Prophylactic Surgery

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Prophylactic Surgery: Why, When, and How?
	1.1	 Prophylactic Surgery
		1.1.1	 Introduction
		1.1.2	 Definition
		1.1.3	 Diagnosis
			1.1.3.1	 Genetic Testing and Counseling
			1.1.3.2	 Histopathologic Evaluation
			1.1.3.3	 Misdiagnosis
		1.1.4	 Surveillance
		1.1.5	 Chemoprevention
		1.1.6	 Prophylactic Resections
		1.1.7	 Concurrent Surgeries
		1.1.8	 Postoperative Evaluation
		1.1.9	 Recommendations for Prophylactic Surgery
		1.1.10	 Cost-Effectivity
		1.1.11	 Quality of Life (QoL)
	1.2	 In Conclusion
	References
2: Minimally Invasive Procedures and Prophylactic Surgery
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Historical Remarks
	2.3	 Learning Curve in Minimally Invasive Surgery
	2.4	 Surgical Stress Response
	2.5	 Perioperative and Short-Term Outcomes
	2.6	 Long-Term Outcomes
	2.7	 Conclusions
	References
3: Prophylactic Approaches in Abdominal Wall Surgery: Preventing and Repairing the Burst Abdomen
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 The Burst Abdomen
	3.3	 Prophylactic Mesh Placement
		3.3.1	 Elective Surgery
		3.3.2	 Emergency Surgery and Prophylactic Mesh Placement
		3.3.3	 Use of Biologic Mesh
	3.4	 Adjunct Procedures in Complex Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
		3.4.1	 Component Separation
		3.4.2	 Anterior Component Separation
		3.4.3	 Posterior Component Separation With/Without Transversus Abdominis Release (TAR)
	3.5	 Conclusion
	References
4: Cost-Effectiveness of Prophylactic Surgeries in Preventing Hereditary Predisposition Syndromes
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Lynch Syndrome
		4.2.1	 Prophylactic Surgery in Lynch Syndrome
		4.2.2	 Cost-Effectiveness Studies in Lynch Syndrome
	4.3	 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
		4.3.1	 Cost-Effectiveness in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
	4.4	 Hereditary Breast Cancer
		4.4.1	 Mutation BRCA1/BRAC2
	4.5	 Conclusion
	References
5: Prophylactic Thyroidectomy
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer
		5.2.1	 RET Proto-Oncogene
		5.2.2	 Current ATA Recommendations for Screening and Prophylactic Thyroidectomy
	5.3	 Cowden Syndrome/PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome
	5.4	 Hereditary Syndrome at Risk for Thyroid Pathology
	5.5	 Risk of Prophylactic Thyroidectomy
	5.6	 Conclusions
	References
6: Prophylactic Parathyroidectomy
	6.1	 Introduction
	6.2	 Conditions to Consider for Prophylactic Parathyroidectomy
	6.3	 Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica (OFC)
	6.4	 Familial Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndrome
	6.5	 Familial Hyperparathyroidism
	6.6	 Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor (HPT-JT) Syndrome
	6.7	 Incidental Parathyroidectomy
	6.8	 Persistent and Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism
	6.9	 End-Organ Resistance to PTH
	6.10	 Hypercalcemia Not Cured by Prophylactic Parathyroidectomy
	6.11	 Surgical Technique and Operative Options
	6.12	 Postoperative Complications
	6.13	 Summary
	References
7: Genetic Predispositions and Prophylactic Mastectomy in Breast Cancer Patients
	7.1	 Introduction
	7.2	 Current Trends in Genetic Testing and Guideline Recommendations
	7.3	 Hereditary Breast Cancer Surveillance and Risk-Reducing Treatments
		7.3.1	 Surveillance
		7.3.2	 Chemoprevention
	7.4	 Hereditary Breast Cancer and Risk-Reducing Surgery
		7.4.1	 Bilateral Prophylactic Mastectomy
		7.4.2	 Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy
		7.4.3	 Operative Approaches
	7.5	 Conclusion
	References
8: Prophylactic Mastectomy for Benign Pathologies
