Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon (Studies in Space Policy, 24)

Preface
Contents
1 The Legal Framework Protecting Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon and In Situ Preservation
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Space Archaeology
	1.3 Legal Framework
		1.3.1 The World Heritage Convention
		1.3.2 The Underwater Heritage Convention
		1.3.3 International Law Governing Outer Space
	1.4 NASA Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities
	1.5 In Situ Preservation
	1.6 Conclusions
2 Could the Moon’s Cultural Heritage Be Inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List?
	2.1 Does the Tranquility Base Correspond to UNESCO’s Conception of Cultural Heritage?
		2.1.1 Determination of the Nature of Moon’s Heritage
		2.1.2 Reflection About Tranquility Base Outstanding Universal Value
	2.2 Can Tranquility Base Candidacy Be Duly Submitted by One State Party?
		2.2.1 The Impasse of National Ownership
		2.2.2 The Hope Around the Notions of Jurisdiction and Control
	2.3 What Other Options Could Be Devised to Protect the Tranquility Base?
		2.3.1 The Example of Underwater Heritage: Learning from Other Global Commons Regime
		2.3.2 From Content to Format: A Question of Adhesion
3 Does the Outer Space Treaty Permit the Protection and Preservation of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon?
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Right to Protect and Preserve Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon in the Outer Space Treaty
		3.2.1 Freedom of Exploration and Use
		3.2.2 Use for the Benefit and Interest of All Countries
		3.2.3 Freedom of Access and Prohibition of Appropriation
	3.3 Final Remark
4 One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act as One Small Step Towards U.S. Space Dominance? The Case for a Multilateral Treaty Protection Regime
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act
		4.2.1 Content of the Bill
		4.2.2 Rationale Behind the One Small Step Act
		4.2.3 U.S. Leadership in Space: Space Dominance Policy
	4.3 Consequences on International Space Law: Undermining Without Violation?
		4.3.1 Freedom of Use
		4.3.2 No Appropriation
		4.3.3 Equality
	4.4 Conclusion: Protecting Space Law, the Case for a U.N. Based Space Heritage Treaty?
5 The ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ Concept of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Food for Thought to Preserve Lunar Artifacts
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 The Concept of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’ and Its Potential Application in Outer Space
	5.3 Legal Scenarios to Protect OUV Sites in Outer Space
	5.4 Monitoring the State of Conservation of OUV in Outer Space
	5.5 Concluding Observations
6 Necessity of Special Regulation for Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon
	6.1 General Remarks on Applicability of Cultural Heritage Law to Space
	6.2 Legal Regulation for Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon
		6.2.1 Preservation of Works of Man as Cultural Heritage Site on the Moon
		6.2.2 Preservation of Areas as Cultural Heritage Site on the Moon
	6.3 Ways Forwards
7 How to Preserve Humanity’s Lunar Heritage
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Defining What Needs Protection
		7.2.1 Sites and Objects on the Moon
		7.2.2 Deciding Which Sites Form Cultural Heritage
	7.3 Difficulties of Attributing the Heritage Status to the Lunar Sites
		7.3.1 Impossibility Under Current Legislation
		7.3.2 Danger of Political Appropriation
		7.3.3 Necessity for a Rapid Solution
	7.4 Efforts Made up to Now
		7.4.1 NASA’s Recommendations to Space-Faring Entities
		7.4.2 Apollo Lunar Landing Legacy Act
		7.4.3 One Small Step to Protect Human Heritage in Space Act
	7.5 Possible Solutions
		7.5.1 A New UN Treaty
		7.5.2 A Bilateral or Multilateral International Agreement
		7.5.3 Creation of an International Body
	7.6 Conclusion
8 Protection of Lunar Heritage Sites: A Customary Law Perspective
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Cultural Heritage Protection Under Space Treaties
	8.3 The Existence of a Custom?
		8.3.1 Province of All Mankind Versus Common Heritage of Mankind
	8.4 Applicability of the World Heritage Convention to Sites on the Moon
	8.5 Existence of a Custom for the Protection of Cultural Heritage on the Earth
	8.6 Conclusion: The Way Forward
9 Lunar Seismic Experiments: A Legacy Which Deserves to Be Remembered
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Seismology–A Brief Introduction
		9.2.1 Seismic Instruments
	9.3 Lunar Seismology Missions
		9.3.1 Ranger 3
		9.3.2 Ranger 4
		9.3.3 Ranger 5
		9.3.4 Apollo 11
		9.3.5 Apollo 12
		9.3.6 Apollo 13
		9.3.7 Apollo 14
		9.3.8 Apollo 15
		9.3.9 Apollo 16
		9.3.10 Apollo 17
	9.4 The Importance of the Lunar Seismic Experiments
	9.5 Conclusion
10 The Moon that Owns Itself: Exploring New Legal Avenues to Protect Cultural and Natural Heritage in Space
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Human Activities on the Moon
	10.3 Literature Review
	10.4 International Space Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon
	10.5 The World Heritage Convention
	10.6 Lessons from the Tree that Owns Itself
	10.7 Conclusion
11 The Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites on the Moon: The Poo Bags Paradox
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 From Human Waste to Cultural Heritage or How a Poo Bag Becomes a Cultural Heritage Protected Under Public International Law
		11.1.2 From Cultural Heritage to Interplanetary Threat: The Poo Bag Paradox