Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons

Contents
Meeting the Challenge of the Commons: An Emerging Field of Common Core Research
	1 Entrance by the Commons onto the Stage of Comparative Law
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Ascent of the Commons in Italy
		1.3 Topicality of the Commons
		1.4 Comparative Projects on the Commons
	2 Structure and Sense of the Research
		2.1 The Commons as the Challenge
		2.2 Questionnaire
		2.3 Legal Systems Covered
		2.4 Comparative Discussion
	3 Open Questions
		3.1 Understanding the Commons
		3.2 Past and Present of the Commons
		3.3 Academic Debates on the Commons
		3.4 Comparative Analysis
		3.5 Protection of Public Property Beyond the Law on the Books
		3.6 Inalienability of Public Goods
		3.7 Remedies Against Privatizations
		3.8 Remedies for Nationalization of the Commons
		3.9 Comparative Remarks
		3.10 Private Property and the Commons
		3.11 Private Property and Constitutional Protection
		3.12 Exclusion and Access in Property Law
		3.13 Comparative Remarks
	4 Conflicts and Cases
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Property Rights vs Other Constitutional Rights
			4.2.1 Right to Housing
				4.2.1.1 Comparative Remarks
			4.2.2 Right to Health
			4.2.3 Right to Food
				4.2.3.1 Cases
			4.2.4 Right to Culture
				4.2.4.1 Cases
			4.2.5 Access to Nature
			4.2.6 Interim Summary Remarks
		4.3 Access to Water
			4.3.1 Rural Context
			4.3.2 Urban Context
		4.4 Informal Communities and Future Generations
			4.4.1 Territory
			4.4.2 Climate
	5 Complex Picture of the Commons
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Belgium
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notions of the Commons as Deployed in the In...
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
			1.2.1 Res communes
				1.2.1.1 Spaces Dedicated to a Common Use of All Inhabitants
				1.2.1.2 Open List of Goods in the Public Domain
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System-and in the Affirmative in What Context?
			1.3.1 The Civil Code
			1.3.2 The Environment
			1.3.3 Data and Intangibles
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Inalienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
			1.5.1 Privatization of the Public Domain or Its Dependencies
			1.5.2 Privatization of a res communes
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Is Private Property Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 Analysis of the Case
			2.1.2 Policy Questions
		2.2 Nature
			2.2.1 Analysis of the Case
				2.2.1.1 Administrative Authorization for Changing the Assignment of the Property
				2.2.1.2 Privatization, Except for Paths and Access to the Lake
				2.2.1.3 Access to the Lake and to the Lakebanks
			2.2.2 Policy Questions
		2.3 Territory
			2.3.1 Analysis of the Case
				2.3.1.1 Locus standi
			2.3.2 Policy Questions
				2.3.2.1 Endangered Community
				2.3.2.2 Rivers Do Not Have Legal Personality
				2.3.2.3 No Gold Mining
					2.3.2.3.1 Investment Protection
				2.3.2.4 Gold and Mercury
		2.4 Culture
			2.4.1 Analysis of the Case
				2.4.1.1 Occupation of the Theater
				2.4.1.2 If the Theater-Public Property of the Municipality-Is Public Domain
				2.4.1.3 If the Theater Is Historic and of Cultural Relevance
				2.4.1.4 Variation: If the Actors Obtain Permission to Stay and to Use the Theater Provided That They Run It as a Commons in th...
			2.4.2 Constitutional Right to Culture
		2.5 Climate
			2.5.1 Analysis of the Case
				2.5.1.1 A Collective Action in Relation to Consumer Protection
				2.5.1.2 Breach of Criminal Law
			2.5.2 Policy Questions
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Common Law Canada
	1 Introduction
	2 Questionnaire: Part I
		2.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Introduction?