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Prophylactic Mastectomy for High-Risk Women with No Known Genetic Mutation
		8.2.1	 Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk
	8.3	 Prophylactic Mastectomy for Women with a History of LCIS or ADH/ALH
	8.4	 Prophylactic Mastectomy for Women with a Previous History of Thoracic Radiation Therapy
	8.5	 Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy
	8.6	 Surgical Outcomes
	8.7	 Conclusion
	References
9: Prophylactic Surgery for Liver Pathologies
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Benign Hepatobiliary Pathologies
		9.2.1	 Hemangiomas
		9.2.2	 Hepatocellular Adenomas
		9.2.3	 Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
		9.2.4	 Cystic Lesions
		9.2.5	 Caroli’s Disease
		9.2.6	 Biliary Atresia
	9.3	 Malign Liver Pathologies
		9.3.1	 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		9.3.2	 Simultaneous Lesions
		9.3.3	 Incidental Solitary Lesions
	9.4	 Miscellaneous Conditions
		9.4.1	 Portal Hypertension
		9.4.2	 Locally Invasive Gallbladder Tumors
		9.4.3	 Hydatid Cyst
		9.4.4	 Liver Traumas
		9.4.5	 Hepatolithiasis
	9.5	 Miscellaneous Procedures
		9.5.1	 Transplantation
		9.5.2	 Portoenterostomy
		9.5.3	 Portal Vein Embolization (PVE)
		9.5.4	 Caudate Lobe Resection
		9.5.5	 Pringle Maneuver
		9.5.6	 Perihepatic Packing
	References
10: Prophylactic Resections of the Pancreas Pathologies
	10.1	 Introduction
	10.2	 Pancreatic Neoplasms
		10.2.1	 Familial Pancreatic Cancer
		10.2.2	 Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
		10.2.3	 MEN Syndromes
	10.3	 Cystic Neoplasms and Precursor Lesions
		10.3.1	 Serous Cystic Neoplasms
		10.3.2	 Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms
		10.3.3	 Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
	10.4	 Miscellaneous Conditions
		10.4.1	 Pseudocysts
		10.4.2	 Chronic Pancreatitis
		10.4.3	 Pancreatic Trauma
	10.5	 Miscellaneous Procedures
		10.5.1	 Portal Vein Resection
		10.5.2	 Falciform Ligament Flooring
	References
11: Prophylactic Surgery for Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Pathologies
	11.1	 Introduction
	11.2	 Gallbladder
		11.2.1 Asymptomatic Gallstones
		11.2.2 Hematologic Disorders
		11.2.3 Total Parenteral Nutrition
		11.2.4 Short-Bowel Syndrome
		11.2.5 Drugs
		11.2.6 Transplantation
		11.2.7 Bariatric Surgery
		11.2.8 Precursors for Gallbladder Cancer
		11.2.9 Concomitant Surgery
		11.2.10 Anatomical Variations
		11.2.11 Carrier for Bacterial Agents
	11.3	 Biliary Tract
		11.3.1 Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction
		11.3.2 Choledochal Cyst
		11.3.3 Biliary Intraepithelial Neoplasia (BilIN)
		11.3.4 Intraductal Papillary Neoplasia of the Bile Duct (IPN-B)
		11.3.5 Locally Invasive Gallbladder Cancer
		11.3.6 Biliary Atresia
	References
12: Prophylactic Splenectomy
	12.1	 Introduction
	12.2	 Splenectomy
		12.2.1	 Splenectomy for Splenic Hydatidosis
		12.2.2	 Splenectomy During Gastric Cancer Surgery
		12.2.3	 Splenectomy During Cytoreductive Surgery for Ovarian Cancer
		12.2.4	 Splenectomy for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
		12.2.5	 Splenectomy During Liver Transplantation
		12.2.6	 Splenectomy During Distal Pancreatectomy
		12.2.7	 Prophylactic Splenectomy in Chronic Pancreatitis
		12.2.8	 Splenectomy for Wandering Spleen
		12.2.9	 Splenectomy in Hematological Diseases
	12.3	 Miscellaneous Conditions
		12.3.1	 Nonoperative Management of Splenic Trauma
		12.3.2	 Partial Splenectomy
		12.3.3	 Splenic Artery Aneurysm
	12.4	 Conclusion
	References
13: Prophylactic Surgical Procedures for Esophageal Pathologies
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Barrett’s Esophagus
	13.3	 Esophageal Varices
