Psychological science

Cover
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication Page
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Preface
Media & Print Resources for Instructors and Students
Student Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
	What Are the Seven Themes of Psychological Science?
		Psychology Is an Empirical Science
		Nature and Nurture Are Inextricably Entwined
		The Brain and Mind Are Inseparable
		A New Biological Revolution Is Energizing Research
		The Mind Is Adaptive
		Psychological Science Crosses Levels of Analysis
		We Often Are Unaware of the Multiple Influences on How We Think, Feel, and Act
		Summing Up: What Are the Seven Themes of Psychological Science?
		Measuring Up
	How Did the Scientific Foundations of Psychology Develop?
		Experimental Psychology Begins with Structuralism
		Functionalism Addresses the Purpose of Behaviour
		Gestalt Psychology Emphasizes Patterns and Context in Learning
		Women Made Pioneering Contributions to Psychology
		Freud Emphasized the Power of the Unconscious
		Most Behaviour Can Be Modified by Reward and Punishment
		Cognition Affects Behaviour
		Social Situations Shape Behaviour
		Psychological Therapy Is Based on Science
		Summing Up: How Did the Scientific Foundations of Psychology Develop?
		Measuring Up
	How Can We Apply Psychological Science?
		Psychological Knowledge Is Used in Many Professions
		People Are Intuitive Psychological Scientists
		Psychological Science Requires Critical Thinking
		Psychologists Adhere to a Code of Ethics
		Psychology Is Relevant to Every Person’s Life
		Summing Up: How Can We Apply Psychological Science?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 2 Research Methodology
	What Is Scientific Inquiry?
		The Scientific Method Depends on Theories, Hypotheses, and Research
		Unexpected Findings Can Be Valuable
		Summing Up: What Is Scientific Inquiry?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Types of Studies in Psychological Research?
		Descriptive Studies Involve Observing and Classifying Behaviour
		Correlational Designs Examine How Variables Are Related
		An Experiment Involves Manipulating Conditions
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Understanding the Limitations of Correlational Research and the Effects of Confounds
		Random Assignment Is Used to Establish Equivalent Groups
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing That Large Samples Generate More Reliable Results Than Small Samples
		Summing Up: What Are the Types of Studies in Psychological Research?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Data Collection Methods of Psychological Science?
		Observing Is an Unobtrusive Strategy
		Case Studies Examine Individual Lives and Organizations
		Asking Takes a More Active Approach
		Response Performance Measures Information Processing
		Body/Brain Activity Can Be Measured Directly
		Research with Animals Provides Important Data
		There Are Ethical Issues to Consider
		ON ETHICS: Deception and the Nuremberg Code
		Summing Up: What Are the Data Collection Methods of Psychological Science?
		Measuring Up
	How Are Data Analyzed and Evaluated?
		Good Research Requires Valid, Reliable, and Accurate Data
		Descriptive Statistics Provide a Summary of the Data
		Correlations Describe the Relationships between Variables
		Inferential Statistics Permit Generalizations
		Summing Up: How Are Data Analyzed and Evaluated?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 3 Biological Foundations
	What Is the Genetic Basis of Psychological Science?
		Heredity Involves Passing Along Genes through Reproduction
		Genotypic Variation Is Created by Sexual Reproduction
		ON ETHICS: Prenatal Genetic Testing
		Genes Affect Behaviour
		Social and Environmental Contexts Influence Genetic Expression
		Genetic Expression Can Be Modified
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Seeking Disconfirming Evidence
		Summing Up: What Is the Genetic Basis of Psychological Science?
		Measuring Up
	How Does the Nervous System Operate?
		Neurons Are Specialized for Communication
		Action Potentials Cause Neural Communication
		Neurotransmitters Bind to Receptors across the Synapse
		Neurotransmitters Influence Mind and Behaviour
		Summing Up: How Does the Nervous System Operate?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
		The Brain Stem Houses the Basic Programs of Survival
		The Cerebellum Is Essential for Movement
		Subcortical Structures Control Emotions and Basic Drives
		The Cerebral Cortex Underlies Complex Mental Activity
		Summing Up: What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
		Measuring Up
	How Are Neural Messages Integrated into Communication Systems?
		The Peripheral Nervous System Includes the Somatic and Autonomic Systems
		The Endocrine System Communicates through Hormones
		Actions of the Nervous System and Endocrine System Are Coordinated
		Summing Up: How Are Neural Messages Integrated into Communication Systems?