			2.1.1 Unowned Property
			2.1.2 Crown Property
				2.1.2.1 Introduction
				2.1.2.2 Highways
				2.1.2.3 Parks
				2.1.2.4 Water
				2.1.2.5 Publicly-Owned Facilities That Are Open to the Public
				2.1.2.6 Conclusion
			2.1.3 Private Property
				2.1.3.1 Right to Exclude
					2.1.3.1.1 Highways
				2.1.3.2 Rights of Common
				2.1.3.3 Freedom of Expression on Privately Held Land
			2.1.4 Aboriginal Proprietary Interests
				2.1.4.1 Aboriginal Title
				2.1.4.2 Aboriginal Rights
			2.1.5 Intellectual Property
				2.1.5.1 Public Domain
				2.1.5.2 Fair Dealing
				2.1.5.3 Compulsory Licensing
		2.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		2.3 Is There an Academic Debate on the Notion of Commons in Your System?
		2.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		2.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge a Government That Decided Privatization of the Commons?
		2.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		2.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		2.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	3 Questionnaire: Part II
		3.1 Housing
		3.2 Health Care
		3.3 Food
		3.4 Water (Rural)
		3.5 Water (Urban)
		3.6 Nature
		3.7 Territory
		3.8 Culture
			3.8.1 Variation
		3.9 Climate
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Croatia
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
			1.1.1 Public Goods in Common Use
			1.1.2 Commons and Social Ownership
		1.2 Is There any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System-And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.6 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.7 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 Protecting Ownership
			2.1.2 Landlord-Tenant
			2.1.3 Self Help Remedies
			2.1.4 Adverse Possession
			2.1.5 Abandonment and Neglect
			2.1.6 Eviction
			2.1.7 Right to Respect of the Home
			2.1.8 Political Considerations and Reform
			2.1.9 Housing Assistance
			2.1.10 Procedural Rights Awareness
		2.2 Healthcare
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water Rural
		2.5 Water Urban
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territory
			2.7.1 Inspection Orders
			2.7.2 Tort Law
			2.7.3 Property Law
			2.7.4 Policy Questions
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Environment
			2.9.1 Analysis
				2.9.1.1 State Liability for Emissions Reduction
				2.9.1.2 State Liability for Popcar Emissions Manipulation
				2.9.1.3 Popcar´s Liability
	Case Law
	Legal Sources
	Online Articles and Links
	References
		Publications
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Germany
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 Legal Categories Corresponding to the Notion of the Commons
		1.2 A German Legal Concept of Commons?
		1.3 Commons as a Topic of Legal Academic Debate
		1.4 Public Property and Its Alienability
		1.5 Remedies Against Privatization of the Commons
		1.6 Remedies Against Nationalization of the Commons
		1.7 Private Property and Other Constitutional Positions
		1.8 Limits to the Exclusionary Power of Private Property in Land
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
		2.5 Water (Urban)
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climate
	References
Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Italy
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System: And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
		1.9 Summary Remarks
	2 Questionnaire Part II
		2.1 Housing
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
		2.5 Water (Urban)
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climate
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in The Netherlands
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System - and in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government that Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 Eviction Order or No Eviction Order: Balancing the Right to Ownership Against the Right to Home
			2.1.2 The Suspension of an Eviction Order
			2.1.3 Improvements
			2.1.4 Assistance in Finding Adequate Housing
		2.2 Health Care
			2.2.1 Abuse of Right or Emergency Situation
			2.2.2 Access of Irregular Migrants to Health Care
		2.3 Food
			2.3.1 Eviction Order
			2.3.2 Basic Social Security
			2.3.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
			2.4.1 The Entitlement of Maya et al to Use the Water
			2.4.2 The Status of the Aqueducts and the Irrigation Canal
			2.4.3 Remedies Under Administrative Law
			2.4.4 Remedies Under Private Law
		2.5 Water (Urban)
		2.6 Nature
			2.6.1 The Private Law Perspective
			2.6.2 Country Club Inconsistent with the Municipal Zoning Plan
			2.6.3 Changes to the Municipal Zoning Plan
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climate
			2.9.1 Private Law Actions Against the Government
			2.9.2 Actions Under the ECHR Against the Government
			2.9.3 Administrative Law Actions Against the Government
			2.9.4 Actions Against Popcar
	Dutch Supreme Court (Hoge Raad)
	Judicial Division of the Council of State (Afdeling bestuursrechtspraak van de Raad van State)
	Courts of Appeal
	Courts of First Instance/District Court
	References
La propriété face aux défis des biens communs au Québec
	1 Questionnaire : Partie I
		1.1 Quelles catégories juridiques de votre système juridique peuvent correspondre le mieux au concept de « communs » présenté ...