	13.4	 Corrosive Esophagitis and Strictures
	13.5	 Achalasia
	13.6	 Miscellaneous Conditions
		13.6.1	 Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
		13.6.2	 Tylosis
	References
14: Stomach and Duodenum Resections for Genetic Predispositions
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Overview of Gastric Cancer Carcinogenesis
	14.3	 Intestinal-Type Gastric Cancers
	14.4	 Diffuse-Type Gastric Cancer
	14.5	 Familial Gastric Cancers
	14.6	 Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome
		14.6.1	 Diagnosis
		14.6.2	 Endoscopic Follow-Up
		14.6.3	 Prophylactic Gastrectomy
	14.7	 Duodenum Resections for Genetic Predispositions
	References
15: Prophylactic Surgery for Benign Diseases of Stomach and Duodenum
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Prophylactic Gastrojejunostomy
	15.3	 Prophylactic Partial Stomach-Partitioning
	15.4	 Prophylactic Pyloric Interventions
	15.5	 Vagotomy
	15.6	 Prophylactic Gastrostomy
	15.7	 Preoperative Ischemic Conditioning of the Stomach
	15.8	 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
	15.9	 Hiatal Hernia
	15.10	 Reflux Gastritis
	15.11	 Gastric Volvulus
	15.12	 Prophylactic Surgery for Diverticula
	15.13	 Conclusion
	References
16: Prophylactic Surgery for Small Intestines
	16.1	 Introduction
	16.2	 Overview of Prophylactic Small Intestinal Surgery
	16.3	 Types of Prophylactic Surgeries for Small Intestines
		16.3.1	 Primary Prophylactic Surgeries for Small Intestines
			16.3.1.1	 Prophylactic Hernia Repair
			16.3.1.2	 Prophylactic Intestinal Resections
			16.3.1.3	 Endoscopic or Surgical Drainage
			16.3.1.4	 Endoscopic or Surgical Polypectomy
			16.3.1.5	 Closure of Omental or Mesenteric Openings
		16.3.2	 Secondary Prophylactic Surgeries with Small Intestines
			16.3.2.1	 Prophylactic Stoma Formations with Small Intestine
			16.3.2.2	 Feeding Jejunostomy
			16.3.2.3	 Permanent Access for ERCP
		16.3.3	 Intestinal Auto-Transplantation
	16.4	 Role of Minimal Access or Invasive Surgery in Prophylactic Surgery of Small Intestines
	16.5	 Conclusion
	References
17: Prophylactic Appendectomy
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Approach to Appendix Problems
		17.2.1	 Nonsurgical Approach for Appendicitis
		17.2.2	 Protection of the Appendix
	17.3	 Appendectomies
		17.3.1	 Incidental Appendectomy
		17.3.2	 Prophylactic Appendectomy
	17.4	 Miscellaneous Conditions
	17.5	 Conclusion
	References
18: Vascular Problems Related to Colectomy: Habitual and Variant Anatomy, Prevention, and Tactical Aspects
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Normal (Traditional) Anatomy
		18.2.1	 Branches of the SMA
		18.2.2	 Venous Circulation
		18.2.3	 Most Frequent Variants
	18.3	 Impact on Colectomy
		18.3.1	 Left Colectomy
		18.3.2	 Right Colectomy
		18.3.3	 Colonic Resections in Patients with Vascular Disease
			18.3.3.1	 Left Colectomy in the Vascular Patient
			18.3.3.2	 Right Colectomy in the Patient with  Vascular Disease
		18.3.4	 Consequences of Previous Surgery
			18.3.4.1	 Left Colectomy in a Patient with Previous Right Colectomy
			18.3.4.2	 Right Colectomy in a Patient with  Previous Left Colectomy
		18.3.5	 Strategy for Oncologic Lymph Node Dissection in Patients with Colonic Cancer
	18.4	 Technical Aspects
	References
19: Prophylactic Resections for Genetic Predisposition of Colon and Rectum
	19.1	 Introduction
	19.2	 Hereditary Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
		19.2.1	 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome
		19.2.2	 Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome (AFAP)
		19.2.3	 MUTYH Associated Polyposis (MAP)
		19.2.4	 Polymerase-Proofreading Associated Polyposis