		Measuring Up
	How Does the Brain Change?
		The Interplay of Genes and Environment Wires the Brain
		Culture Affects the Brain
		The Brain Rewires Itself throughout Life
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing Unstated Assumptions
		Females’ and Males’ Brains Are Similar and Different
		The Brain Can Recover from Injury
		Summing Up: How Does the Brain Change?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 4 The Mind and Consciousness
	How Is the Conscious Mind Experienced?
		Consciousness Is a Subjective Experience
		There Are Variations in Conscious Experience
		Splitting the Brain Splits the Conscious Mind
		Unconscious Processing Influences Behaviour
		Brain Activity Produces Consciousness
		Summing Up: How Is the Conscious Mind Experienced?
		Measuring Up
	What Is Sleep?
		Sleep Is an Altered State of Consciousness
		Sleep Is an Adaptive Behaviour
		Sleep and Wakefulness Are Regulated by Multiple Neural Mechanisms
		People Dream while Sleeping
		Summing Up: What Is Sleep?
		Measuring Up
	What Is Altered Consciousness?
		Hypnosis Is Induced through Suggestion
		Meditation Produces Relaxation
		People Can Lose Themselves in Activities
		ON ETHICS: Consciousness and End-of-Life Medical Treatment
		Summing Up: What Is Altered Consciousness?
		Measuring Up
	How Do Drugs Affect Consciousness?
		People Use—and Abuse—Many Psychoactive Drugs
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Providing Examples of Slippery Slope Thinking
		Alcohol Is the Most Widely Abused Drug
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Showing How Circular Reasoning Is a Misuse of Operational Definitions
		Addiction Has Psychological and Physical Aspects
		Summing Up: How Do Drugs Affect Consciousness?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception
	How Do We Sense Our Worlds?
		Stimuli Must Be Coded to Be Understood by the Brain
		Psychophysics Relates Stimulus to Response
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing the Effects of Context on Judgments
		Summing Up: How Do We Sense Our Worlds?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Basic Sensory Processes?
		In Taste, Taste Buds Detect Chemicals
		In Smell, the Nasal Cavity Gathers Odorants
		In Touch, Sensors in the Skin Detect Pressure, Temperature, and Pain
		In Hearing, the Ear Detects Sound Waves
		ON ETHICS: The Cochlear Implant
		In Vision, the Eye Detects Light Waves
		Humans and Animals Have Other Sensory Systems
		The Evidence for Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Is Weak or Nonexistent
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Understanding That Perception Can Be Deceiving
		Summing Up: What Are the Basic Sensory Processes?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Basic Perceptual Processes?
		Perception Occurs in the Brain
		Object Perception Requires Construction
		Depth Perception Is Important for Locating Objects
		Culture Influences Perception
		Size Perception Depends on Distance Perception
		Motion Perception Has Internal and External Cues
		Perceptual Constancies Are Based on Ratio Relationships
		Summing Up: What Are the Basic Perceptual Processes?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 6 Learning
	How Did the Behavioural Study of Learning Develop?
		Behavioural Responses Are Conditioned
		Phobias and Addictions Have Learned Components
		Classical Conditioning Involves More Than Events Occurring at the Same Time
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing and Avoiding Inappropriate Association Effects in Reasoning
		Summing Up: How Did the Behavioural Study of Learning Develop?
		Measuring Up
	How Does Operant Conditioning Differ from Classical Conditioning?
		Reinforcement Increases Behaviour
		Both Reinforcement and Punishment Can Be Positive or Negative
		Operant Conditioning Is Influenced by Schedules of Reinforcement
		Biology and Cognition Influence Operant Conditioning
		The Value of Reinforcement Follows Economic Principles
		Summing Up: How Does Operant Conditioning Differ from Classical Conditioning?
		Measuring Up
	How Does Watching Others Affect Learning?
		Learning Can Be Passed On through Cultural Transmission
		Learning Can Occur through Observation
		Animals and Humans Imitate Others
		ON ETHICS: Media Violence and Behaviour
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Avoiding the Association of Events with Other Events That Occur at the Same Time
		Summing Up: How Does Watching Others Affect Learning?
		Measuring Up
	What Is the Biological Basis of Learning?
