Prosecuting Heads of State

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
EDITORS......Page 11
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 12
About the International Center for Transitional Justice......Page 15
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 21
1 Introduction......Page 25
FROM AMNESTIES TO ADJUDICATION: NATIONAL RESPONSES TO HUMAN RIGHTS CRIMES......Page 28
THE RAPID EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNALS......Page 30
DOMESTIC CORRUPTION PROSECUTIONS......Page 32
A NEW KIND OF POLITICAL TRIAL......Page 34
SIXTY-SEVEN CASES......Page 36
CASE STUDIES OF PROSECUTIONS OF HEADS OF STATE......Page 39
FINAL QUESTIONS......Page 44
NOTES......Page 46
EUROPEAN ANTECEDENTS TO CONTEMPORARY TRIALS OF POLITICAL LEADERS......Page 49
DOMESTIC TRIALS FOR WORLD WAR II CRIMES......Page 51
POST–WORLD WAR II EUROPEAN TRIALS OF SENIOR POLITICAL FIGURES......Page 52
CASES AGAINST AGING NAZIS......Page 55
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA......Page 57
UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION IN EUROPEAN COURTS......Page 58
INDICTMENTS AND PROSECUTIONS OF EUROPEAN HEADS OF STATE ON CORRUPTION TRIALS......Page 62
CONCLUSION......Page 65
NOTES......Page 66
3 Prosecutions of Heads of State in Latin America......Page 70
LIONS IN WINTER: HUMAN RIGHTS CASES AGAINST HEADS OF STATE......Page 74
THE CORRUPTION CASES......Page 85
OBSTACLES TO PROSECUTIONS......Page 91
CONCLUSION......Page 93
NOTES......Page 94
4 The Multiple Prosecutions of Augusto Pinochet......Page 101
THE SPANISH CASE......Page 102
THE EXTRADITION PROCEEDINGS – PINOCHET I......Page 105
THE SPANISH PROCEEDINGS CONTINUE......Page 108
STATE IMMUNITY AND DOUBLE CRIMINALITY – PINOCHET III......Page 110
THE CASE AT HOME......Page 111
CONCLUSIONS......Page 114
NOTES......Page 116
THE ANTECEDENTS......Page 119
THE ACCUSED......Page 121
THE FLIGHT TO JAPAN......Page 122
THE ACTS ATTRIBUTED TO ALBERTO FUJIMORI......Page 123
THE DEFINING CASES: BARRIOS ALTOS AND LA CANTUTA......Page 124
EXTRADITION......Page 126
THE ACCUSED AND THE CRIMINAL PROCESS......Page 128
THE POLITICAL AND POPULAR RESPONSE TO THE JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS......Page 131
CONCLUSION......Page 132
NOTES......Page 133
6 Charm and Punishment: How the Philippines’ Leading Man Became Its Most Famous Prisoner......Page 135
POLITICAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 136
THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK......Page 138
THE ESTRADA STORY......Page 141
IMPEACHMENT......Page 143
ARREST......Page 144
TRIAL......Page 145
FROM CONVICTION TO PARDON IN FORTY-THREE DAYS......Page 147
CONCLUSION......Page 148
NOTES......Page 149
7 Shifting Legitimacy: The Trials of Frederick Chiluba......Page 154
ZAMBIA AND CORRUPTION......Page 155
PHASE I – PRELUDE TO THE TRIALS......Page 156
Chiluba’s Third-Term Bid......Page 157
“Chiluba Is a Thief”......Page 159
The Turn of President Mwanawasa......Page 160
PHASE II – THE TRIALS: A LITTLE HELP FROM OUR FRIENDS......Page 163
Political Support......Page 164
Financial and Technical Assistance......Page 165
Legal Support......Page 167
CONCLUSION: SHIFTING LEGITIMACY?......Page 169
NOTES......Page 171
8 A Justice “Trickle-Down”: Rwanda’s First Postgenocide President on Trial......Page 175
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 176
Bizimungu’s Rise......Page 177
Bizimungu’s Fall......Page 179
National Justice......Page 183
Bizimungu’s Trial......Page 185
NOTES......Page 192
9 Justice Squandered? The Trial of Slobodan Milosevic......Page 200
THE RISE......Page 201
AND FALL…......Page 203
A Free Reign for Milosevic......Page 207
MAPPING OUT GENOCIDE......Page 208
THE LONG AND VISIBLE HAND OF SERBIA......Page 210
A SELF-INFLICTED DEFEAT......Page 213
EXPORTING INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE AND THE TRIBUNAL’S COMPLETION STRATEGY......Page 215
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: AGAINST ALL ODDS......Page 216
SERBIA: JUDICIARY ON THE LEASH......Page 218
BETRAYING VICTIMS, FAILING JUSTICE......Page 219
NOTES......Page 220
FROM WARLORD TO PRESIDENT: THE RISE OF CHARLES TAYLOR......Page 229
THE TAYLOR PRESIDENCY – THE TYRANNY CONTINUES......Page 231
THE SIERRA LEONE CONFLICT – A TAYLOR-MADE CATASTROPHE......Page 232
THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE......Page 234
THE LIBERIAN PEACE PROCESS AND THE UNSEALING OF TAYLOR’S INDICTMENT......Page 236
THE OFFER OF A GRACEFUL EXIT......Page 238
GETTING TAYLOR TO THE COURT......Page 239
THE QUESTION OF VENUE......Page 242
REACTIONS TO TAYLOR’S ARREST AND DETENTION......Page 244
THE LEGAL PROCEEDINGS AGAINST TAYLOR......Page 246
Taylor on Trial at Last......Page 248
CONCLUSION......Page 249
NOTES......Page 251
11 Political Pedagogy, Baghdad Style: The Dujail Trial of Saddam Hussein......Page 257
SADDAM HUSSEIN’S RISE TO POWER......Page 258
HUSSEIN’S IRAQ: PATTERNS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS......Page 261
THE PRELUDE TO PROSECUTIONS......Page 263
REGIME CHANGE AND THE CREATION OF THE TRIBUNAL......Page 266
ANATOMY OF THE TRIBUNAL AND ITS WORKINGS......Page 268
THE FACTS OF THE DUJAIL TRIAL......Page 271
TRIAL DYNAMICS: POLITICAL PEDAGOGY, BUT OF WHAT KIND?......Page 273
JUDGMENT AND EXECUTION......Page 279
REACTIONS TO TRIAL AND EXECUTION......Page 283
CONCLUSIONS......Page 286
NOTES......Page 287
12 Conclusion......Page 299
INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCE......Page 302
HUMAN RIGHTS VS. CORRUPTION TRIALS......Page 304
THE PROBLEMS WITH ORDINARY JUDICIAL PROCESSES IN EXTRAORDINARY CASES......Page 306
SHATTERED MYTHS......Page 309
THE RIGHT TIME FOR JUSTICE......Page 310
THE JUSTICE CASCADE......Page 311
NOTES......Page 315
Appendix: List of Prosecutions of Heads of State or Government January 1990 to June 2008......Page 319
BOOKA AND REPORTS......Page 329
JOURNAL ARTICLES......Page 331
CASES......Page 332
Index......Page 333