			1.1.1 Choses communes
			1.1.2 Patrimoine commun
			1.1.3 Bien commun
			1.1.4 Propriété publique
				1.1.4.1 Composition
				1.1.4.2 Règles applicables au domaine public
			1.1.5 Affectation
		1.2 Le concept de « communs » est-il aujourd'hui présent ou était-il présent dans le passé dans votre système juridique ? Si l...
		1.3 Le concept de ``communs´´ est-il aujourd'hui présent dans le débat académique de votre pays et, le cas échéant, dans quel ...
		1.4 Y-a-t-il dans votre système juridique un type de propriété publique qui soit absolument inaliénable ?
		1.5 Existent-ils dans votre système juridique des remèdes qui permettent à quelqu'un de porter plainte contre un gouvernement ...
			1.5.1 Privatisation des biens publics
			1.5.2 L´expropriation en droit québécois
			1.5.3 Recours spécifiques à l´encontre de la construction d´un pipeline en droit canadien et autochtone
			1.5.4 Privatisation des services publics
		1.6 Existent-ils dans votre système juridique des remèdes qui permettent à quelqu'un de porter plainte contre un gouvernement ...
		1.7 Jusqu'à quel point la propriété privée est-elle considérée un droit fondamental dans votre système juridique ? Quels sont ...
		1.8 La propriété privée est une institution construite pour permettre l'exclusion. Existent-ils des limites opposables au pouv...
			1.8.1 En matière de droit privé
			1.8.2 En matière de droit public
	2 Questionnaire : Partie II
		2.1 Logement
			2.1.1 Éviction des occupants
			2.1.2 Défenses des habitants
				2.1.2.1 Acquisition par prescription
				2.1.2.2 Détention de l´immeuble
				2.1.2.3 Améliorations
				2.1.2.4 Protection constitutionnelle des droits économiques et sociaux
				2.1.2.5 Alternatives politiques et sociales
		2.2 Système de santé publique
		2.3 Aliments
		2.4 Eau (Contexte rural)
		2.5 Eau (Contexte urbain)
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territoire
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climat
			2.9.1 Intérêt privé et intérêt général
			2.9.2 Intérêt privé et intérêt public
	Références
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Russia
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
			1.1.1 Land Plots Within the Forest Areas
			1.1.2 Specially Protected Natural Territories
			1.1.3 Water Objects and Shore Lines
			1.1.4 Cultural Values
			1.1.5 Natural Medicinal Resources
			1.1.6 Continental Shelf
			1.1.7 Subsoil Resources
			1.1.8 Motorways
			1.1.9 Railroads for Common Use
			1.1.10 Aviation Property
			1.1.11 Federal Mail
			1.1.12 Places of Burial
			1.1.13 Author´s Right After the Expiration of the Exclusive Right Term
			1.1.14 Conclusion
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System - and in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 Claimant and Defendant
			2.1.2 Prescription of Action
				2.1.2.1 Constitutional Right to Housing and the Claim on Ejectment from the Single House
			2.1.3 Ejectment of Children
			2.1.4 Compensation for the Inseparable Improvements
			2.1.5 What Do Families Without Housing Do?
			2.1.6 How Do Municipalities Create Social Housing?
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
			2.4.1 Situation 1. Both the Villagers and the Corporation Have Permission for the Works
			2.4.2 Situation 2. Neither the Villagers nor the Corporation Have Permission for the Works
			2.4.3 Situation 3. The Villagers Have Permission for Building of the Aqueduct, While the Corporation Was Not Authorized to Cha...