	19.3	 Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer
		19.3.1	 Familial Colorectal Cancer Type X
	19.4	 Hereditary Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
		19.4.1	 Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		19.4.2	 Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
		19.4.3	 Cowden Syndrome
	19.5	 Serrated Polyposis Syndrome
	19.6	 Hereditary Mixed Polyposis Syndrome (HMPS)
	19.7	 Genetic Evaluation
	19.8	 Surgical Procedures
		19.8.1	 Postoperative Period
	19.9	 Conclusion
	References
20: Prophylactic Colon and Rectum Resections for Benign Pathologies
	20.1	 Introductıon
	20.2	 Volvulus
		20.2.1	 Treatment
	20.3	 Diverticular Disease
		20.3.1	 Classification
			20.3.1.1	 Asymptomatic Diverticulosis
			20.3.1.2	 Diverticulitis
			20.3.1.3	 Symptomatic Uncomplicated Diverticular Disease
			20.3.1.4	 Segmental Colitis Associated with Diverticulosis
		20.3.2	 Surgical Management
	20.4	 Ulcerative Colitis
		20.4.1	 Treatment
	References
21: Prophylactic Adrenalectomy
	21.1	 Introduction
	21.2	 History
	21.3	 PCC-Heritable PCC
		21.3.1 Biochemical Studies
		21.3.2 Genetic Background
	21.4	 Genetic Syndromes Associated with PCC AND PGL
		21.4.1 MEN 2 Syndrome
		21.4.2 VHL Syndrome
		21.4.3 NF1 Syndrome
		21.4.4 Hereditary PGL Syndromes Type 1–5 (SDH Complex)
	21.5	 Genetic Testing
	21.6	 Imaging
		21.6.1 Diagnosis of Hereditary PCC
	21.7	 Preoperative Considerations
		21.7.1 Candidates for CSA
		21.7.2 CSA Technical Points and Results
	21.8	 Autonomic Cortisol Hypersecretion (Subclinical Cushing’s Syndrome)
	21.9	 Components of ACS
	21.10	 Diagnosis
		21.10.1 Clinical Presentation
		21.10.2 Surgical Treatment
	21.11	 Adrenal Incidentaloma
	21.12	 Conclusion
	References
22: Omentectomy: Whether to Perform Should Be Questioned
	22.1	 Introduction
	22.2	 Experimental Studies
	22.3	 Gastrointestinal Procedures
	22.4	 Gynecological Procedures
	22.5	 Omental Pathologies
	22.6	 Miscellaneous Conditions
		22.6.1	 Omentectomy/Omentoplasty
	22.7	 Conclusion
	References
23: Open Access in Laparoscopic Surgery to Prevent Entry Complications
	23.1	 Introduction
	23.2	 A Safe Technique
	23.3	 Conclusions
	References
24: Prophylactic Surgery in Trauma
	24.1	 Introduction
	24.2	 Head
	24.3	 Spine and Spinal Cord
	24.4	 Neck Injuries
	24.5	 Chest
		24.5.1	 Pneumothorax
		24.5.2	 Hemothorax
		24.5.3	 Pulmonary Embolus
	24.6	 Abdomen and Pelvis
		24.6.1	 Prophylactic Splenectomy or Splenic Embolization in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
		24.6.2	 Repeat Imaging and Angioembolization of Hepatic and Splenic Pseudoaneurysms
	24.7	 Genitourinary System
		24.7.1	 Prophylactic Ureteral Stent Placement for Management of Renal Trauma And Ureteral Injury Prevention
		24.7.2	 Prophylactic Suprapubic Catheterization for Urethral Trauma
	24.8	 Anorectal and Perineal Injuries (Pelvis)
		24.8.1	 Fecal Diversion for Rectal Injury
		24.8.2	 Fecal Diversion for Perineal Trauma
	24.9	 Extremity Injuries
		24.9.1	 Limb Salvage and Compartment Syndrome: The Role of Prophylactic Fasciotomy
		24.9.2	 Prioritizing Life over Limb: The Role of Prophylactic Early Amputation
	24.10	 Conclusion
	References
25: Surgical Prophylaxis of Obesity
	25.1	 Introduction
	25.2	 Obesity Comorbidities
	25.3	 Patient Selection and Targets
	25.4	 Surgical Techniques
	25.5	 Prophylactic Surgery and Outcomes
	25.6	 Conclusion
	References
26: Histopathological Findings in Prophylactic Surgical Specimens
	26.1	 Introduction
	26.2	 Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
	26.3	 Lobular Breast Carcinoma
	26.4	 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
		26.4.1	 Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