		Dopamine Activity Underlies Reinforcement
		Habituation and Sensitization Are Simple Models of Learning
		Long-Term Potentiation Is a Candidate for the Neural Basis of Learning
		Summing Up: What Is the Biological Basis of Learning?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 7 Attention and Memory
	How Does Attention Determine What Is Remembered?
		Visual Attention Is Selective and Serial
		Auditory Attention Allows Selective Listening
		Selective Attention Can Operate at Multiple Stages of Processing
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing When “Change Blindness Blindness” May Be Occurring
		Summing Up: How Does Attention Determine What Is Remembered?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Basic Stages of Memory?
		Sensory Memory Is Brief
		Working Memory Is Active
		Long-Term Memory Is Relatively Permanent
		Summing Up: What Are the Basic Stages of Memory?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Different Long-Term Memory Systems?
		Explicit Memory Involves Conscious Effort
		Implicit Memory Occurs without Deliberate Effort
		Prospective Memory Is Remembering to Do Something
		Summing Up: What Are the Different Long-Term Memory Systems?
		Measuring Up
	How Is Information Organized in Long-Term Memory?
		Long-Term Storage Is Based on Meaning
		Schemas Provide an Organizational Framework
		Information Is Stored in Association Networks
		Retrieval Cues Provide Access to Long-Term Storage
		Summing Up: How Is Information Organized in Long-Term Memory?
		Measuring Up
	What Brain Processes Are Involved in Memory?
		There Has Been Intensive Effort to Identify Memory’s Physical Location
		The Medial Temporal Lobes Are Important for Consolidation of Declarative Memories
		The Frontal Lobes Are Involved in Many Aspects of Memory
		Neurochemistry Underlies Memory
		Summing Up: What Brain Processes Are Involved in Memory?
		Measuring Up
	When Do People Forget?
		Transience Is Caused by Interference
		ON ETHICS: Altering Memory
		Blocking Is Temporary
		Absentmindedness Results from Shallow Encoding
		Amnesia Is a Deficit in Long-Term Memory
		Summing Up: When Do People Forget?
		Measuring Up
	How Are Memories Distorted?
		Flashbulb Memories Can Be Wrong
		People Make Source Misattributions
		People Are Bad Eyewitnesses
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing How the Fallibility of Human Memory Can Lead to Faulty Conclusions
		People Have False Memories
		Repressed Memories Are Controversial
		People Reconstruct Events to Be Consistent
		Neuroscience May Make It Possible to Distinguish between “True” and “False” Memories
		Summing Up: How Are Memories Distorted?
		Measuring Up
	How Can We Improve Learning and Memory?
		Mnemonics Are Useful Strategies for Learning
		Summing Up: How Can We Improve Learning and Memory?
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 8 Thinking and Intelligence
	How Does the Mind Represent Information?
		Mental Images Are Analogical Representations
		Concepts Are Symbolic Representations
		Schemas Organize Useful Information about Environments
		Summing Up: How Does the Mind Represent Information?
		Measuring Up
	How Do We Make Decisions and Solve Problems?
		People Use Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
		Decision Making Often Involves Heuristics
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Understanding How the Availability and Representativeness Heuristics Can Affect Thinking
		Problem Solving Achieves Goals
		Summing Up: How Do We Make Decisions and Solve Problems?
		Measuring Up
	How Do We Understand Intelligence?
		ON ETHICS: Cognition-Enhancing Drugs
		Intelligence Is Assessed with Psychometric Tests
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing and Avoiding Reification
		General Intelligence Involves Multiple Components
		Intelligence Is Associated with Cognitive Performance
		Genes and Environment Influence Intelligence
		Group Differences in Intelligence Have Multiple Determinants
		Summing Up: How Do We Understand Intelligence?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion
	How Does Motivation Activate, Direct, and Sustain Behaviour?
		Multiple Factors Motivate Behaviour
		Some Behaviours Are Motivated for Their Own Sake
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing When Psychological Reactance May Be Influencing Your Thinking
		People Set Goals to Achieve
		People Have a Need to Belong
		Summing Up: How Does Motivation Activate, Direct, and Sustain Behaviour?
		Measuring Up
	What Determines How We Eat?
		Time and Taste Play Roles
		Culture Determines What We Eat
		Multiple Neural Processes Control Eating
		Summing Up: What Determines How We Eat?
