Protection of electricity distribution networks

Contents
About the authors
Preface and acknowledgements
Preface to second edition
Preface to third edition
1. Introduction
	1.1 General
	1.2 Basic principles of electrical systems
	1.3 Protection requirements
	1.4 Protection zones
	1.5 Primary and backup protection
	1.6 Directional protection
	1.7 Relay models
	1.8 Adaptive protection
2. Calculation of short circuit currents
	2.1 Modelling for short circuit current calculations
	2.2 Fault calculation for symmetrical faults
	2.3 Symmetrical components
	2.4 Supplying the current and voltage signals to protection systems
	2.5 General considerations of fault currents from DERs
	2.6 Analysis tools for short circuit current calculation
3. Classification and function of relays
	3.1 Classification
	3.2 Electromechanical relays
	3.3 Evolution of protection relays
	3.4 Numerical protection
	3.5 Supplies to the relay circuits
4. Current and voltage transformers
	4.1 Voltage transformers
	4.2 Current transformers
5. Overcurrent protection
	5.1 General
	5.2 Types of overcurrent relay
	5.3 Setting overcurrent relays
	5.4 Constraints of relay coordination
	5.5 Coordination across Dy transformers
	5.6 Coordination with fuses
	5.7 Coordination of negative-sequence units
	5.8 Overcurrent relays with voltage control
	5.9 Setting overcurrent relays using software techniques
	5.10 Use of digital logic in numerical relaying
	5.11 Adaptive protection with group settings change
	5.12 Exercises
6. Fuses, reclosers and sectionalisers
	6.1 Equipment
	6.2 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices in distribution systems
	6.3 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices under automated feeder reconfiguration
	6.4 Criteria for coordination of time/current devices with DG intermittent sources
7. Directional overcurrent relays
	7.1 Construction
	7.2 Principle of operation
	7.3 Relay connections
	7.4 Directional earth-fault relays
	7.5 Coordination of instantaneous units
	7.6 Setting of time-delay directional overcurrent units
	7.7 Importance of the directional protection
	7.8 Exercises
8. Differential protection
	8.1 General
	8.2 Classification of differential protection
	8.3 Transformer differential protection
	8.4 Differential protection for generators and rotating machines
	8.5 Line differential protection
	8.6 Busbar differential protection
	8.7 Exercises
9. Distance protection
	9.1 General
	9.2 Types of distance relays
	9.3 Setting the reach and operating time of distance relays
	9.4 The effect of infeeds on distance relays
	9.5 The effect of arc resistance on distance protection
	9.6 Residual compensation
	9.7 Impedances seen by distance relays
	9.8 Power system oscillations
	9.9 The effective cover of distance relays
	9.10 Maximum load check
	9.11 Drawing relay settings
	9.12 Intertripping schemes
	9.13 Distance relays on series-compensated lines
	9.14 Technical considerations of distance protection in tee circuits
	9.15 Use of distance relays for the detection of the loss of excitation in generators
	9.16 Exercises
10. Protection of low-voltage systems
	10.1 Protection devices
	10.2 Criteria for setting overcurrent protection devices associated with motors
	10.3 Arc flash
11. Industrial plant load shedding
	11.1 Power system operation after loss of generation
	11.2 Design of an automatic load shedding system
	11.3 Criteria for setting frequency relays
	11.4 Example of calculating and setting frequency relays in an industrial plant
	11.5 Load shedding using logic schemes
12. Protection schemes and substation design diagrams
	12.1 Protection schemes
	12.2 Types of substations
	12.3 Substation design diagrams
13. Communication networks for power systems automation
	13.1 IEC 61850 overview
	13.2 Standard documents and features of IEC 61850
	13.3 System Configuration Language
	13.4 Challenges facing the testing of IEC 61850 devices
	13.5 Configuration and verification of GOOSE messages
	13.6 Substation IT network
	13.7 Process bus
14. Installation, testing and maintenance of protection systems
	14.1 Installation of protection equipment
	14.2 Testing protection schemes
	14.3 Commissioning numerical protection
	14.4 Protection relay testing considering IEC 61850 standard
15. Protection of distributed generation systems
	15.1 Types of distributed generation
	15.2 Protection of solar and wind facilities
	15.3 Protection of distribution systems with DG penetration
16. Impact of stability conditions on protective relaying
	16.1 Concepts and methods for analyses of power system stability
	16.2 Simplified model of the distribution system and transferred power
	16.3 Power swings in a simple system
	16.4 Solving the swing equation
	16.5 Effect of a fault in the transient stability
	16.6 Effect of the excitation system
	16.7 Effect of load imbalance
	16.8 Effect of high integration of renewables
	16.9 Effect of high initial response excitation systems
	16.10 Overview of system-dependent protection
	16.11 Exercises
References
Appendix: Solutions to exercises
Index