		26.4.2	 Parathyroid
		26.4.3	 Pancreas
		26.4.4	 Adrenal Gland
		26.4.5	 Pituitary Gland
	26.5	 Lynch Syndrome
	26.6	 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome
	26.7	 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndromes
		26.7.1	 Breast Cancer
		26.7.2	 Ovarian Cancer
	26.8	 Conclusion
	References
27: Prophylactic Surgery for Genetic Predisposition of Female Organs
	27.1	 Introduction
	27.2	 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
		27.2.1	 Management
		27.2.2	 Screening
			27.2.2.1	 Breast Cancer
			27.2.2.2	 Ovarian Cancer
		27.2.3	 Risk-Reducing Surgical Procedures
			27.2.3.1	 Breast Cancer
			27.2.3.2	 Ovarian Cancer
			27.2.3.3	 Chemoprevention
	27.3	 Lynch Syndrome
		27.3.1	 Management
	27.4	 Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome
		27.4.1	 Management
	27.5	 Li–Fraumeni Syndrome
		27.5.1	 Management
	27.6	 Cowden Syndrome
		27.6.1	 Management
	References
28: Prophylactic Surgery for Benign Gynecologic Pathologies
	28.1	 Introduction
	28.2	 Prophylactic Salpingectomy
		28.2.1	 Background and Benefits
		28.2.2	 Salpingectomy or Salpingo-Oophorectomy?
		28.2.3	 Risks Against Benefits and Feasibility
		28.2.4	 Surgical Technique
	28.3	 Prophylactic Anti-prolapses Surgery
		28.3.1	 Background and Benefits
		28.3.2	 Risks Against Benefits and Feasibility
		28.3.3	 Surgical Technique
	28.4	 Prophylactic Cerclage
		28.4.1	 Background and Benefits
		28.4.2	 Risks Against Benefits and Feasibility
		28.4.3	 Surgical Technique
	28.5	 Prophylactic Appendectomy in Obstetrics and Gynecology
		28.5.1	 Background and Benefits
		28.5.2	 Risks Against Benefits and Feasibility
	References
29: Prophylactic Surgical Procedures in Plastic Surgery
	29.1	 Introduction
	29.2	 Cancer-Related Conditions
		29.2.1 Hereditary Melanoma and Atypical Mole/Nevus (Dysplastic Nevus)
		29.2.2 BAP-1 Tumor Syndrome
		29.2.3 Cowden Syndrome
		29.2.4 Gorlin–Goltz Syndrome
		29.2.5 Muir–Torre Syndrome
		29.2.6 Porokeratosis
		29.2.7 Xeroderma Pigmentosum
		29.2.8 Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
		29.2.9 Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
		29.2.10 Marjolin’s Ulcer
	29.3	 Premalignant Lesions
		29.3.1 Solar Lentigo
		29.3.2 Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
		29.3.3 Blue Nevus
		29.3.4 Spitz Nevus
		29.3.5 Halo Nevus
		29.3.6 Nevus Sebaceous
		29.3.7 Actinic Keratosis
		29.3.8 Keratoacanthoma
		29.3.9 Bowen Disease
		29.3.10 Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia
		29.3.11 Genital Warts
		29.3.12 Leukoplakia
	29.4	 Cancer-Unrelated Conditions
		29.4.1 Fasciotomy/Escharotomy
		29.4.2 Ectopic Implantation
		29.4.3 Surgical Prevention of Lymphedema
		29.4.4 Prophylactic Surgery for Wisdom Teeth
		29.4.5 Babysitter Procedure
		29.4.6 Prophylactic Tendon Surgery
		29.4.7 Prophylactic Surgery in Pressure Sores
		29.4.8 Surgical Prevention of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
	References
30: Prophylactic Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Procedures
	30.1	 Introduction
	30.2	 Coronary Artery Disease
	30.3	 Carotid Artery Diseases
		30.3.1	 Carotid Artery Stenosis
		30.3.2	 Carotid Body Tumors
	30.4	 Valvular Heart Diseases
		30.4.1	 Aortic Valve Stenosis
		30.4.2	 Aortic Valve Regurgitation
		30.4.3	 Mitral Valve Regurgitation
		30.4.4	 Mitral Valve Stenosis
		30.4.5	 Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation
		30.4.6	 Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
	30.5	 Cardiac Tumors
		30.5.1	 Myxoma
		30.5.2	 Papillary Fibroelastoma
		30.5.3	 Rhabdomyoma
	30.6	 Other Cardiac Diseases
		30.6.1	 Cardiac Hydatid Cyst
	30.7	 Aortic Diseases
		30.7.1	 Aortic Dissection