		Measuring Up
	What Factors Motivate Sexual Behaviour?
		Biological Factors Influence Sexual Behaviour
		Cultural Scripts and Cultural Rules Shape Sexual Interactions
		Mating Strategies Differ between the Sexes
		People Differ in Sexual Orientation
		Summing Up: What Factors Motivate Sexual Behaviour?
		Measuring Up
	How Are Emotions Adaptive?
		Facial Expressions Communicate Emotion
		Emotions Serve Cognitive Functions
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing and Correcting for Belief Persistence in Your Own Thinking and in That of Others
		Emotions Strengthen Interpersonal Relations
		ON ETHICS: Lie Detection Technology
		Summing Up: How Are Emotions Adaptive?
		Measuring Up
	How Do People Experience Emotions?
		Emotions Have a Subjective Component
		Emotions Have a Physiological Component
		Emotions Have a Cognitive Component
		People Regulate Their Moods
		Summing Up: How Do People Experience Emotions?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 10 Health and Well-Being
	Can Psychosocial Factors Affect Health?
		The Biopsychosocial Model of Health Incorporates Multiple Perspectives for Understanding and Improving Health
		Behaviour Contributes to the Leading Causes of Death
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Identifying Regression to the Mean
		Placebos Can Be Powerful Medicine
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing Placebo Effects When Evaluating Treatment Claims
		Summing Up: Can Psychosocial Factors Affect Health?
		Measuring Up
	How Do People Cope with Stress?
		Stress Has Physiological Components
		There Are Sex Differences in Responses to Stressors
		The General Adaptation Syndrome Is a Bodily Response to Stress
		Stress Affects Health
		Coping Is a Process
		Summing Up: How Do People Cope with Stress?
		Measuring Up
	What Behaviours Affect Mental and Physical Health?
		Obesity Results from a Genetic Predisposition and Overeating
		ON ETHICS: Obesity and Public Policy
		Smoking Is a Leading Cause of Death
		Exercise Has Physical, Emotional, and Cognitive Benefits
		There Are Ethnic Differences in Health Behaviours
		Summing Up: What Behaviours Affect Mental and Physical Health?
		Measuring Up
	Can a Positive Attitude Keep Us Healthy?
		Being Positive Has Health Benefits
		Social Support and Social Integration Are Associated with Good Health
		Trust and Health Are Related across Cultures
		Spirituality Contributes to Well-Being
		Summing Up: Can a Positive Attitude Keep Us Healthy?
		Measuring Up
	Action Plan for Health and Well-Being
		Taking Care of Mind and Body
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 11 Human Development
	What Shapes a Child?
		Development Starts in the Womb
		ON ETHICS: Alcohol and Drug Use during Pregnancy
		Brain Development Promotes Learning
		Attachment Promotes Survival
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Understanding That “Some” Does Not Mean “All”
		Summing Up: What Shapes a Child?
		Measuring Up
	How Do Children Learn about Their Worlds?
		Perception Introduces the World
		Memory Improves over Childhood
		Piaget Emphasized Stages of Development
		Infants Have Early Knowledge about the World
		Humans Learn from Interacting with Others
		Language Develops in an Orderly Fashion
		Summing Up: How Do Children Learn about Their Worlds?
		Measuring Up
	How Do Children and Adolescents Develop Their Identities?
		Social Systems Influence Development
		Friends Influence Identity and Behaviour
		Parental Style Can Affect Children’s Well-Being
		Divorce Is Difficult for Children
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing and Avoiding Either/Or Thinking
		Gender Identity Is Determined by Biology and Cultural Norms
		People Define Themselves in Terms of Race and Ethnicity
		Summing Up: How Do Children and Adolescents Develop Their Identities?
		Measuring Up
	What Brings Meaning to Adulthood?
		Adults Are Affected by Life Transitions
		Aging Can Be Successful
		Cognition Changes during Aging
		Summing Up: What Brings Meaning to Adulthood?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 12 Social Psychology
	How Do Attitudes Guide Behaviour?
		We Form Attitudes through Experience and Socialization
		Behaviours Are Consistent with Strong Attitudes
		Discrepancies Lead to Dissonance
		Attitudes Can Be Changed through Persuasion
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Making Sound Arguments
		Summing Up: How Do Attitudes Guide Behaviour?
