Protein Biosynthesis

PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 2
PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ABSTRACT......Page 16
DOWN-REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS EXTENDSLIFESPAN......Page 17
SIGNALING PATHWAYS THAT REGULATE PROTEINSYNTHESIS AND AGEING......Page 18
WHY IS LIFESPAN EXTENDED WHEN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ISREDUCED?......Page 21
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
ABSTRACT......Page 28
INTRODUCTION......Page 29
RESULTS......Page 32
CONCLUSION......Page 33
REFERENCES......Page 34
ABSTRACT......Page 38
1. Nucleotide Sequence Complementarities and Possibility of SuchInteractions in the 3D Structure......Page 39
2. Transition-state Conformation of three tRNA Molecules in CodonRecognition......Page 46
3. Discrimination of Cognate, Noncognate and Near-cognate tRNAs andProofreading......Page 51
4. Predicted Models of two tRNAs and their Surrounding Regions in thePreribosome (1IP8) and Postribosomes (1IPM)......Page 53
5. Estimation of a Degree of Correctness in the Predicted ModelsPresented Above......Page 63
6. Recognition of Stop Signal after Translocation......Page 66
7. Recognition of Sense Codon after Translocation......Page 68
8. Comparison of the Present Proofreading Mechanism with the otherProposed Ones......Page 73
METHODS......Page 76
REFERENCES......Page 77
ABSTRACT......Page 84
INTRODUCTION......Page 85
STRUCURE OF TMRNA......Page 86
FUNCTION AS A TRNA......Page 89
Trans-translation......Page 90
EVOLUTIONAL IMPLICATION FOR THE UNIQUE RECOGNITIONMANNER OF ALANYL-TRNA SYNTHETASE......Page 91
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF SMPB OUSIDE THE RIBOSOME......Page 95
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL MIMICRYOF THE LOWER HALF OF TRNA......Page 96
A NEW MODEL OF TRANS-TRANSLATION......Page 98
A NEW TYPE OF MOLECULAR MIMICRY......Page 99
TRANS-TRANSLATION PROCESSES IN THE RIBOSOME......Page 100
Determination of the Resume Codon......Page 101
Targets of Trans-translation......Page 103
Does Trans-translation Occur when Translation Stalled in the Middle ofmRNA?......Page 104
ALTERNATIVE PATHWAYS TO RESCUE A RIBOSOME PAUSING......Page 105
mRNA Surveillance Systems in Eukaryotes......Page 106
Biological Function......Page 107
CONCLUSION......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 110
ABSTRACT......Page 124
INTRODUCTION......Page 125
REGULATION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS......Page 127
REDUCED EIF2B ACTIVITY IN SKELETAL MUSCLEDURING SEPSIS......Page 128
MRNA RECRUITMENT TO RIBOSOME BY EIF4E ISIMPAIRED IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DURING SEPSIS......Page 129
LEUCINE STIMULATES SKELETALMUSCLE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS......Page 132
INCREASING IGF-1 BIOAVILABILITY STIMULATES OFPROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN STRIATED MUSCLE DURING SEPSIS......Page 135
SUMMARY......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
ABSTRACT......Page 148
2. RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES......Page 149
3. INCORPORATIONS OF RI-LABELED AMINO ACIDSINTO MOUSE HEPATOCYTES......Page 152
4. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MOUSE HEPATOCYTE NUCLEUS......Page 154
5.1. Protein Synthesis in Cell Organelles of Mouse Hepatocytes......Page 155
5.2. Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria of Mouse Hepatocytes......Page 157
5.3. Macromolecular Synthesis in Mitochondria of Binucleate Hepatocytes......Page 160
6.1. Protein Synthesis in Mitochondria of Various Cells......Page 165
6.2. Nucleic Acid Synthesis in Mitochondria of Various Cells......Page 166
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
INTRODUCTION......Page 178
Non-optical Label Free Detection......Page 179