		30.7.2	 Proximal Aortic Aneurysms
		30.7.3	 Distal Aortic Aneurysms
		30.7.4	 Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
		30.7.5	 Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome
	References
31: Prophylactic Chest Surgery Procedures
	31.1	 Introduction
	31.2	 Benign Pathologies
		31.2.1	 Pneumothorax
		31.2.2	 Giant Bulla
		31.2.3	 Tuberculosis Sequelae
		31.2.4	 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
		31.2.5	 Sequestration
		31.2.6	 Diaphragmatic Paralysis
	31.3	 Precancerous Pathologies
		31.3.1	 Benign Chest Wall Tumors
		31.3.2	 Benign Pleural Tumors
		31.3.3	 Congenital Lung Malformations
		31.3.4	 Miscellaneous Conditions
	31.4	 Conclusions
	References
32: Prophylactic Surgery for Urologic Pathologies
	32.1	 Introduction
	32.2	 Upper Urinary Tract
		32.2.1	 Kidney Surgery
			32.2.1.1	 Preventive Nephrectomy
			32.2.1.2	 Genetic Diseases
		32.2.2	 Ureter Surgery
	32.3	 Lower Urinary Tract
		32.3.1	 Bladder Surgery
			32.3.1.1	 Bladder Diverticula
			32.3.1.2	 Bladder Augmentation
	32.4	 Prostate Surgery
		32.4.1	 Chronic Prostatitis
		32.4.2	 High-Bladder Neck Elevation
	32.5	 Penile Surgery
		32.5.1	 Circumcision
		32.5.2	 Urethral Surgery
			32.5.2.1	 Urethral Valves
	32.6	 Testicular Surgery
		32.6.1	 Orchiectomy for Undescended Testis in the Adult
	32.7	 Adrenal Surgery
	32.8	 Conclusions
	References
33: Prophylactic Procedures in Pediatric Surgery
	33.1	 Introduction
	33.2	 Prophylactic Surgery for Contralateral Inguinal Hernia
	33.3	 Prophylactic Resection for Meckel’s Diverticulum
	33.4	 Prophylactic Surgery for Intestinal Malrotations
	33.5	 Prophylactic Fecal Diversion
	33.6	 Prophylactic Incidental Appendectomy
	33.7	 Prophylactic Cholecystectomy
	33.8	 Prophylactic Splenectomy
	33.9	 Prophylactic Surgery in Pediatric Surgical Oncology
		33.9.1	 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
		33.9.2	 Medullary Thyroid Cancer
	33.10	 Conclusion
	References
34: Prophylactic Surgery for Neurosurgical Pathologies
	34.1	 Introduction
	34.2	 Increased Intracranial Pressure and Hydrocephaly
	34.3	 Brain Tumors
	34.4	 Cerebrovascular Diseases
	34.5	 Stroke
	34.6	 Head Injury
	34.7	 Spinal, Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Injuries
	34.8	 Spinal Cord and Root Pressures
	34.9	 Brain Abscess and Cerebral Hydatid Cyst
	34.10	 Congenital Hydrocephalus
	34.11	 Craniosynostosis
	34.12	 Meningocele, Myelomeningocele, Cranial Dysraphism
	34.13	 Occult Spinal Dysraphism and Tethered Cord Syndrome
	34.14	 Dermal Sinus Tract
	34.15	 Spinal Lipomas
	34.16	 Split Cord Malformation
	34.17	 Chiari Malformation
	34.18	 Arachnoid Cysts
	34.19	 CyberKnife Radiosurgery for Brain Tumors
	34.20	 Conclusion
	References
35: Prophylactic Procedures for Orthopedic Pathologies
	35.1	 Introduction
	35.2	 Prophylactic Surgery to Prevent Pathologic Fractures
	35.3	 Prophylactic Surgery in Foot and Ankle
	35.4	 Prophylactic Surgery to Prevent Knee Osteoarthritis and Pain
	35.5	 Prophylactic Surgery to Prevent Hip Osteoarthritis Due to Acetabular Dysplasia
	35.6	 Prophylactic Interventions for Acetabular Dysplasia from Infancy to the Age of 8 Years
	35.7	 Prophylactic Surgery for Acetabular Dysplasia in Adolescents and Adults
	35.8	 Conclusion
	References
36: Ethical and Legal Dimensions of Prophylactic Surgery
	36.1	 Introduction
	36.2	 Detection of Genetic Risk
		36.2.1	 Protection of Genetic Information: Confidentiality
		36.2.2	 Illumination and Consent
	36.3	 Implementation of Prophylactic Method and Post-intervention
	36.4	 Conclusions
	References
37: Psychiatric Aspects of Prophylactic Surgery in Adults
	37.1	 Introduction
	37.2	 Epidemiology of Mental Disorders