		Measuring Up
	How Do We Form Our Impressions of Others?
		Nonverbal Actions and Expressions Affect Our Impressions
		We Make Attributions about Others
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Identifying and Avoiding the Actor/Observer Discrepancy
		Stereotypes Are Based on Automatic Categorization
		Stereotypes Can Lead to Prejudice
		ON ETHICS: Psychological Testing for Prejudice
		Co-operation Can Reduce Prejudice
		Summing Up: How Do We Form Our Impressions of Others?
		Measuring Up
	How Do Others Influence Us?
		Groups Influence Individual Behaviour
		We Conform to Social Norms
		We Are Compliant
		We Are Obedient to Authority
		Summing Up: How Do Others Influence Us?
		Measuring Up
	When Do We Harm or Help Others?
		Aggression Can Be Adaptive
		Aggression Has Social and Cultural Aspects
		Many Factors May Influence Helping Behaviour
		Some Situations Lead to Bystander Apathy
		Summing Up: When Do We Harm or Help Others?
		Measuring Up
	What Determines the Quality of Relationships?
		Situational and Personal Factors Influence Friendships
		Love Is an Important Component of Romantic Relationships
		Love Is Fostered by Idealization
		Making Love Last Is Difficult
		Summing Up: What Determines the Quality of Relationships?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 13 Personality
	How Have Psychologists Studied Personality?
		Psychodynamic Theories Emphasize Unconscious and Dynamic Processes
		Humanistic Approaches Emphasize Integrated Personal Experience
		Type and Trait Approaches Describe Behavioural Dispositions
		Personality Reflects Learning and Cognition
		Summing Up: How Have Psychologists Studied Personality?
		Measuring Up
	How Is Personality Assessed, and What Does It Predict?
		Personality Refers to Both Unique and Common Characteristics
		Researchers Use Objective and Projective Methods to Assess Personality
		Observers Show Accuracy in Trait Judgments
		People Sometimes Are Inconsistent
		Behaviour Is Influenced by the Interaction of Personality and Situations
		There Are Cultural and Gender Differences in Personality
		Summing Up: How Is Personality Assessed, and What Does It Predict?
		Measuring Up
		ON ETHICS: Changing Your Personality with Drugs
	What Are the Biological Bases of Personality?
		Animals Have Personalities
		Personality Is Rooted in Genetics
		Temperaments Are Evident in Infancy
		Personality Is Linked to Specific Neurophysiological Mechanisms
		Personality Is Adaptive
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Avoiding Single-Cause Explanations
		Personality Traits Are Stable over Time
		Summing Up: What Are the Biological Bases of Personality?
		Measuring Up
	How Do We Know Our Own Personalities?
		Our Self-Concepts Consist of Self-Knowledge
		Perceived Social Regard Influences Self-Esteem
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Resisting Appeals to Snobbery
		We Use Mental Strategies to Maintain Our Views of Self
		There Are Cultural Differences in the Self
		Summing Up: How Do We Know Our Own Personalities?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders
	How Are Psychological Disorders Conceptualized and Classified?
		Psychological Disorders Are Classified into Categories
		Psychological Disorders Must Be Assessed
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing When Categories Represent Continuous Dimensions
		Dissociative Identity Disorder Is a Controversial Diagnosis
		Psychological Disorders Have Many Causes
		Summing Up: How Are Psychological Disorders Conceptualized and Classified?
		Measuring Up
	Can Anxiety Be the Root of Seemingly Different Disorders?
		There Are Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
		Anxiety Disorders Have Cognitive, Situational, and Biological Components
		Summing Up: Can Anxiety Be the Root of Seemingly Different Disorders?
		Measuring Up
	Are Mood Disorders Extreme Manifestations of Normal Moods?
		There Are Different Types of Mood Disorders
		Mood Disorders Have Cognitive, Situational, and Biological Components
		Summing Up: Are Mood Disorders Extreme Manifestations of Normal Moods?
		Measuring Up
	What Is Schizophrenia?
		Schizophrenia Has Positive and Negative Symptoms
		Schizophrenia Is Primarily a Brain Disorder
		Environmental Factors Influence Schizophrenia
		Summing Up: What Is Schizophrenia?
		Measuring Up
	Are Personality Disorders Truly Mental Disorders?