		2.5 Water (Urban)
			2.5.1 Claim 1. Jose, Jasmine, and Horatio Can Sue the Water Management to Compel It to Restore the Water Supply
			2.5.2 Claim 2. The Consumers Can Demand to Define the Reasonable Price for the Water
			2.5.3 Metalegal Analysis
		2.6 Nature
			2.6.1 Access to the Park
			2.6.2 Access to the Lake
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
			2.8.1 Variation: Assume That the Actors Obtain Permission to Stay and to Use the Theater Provided That They Run It as a Common...
		2.9 Climate
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Slovakia
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is it Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in your Legal System-And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government that Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government that Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
		2.5 Water (Urban)
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climate
	References
Property Meeting the Challenges of the Commons in South Africa
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
			1.1.1 SA Private Law
				1.1.1.1 Categories of Objects/Things
				1.1.1.2 The Right in Relation to Things/Resources
			1.1.2 South African Customary Law (Indigenous Law)
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System-and in the Affirmative, in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in a Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of t...
		1.7 To What Extent Is Private Property Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System and What Other Constitutional Right...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such Power of the Owner to...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 The Law of Things/Property Law
			2.1.2 The Status of the Families
			2.1.3 Is the Building Abandoned?
			2.1.4 Neglect and/or Useful Utilization of Land
			2.1.5 Improvements
				2.1.5.1 Common Law
					2.1.5.1.1 Accessio
					2.1.5.1.2 Categories of Expenses or Improvements of Property
					2.1.5.1.3 The Relevance of Whether the Improver´s Expenses Are Necessary, Useful or Luxurious in Awarding Enrichment Claims