	37.3	 Physical Illnesses as Risk Factors for Psychological Distress
	37.4	 Angelina Jolie Effect
	37.5	 Psychosocial Impact of Genetic Testing
	37.6	 Impact of Prophylactic Surgery on Psychosocial Health
	37.7	 Psychiatric Assessment and Treatment of Surgery Patients
	37.8	 Conclusion
	References
38: Child and Adolescent Aspects in Prophylactic Surgery
	38.1	 Introduction
	38.2	 Reasons for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Interventions
	38.3	 The Concept of Illness in Children
	38.4	 Family Issues
	38.5	 Shared Decision-Making
	38.6	 Perioperative Reactions and Disorders
	38.7	 Child and Adolescent Therapy
		38.7.1	 Psychopharmacotherapy
		38.7.2	 Psychotherapy
		38.7.3	 Other Psychosocial Interventions
	38.8	 Cancer-Related Aspects
		38.8.1	 Psychological Effects of Genetic Testing for Cancer in Children and Adolescents
		38.8.2	 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
			38.8.2.1 Recommendations for Counseling a Patient with Mental Illness and FAP
			38.8.2.2 Psychiatric Aspects
			38.8.2.3 Schizophrenia
		38.8.3	 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC)
		38.8.4	 Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC)
	38.9	 Non-cancer-Related Aspects
		38.9.1	 Intestinal Malrotation
		38.9.2	 Bariatric Surgery
	38.10	 Conclusion
	References
39: Endoscopic Approaches for Prophylactic Purposes
	39.1	 Introduction
	39.2	 Endoscopic Ultrasonography (EUS)
	39.3	 Endoscopic Polypectomy
	39.4	 Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
	39.5	 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
	39.6	 Endoscopic Treatment of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
	39.7	 Endoscopic Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stenosis
	39.8	 ERCP
	References
40: The Place of Prophylactic Surgery in Guidelines
	40.1	 Introduction
	40.2	 Thyroid and Parathyroid
	40.3	 Breast
	40.4	 Adrenal Glands
	40.5	 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
	40.6	 Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic System
	40.7	 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
	40.8	 Abdominal Wall Surgery
	40.9	 Trauma Surgery
	40.10	 Minimally Invasive Interventions
		40.10.1 Guidelines Regarding Surgical Attitudes During COVID-19 Pandemic
	References
41: Interventional Procedures Reducing the Needs for Conventional Surgery
	41.1	 Introduction
	41.2	 Percutaneous Biopsy
	41.3	 Image-Guided Ablation
	41.4	 Embolization
	41.5	 Palliative Interventional Procedures
	41.6	 Diseases Treated with Interventional Procedures
		41.6.1 Thyroid Cancer
		41.6.2 Parathyroid Adenomas
		41.6.3 Breast Cancer
		41.6.4 Lung Cancer
		41.6.5 Liver Cancer
		41.6.6 Pancreatic Cancer
		41.6.7 Kidney Cancer
		41.6.8 Adrenal Gland Tumors
		41.6.9 Prostate Cancer
		41.6.10 Bone Cancer
	41.7	 Conclusion
	References
42: Radiological Screening for Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes
	42.1	 Introduction
	42.2	 Imaging Modalities
	42.3	 Hereditary Cancer Syndromes and Radiological Screening Recommendations
		42.3.1 Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndromes
		42.3.2 Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
		42.3.3 Cowden Syndrome
		42.3.4 Lynch Syndrome
		42.3.5 Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
		42.3.6 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
		42.3.7 Tuberous Sclerosis
		42.3.8 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1)
		42.3.9 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2)
		42.3.10 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
		42.3.11 Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1)
		42.3.12 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)
	42.4	 Conclusion
	References