Mass Spectrometry......Page 181
Calorimetric Based Label-free Detection......Page 183
Impedance and Dielectric Spectroscopy......Page 184
Optically Based Label Free Detection......Page 185
Emerging Formats......Page 187
Protein Biosynthesis and Label-free Biosensing......Page 190
Protein Degradation......Page 193
Atypical Proteolytic Assays......Page 197
CONCLUSION......Page 201
REFERENCES......Page 202
INTRODUCTION......Page 210
TRANSLATIONAL MACHINERY AT DENDRITIC SPINES......Page 212
DENDRITICALLY LOCALIZED RNASAND THEIR CIS-ELEMENTS......Page 213
RNA BINDING PROTEINS AND|MRNP COMPLEXES AT DENDRITES......Page 215
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS THAT MEDIATEMRNA/RBP INTERACTIONS ANDPROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS AT DENDRITES......Page 217
PATHOLOGY OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY......Page 220
CONCLUSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
ABSTRACT......Page 240
I. MAIN STAGES OF POLYPEPTIDE MATURATION PROCESS......Page 241
II. PRECURSOR AMINO ACID SEQUENCE ENCODESTHE MATURATION PATHWAY......Page 243
III. NOVEL MOTIFS OF LIMITED PROTEOLYSIS......Page 245
V. PROCESSING ENZYME TYPE CAN BE PREDICTEDFROM THE PRECURSOR PRIMARY STRUCTURE......Page 247
VI. POLYPEPTIDE PRECURSOR PRIMARYSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS......Page 249
VII. MATURE CHAIN PREDICTION ALGORITHM......Page 254
ACKNOWLEGMENTS......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
ABSTRACT......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 265
FUNDAMENTAL EFFECTS OF TEMPERATUREON PROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 267
TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATION AND PROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 271
SEASONAL CHANGES IN PROTEIN METABOLISM......Page 273
CONCLUSION......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
ABSTRACT......Page 282
EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL RECOMBINANT SGLT......Page 283
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATIONOF RECOMBINANT SGLT......Page 284
REGULATORY MECHANISMS INVOLVEDIN THE EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL RECOMBINANT SGLT......Page 285
EXPRESSION OF FUNCTIONAL HUMAN RECOMBINANTSGLT IN CHO CELLS......Page 288
DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 291
CONCLUSION......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
ABSTRACT......Page 300
INTRODUCTION......Page 301
PHOSPHORYLATION OF EIF2α DURING HYPOXIA......Page 303
PHOSPHORYLATION OF EIF2α STIMULATES TRANSLATIONALUPREGULATION OF THE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR ATF4......Page 305
HYPOXIC INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS THROUGH4E-BPI AND ELONGATION FACTOR 2 KINASE PATHWAYCONTROLLED BY MAMMALIAN TERGET OF RAPAMYCINKINASE......Page 308
PROTEASOME INHIBITORS AS THERAPY SELECTIVLYCYTOTOXIC TO HYPOXIC TUMOR CELLS......Page 311
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES......Page 312
REFERENCES......Page 314
ABSTRACT......Page 322
INTRODUCTION......Page 323
UBIQUITINATION AND PROTEASOME-DEPENDENTDEGRADATION OF EIF4E......Page 325
PHOSPHORYLATION OF EIF4E......Page 326
NUCLEAR CAP-BINDING COMPLEX AND PIONEER ROUND OFTRANSLATION......Page 327
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS ON NUCLEAR ANDCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS OF EIF4E......Page 328
EIF4E-BINDING PROTEINS AND THEIR PHOSPHORYLATIONAND UBIQUITINATION......Page 330
4E-BP1 AND 4E-BP2 DOUBLE KNOCKOUT MICE-A LINKBETWEEN PROTEIN TRANSLATION, INSULIN RESISTANCEAND OBESITY......Page 332
EIF4E IN CANCER......Page 334
ANTICANCER THERAPY BASED ON THE TARGETING EIF4EAND EIF4F COMPLEXES AND ON MODULATION OF EIF4EACTIVITY......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
INDEX......Page 346