		Personality Disorders Are Maladaptive Ways of Relating to the World
		Borderline Personality Disorder Is Associated with Poor Self-Control
		Anti-social Personality Disorder Is Associated with a Lack of Empathy
		ON ETHICS: Psychopathy and Crime in Youths
		Summing Up: Are Personality Disorders Truly Mental Disorders?
		Measuring Up
	Should Childhood Disorders Be Considered a Unique Category?
		Autism Is a Lack of Awareness of Others
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Recognizing and Resisting Hindsight Bias
		Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Is a Disruptive Impulse Control Disorder
		Summing Up: Should Childhood Disorders Be Considered a Unique Category?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 15 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
	How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?
		Psychotherapy Is Based on Psychological Principles
		Culture Can Affect the Therapeutic Process
		Medication Is Effective for Certain Disorders
		Alternative Biological Treatments Are Used in Extreme Cases
		Therapies Not Supported by Scientific Evidence Can Be Dangerous
		Summing Up: How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Most Effective Treatments?
		Treatments That Focus on Behaviour and on Cognition Are Superior for Anxiety Disorders
		Many Effective Treatments Are Available for Depression
		Lithium Is Most Effective for Bipolar Disorder
		Pharmacological Treatments Are Superior for Schizophrenia
		ON ETHICS: Involuntary Treatment for Mental Disorders
		There Are Important Considerations in Selecting a Psychotherapist
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Avoiding the Sunk Costs Fallacy
		Summing Up: What Are the Most Effective Treatments?
		Measuring Up
	Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?
		Dialectical Behaviour Therapy Is Most Successful for Borderline Personality Disorder
		Anti-social Personality Disorder Is Difficult to Treat
		Summing Up: Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?
		Measuring Up
	How Should Childhood and Adolescent Disorders Be Treated?
		The Use of Medication to Treat Adolescent Depression Is Controversial
		Children with ADHD Can Benefit from Various Approaches
		CRITICAL THINKING SKILL: Evaluating Alternatives in Decision Making
		Children with Autism Benefit from a Structured Treatment Approach
		Summing Up: How Should Childhood and Adolescent Disorders Be Treated?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Chapter 16 Cultural Psychology
	What Is Culture
		Culture Consists of Information Transmitted through Learning
		Some Aspects of Culture Are Shared by Other Species, and Some Are Unique to Humans
		Humans Have Evolved to Accumulate Cultural Information
		Summing Up: What Is Culture?
		Measuring Up
	What Is Cultural Psychology?
		Cultural Psychology Is the Study of How Culture Shapes Psychological Processes
		Summing Up: What Is Cultural Psychology?
		Measuring Up
	How Does Culture Affect the Mind?
		Culture and Mind Are Inextricably Bound
		There Is a Sensitive Period for Learning Culture
		Cultural Differences in Psychological Processes Become More Pronounced with Age
		The Self-Concept Varies across Cultures
		Summing Up: How Does Culture Affect Mind?
		Measuring Up
	What Are the Psychological Consequences of Moving to a Different Culture?
		Acculturation Requires Significant and Often Stressful Adjustment
		People from Distinct, Minority Cultural Backgrounds Often Face Discrimination
		Multicultural People Can Switch between Different Selves
		ON ETHICS: Multicultural versus Culture-Blind Workplaces
		Multicultural People May Be More Creative
		Summing Up: What Are the Psychological Consequences of Moving to a Different Culture?
		Measuring Up
	How Does Culture Affect How We Think and Behave?
		Cultures Differ in Analytic and Holistic Thinking
		Cultures Differ in Motivations for Control and Choice
		Cultures Differ in the Bases of Relationships
		Cultures Vary in Their Perceptions of Happiness
		Cultures Differ in Group Performance
		Cultures Differ in Moral Reasoning
		Language Influences but Does Not Determine Thought
		Summing Up: How Does Culture Affect How We Think and Behave?
		Measuring Up
	How Does Culture Influence Mental Health?
		Culture-Bound Disorders Are Largely Limited to Certain Cultural Contexts
		Some Universal Mental Disorders Present Differently in Different Cultures
		Summing Up: How Does Culture Influence Mental Health?
		Measuring Up
		Conclusion
		Test Preparation
		Chapter Summary
		Key Terms
		Practice Test
		Psychology and Society
Glossary
References
Answer Key for Measuring Up Exercises and for Practice Tests
Permissions Acknowledgements
Name Index
Subject Index