test
		CLOSE-UP Item Response Theory (IRT)
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Bryce B. Reeve
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	6 Validity
		THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY
			Face Validity
			Content Validity
		CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY
			What Is a Criterion?
			Concurrent Validity
			Predictive Validity
		CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
			Evidence of Construct Validity
		VALIDITY, BIAS, AND FAIRNESS
			Test Bias
			Test Fairness
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Adam Shoemaker
		CLOSE-UP Base Rates and Predictive Validity
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play?
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	7 Utility
		WHAT IS UTILITY?
			Factors That Affect Test Utility
		UTILITY ANALYSIS
			What Is a Utility Analysis?
			How Is a Utility Analysis Conducted?
			Some Practical Considerations
		METHODS FOR SETTING CUT SCORES
			The Angoff Method
			The Known Groups Method
			IRT-Based Methods
			Other Methods
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Rethinking the “Costs” of Testing—and of Not Testing
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Erik Viirre
		CLOSE-UP Utility Analysis: An Illustration
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	8 Test Development
		TEST CONCEPTUALIZATION
			Some Preliminary Questions
			Pilot Work
		TEST CONSTRUCTION
			Scaling
			Writing Items
			Scoring Items
		TEST TRYOUT
			What Is a Good Item?
		ITEM ANALYSIS
			The Item-Diffi culty Index
			The Item-Reliability Index
			The Item-Validity Index
			The Item-Discrimination Index
			Item-Characteristic Curves
			Other Considerations in Item Analysis
			Qualitative Item Analysis
		TEST REVISION
			Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development
			Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test
			The Use of IRT in Building and Revising Tests
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Psychometrics in the Classroom
		CLOSE-UP Designing an Item Bank
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Scott Birkeland
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
PART III The Assessment of Intelligence
	9 Intelligence and Its Measurement
		WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
			Intelligence Defi ned: Views of the Lay Public
				Intelligence Defi ned: Views of Scholars and Test Professionals
				Factor-Analytic Theories of Intelligence
				The Information-Processing View
		MEASURING INTELLIGENCE
			Types of Tasks Used in Intelligence Tests
			Theory in Intelligence Test Development and Interpretation
		INTELLIGENCE: SOME ISSUES
			Nature versus Nurture
			The Stability of Intelligence
			The Construct Validity of Tests of Intelligence
			Other Issues
		A PERSPECTIVE
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet John Garruto, M.S.
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Being Gifted
		CLOSE-UP Culture Fair, Culture Loaded
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	10 Tests of Intelligence
		THE STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALES
			The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales: Fifth Edition
		THE WECHSLER TESTS
			The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)
			The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)
			The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Third Edition (WPPSI-III)
			Wechsler, Binet, and the Short Form
			The Wechsler Tests in Perspective
		OTHER MEASURES OF INTELLIGENCE
			Tests Designed for Individual Administration
			Tests Designed for Group Administration
			Measures of Specifi c Intellectual Abilities
		CLOSE-UP Factor Analysis
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rivka Olley
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	11 Preschool and Educational Assessment
		PRESCHOOL ASSESSMENT
			Tools of Preschool Assessment
		ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
			Measures of General Achievement
			Measures of Achievement in Specifi c Subject Areas
		APTITUDE TESTS
			The Elementary-School Level
			The Secondary-School Level
			The College Level and Beyond
			Dynamic Assessment
		DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
			Reading Tests
			Math Tests
			Other Diagnostic Tests
		PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TEST BATTERIES
			The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (KABC-II)
			The Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ III)
		OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS
			Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment
			Peer Appraisal Techniques
			Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS First Impressions
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rebecca Anderson
		CLOSE-UP Tests of Minimum Competency
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
PART IV The Assessment of Personality
	12 Personality Assessment: An Overview
		PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT DEFINED
			Personality
				Personality Assessment
				Traits, Types, and States
		PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: SOME BASIC QUESTIONS
			Who?
			What?
			Where?
			How?
		DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY
			Logic and Reason
			Theory
			Data Reduction Methods
			Criterion Groups
		PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE
			Acculturation and Related Considerations
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Eric Zillmer
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Some Common Item Formats
		CLOSE-UP Assessing Acculturation and Related Variables
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	13 Personality Assessment Methods
		OBJECTIVE METHODS
		PROJECTIVE METHODS
			Inkblots as Projective Stimuli
			Pictures as Projective Stimuli
			Words as Projective Stimuli
			Sounds as Projective Stimuli
			The Production of Figure Drawings
			Projective Methods in Perspective
		BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT METHODS
			The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It
			Approaches to Behavioral Assessment
			Issues in Behavioral Assessment
		A PERSPECTIVE
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Tonia Caselman
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Confessions of a Behavior Rater
		CLOSE-UP Personality, Life Outcomes, and College Yearbook Photos
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
PART V Testing and Assessment in Action
	14 Clinical and Counseling Assessment
		AN OVERVIEW
			The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
			The Interview in Clinical Assessment
			Case History Data
			Psychological Tests
		CULTURALLY INFORMED PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
			Cultural Aspects of the Interview
			Cultural Considerations and Managed Care
		SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL MEASURES
			The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse
			Forensic Psychological Assessment
			Custody Evaluations
			Child Abuse and Neglect
		THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORT
			The Barnum Effect
			Clinical versus Mechanical Prediction
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Alan Raphael
		CLOSE-UP Assessment of Dangerousness and the Secret Service
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Elements of a Typical Report of Psychological Assessment
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	15 Neuropsychological Assessment
		THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR
			Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity
		THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION
			History Taking, the Case History, and Case Studies
			The Interview
			The Physical Examination
			Neuropsychological Tests
			Tests of General Intellectual Ability
			Tests to Measure the Ability to Abstract
			Tests of Executive Function
			Tests of Perceptual, Motor, and Perceptual-Motor Function
			Tests of Verbal Functioning
			Tests of Memory
			Neuropsychological Test Batteries
			Other Tools of Neuropsychological Assessment
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Kathleen Salomone
		CLOSE-UP Fixed versus Flexible Neuropsychological Test Batteries and the Law
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
	16 Assessment, Careers, and Business
		CAREER CHOICE AND CAREER TRANSITION
			Measures of Interest
			Measures of Ability and Aptitude
			Measures of Personality
			Other Measures
		SCREENING, SELECTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PLACEMENT
			The Résumé and the Letter of Application
			The Application Form
			Letters of Recommendation
			Interviews
			Portfolio Assessment
			Performance Tests
			Physical Tests
		PRODUCTIVITY, MOTIVATION, ATTITUDE, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE
			Measures of Cognitive Ability
			Productivity
			Motivation
			Attitude
			Organizational Culture
		OTHER APPLICATIONS OF TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT
			Consumer Psychology
			The Measurement of Attitudes
			Surveys
			Motivation Research Methods
		CLOSE-UP Validity Generalization and the GATB
		MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Robert B. Kaiser, M.S.
		EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Assessment of Corporate and Organizational Culture
		SELF-ASSESSMENT
References
Credits
Name Index
Glossary/Index