				2.1.5.2 Legislation
			2.1.6 The Applicable Measure and Corresponding Procedures
			2.1.7 Metalegal Analysis: Alternative Housing Options
				2.1.7.1 International
				2.1.7.2 Constitution
				2.1.7.3 Policy Context
				2.1.7.4 Emergency Provisions
					2.1.7.4.1 Temporary
					2.1.7.4.2 Permanent Accommodation
				2.1.7.5 Property Law
		2.2 Health Care
			2.2.1 Abandoned Building?
			2.2.2 Eviction Proceedings
			2.2.3 Improvements
			2.2.4 Corporation´s Entitlement v Defendants´ Entitlement to Take Ownership
			2.2.5 Public Land and Municipality Lodging Application
			2.2.6 Constitutional Context
			2.2.7 Emergency and Other Needs
			2.2.8 Policy Dimension
		2.3 Food
			2.3.1 Public Land and the Municipality Initiated the Proceedings?
			2.3.2 Policy/Legislative Framework Regarding e.g., Poverty, Access to Food, Food Security Etc.
		2.4 Water (Rural)
			2.4.1 Historical Dimension
			2.4.2 Brief Overview
			2.4.3 Diversion of Water by Private Corporation
			2.4.4 Well
			2.4.5 Institutions to Protect Claimants´ Access to Water
				2.4.5.1 Public: The Department of Human Settlement, Water and Sanitation
				2.4.5.2 Structures/Bodies in Terms of the Water Services Act
				2.4.5.3 Water Boards
				2.4.5.4 Water Resource Management and Water Services Objectives
				2.4.5.5 Private Sector Participation
		2.5 Water (Urban)
			2.5.1 Constitutional Court Jurisprudence Setting the Context
			2.5.2 Water Servitudes Under the National Water Act 36 of 1998
			2.5.3 Disconnection of Water
		2.6 Nature
			2.6.1 Size and Other Characteristics of Green Area?
			2.6.2 Constitutional Dimension
		2.7 Territory
			2.7.1 Constitutional Framework
			2.7.2 South African Environmental Law
				2.7.2.1 Basic Principles
				2.7.2.2 Legislative Framework
					2.7.2.2.1 The Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (Hereafter MPRDA)
					2.7.2.2.2 National Environment Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA)
				2.7.2.3 Developments Relating to Class Actions
				2.7.2.4 Administrative Remedies
				2.7.2.5 Common Law
			2.7.3 Policy Questions
				2.7.3.1 International Level
				2.7.3.2 National Level
		2.8 Culture
			2.8.1 Eviction Application
			2.8.2 Historical/Cultural Theater
			2.8.3 Policy Questions
		2.9 Climate
			2.9.1 Background: Climate Change
			2.9.2 Legislative Framework
			2.9.3 Critical Considerations with Regard to South Africa
			2.9.4 Policy Questions
	Government Publications
	Online Publications
	Legislation
	Case Law
	References
		Journals and Articles
		Books and Chapters
		Other
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Spain
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
			1.1.1 Legal Mentions to Communal Goods
			1.1.2 Some Examples of Lands and Resources Used (and Often Owned) by Local Communities
			1.1.3 About Categories That Are Close to the Commons
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System: And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Private Property Is Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 The Right to Housing After the Crisis
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
		2.5 Water (Urban)
		2.6 Nature
		2.7 Territory
		2.8 Culture
			2.8.1 Variation
		2.9 Climate
	References
Property Meeting the Challenge of the Commons in Sweden
	1 Questionnaire: Part I
		1.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
		1.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
		1.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System: And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		1.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		1.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization of the C...
		1.6 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Nationalization of the...
		1.7 To What Extent Is Private Property Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		1.8 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	2 Questionnaire: Part II
		2.1 Housing
			2.1.1 Analysis of the Case
			2.1.2 The Right to Housing in a Welfare State
		2.2 Health Care
		2.3 Food
		2.4 Water (Rural)
			2.4.1 Overview of the Swedish Rules Regulating Water Activities
			2.4.2 Analysis of the Case
			2.4.3 Political Background
		2.5 Water (Urban)
			2.5.1 Analysis of the Case
			2.5.2 Policy Questions
		2.6 Nature
			2.6.1 Overview of the Allemansrätt
			2.6.2 Analysis of the Case
			2.6.3 Policy Questions
		2.7 Territory
			2.7.1 Analysis of the Case
			2.7.2 Policy Questions
		2.8 Culture
		2.9 Climate
			2.9.1 Acting in Court for a Better Air Quality
			2.9.2 Policy Questions
	References
Assailed: The Paradoxical State of the Commons in the United States
	1 Introduction
	2 Questionnaire: Part I
		2.1 What Legal Categories in Your Legal System May More Closely Correspond to the Notion of the Commons as Deployed in the Int...
		2.2 Is There Today or Was There in the Past a Concept of the Commons in Your Legal System? In the Affirmative, Is It Statutory...
			2.2.1 First Contact
				2.2.1.1 The Commons and Genocide
				2.2.1.2 Locke, the Commons, and the Colonial Other
				2.2.1.3 Colonial Pluralism
			2.2.2 Tracing Concepts of the Commons
				2.2.2.1 From Native Commons to Tribal Reservation
				2.2.2.2 Colonial Spaces and Practices
					2.2.2.2.1 Town Commons
					2.2.2.2.2 Ranging and Travelling
					2.2.2.2.3 Public Lands
		2.3 Is the Commons Today a Topic of Academic Debate in Your Legal System: And in the Affirmative in What Context?
		2.4 Is There Any Kind of Public Property in Your Legal System That Is Absolutely Not Alienable?
		2.5 Are There Remedies in Your Legal System for Someone to Challenge in Court a Government That Decided Privatization or Natio...
		2.6 To What Extent Is Private Property Considered a Fundamental Right in Your Legal System, and What Other Constitutional Righ...
		2.7 Private Property Is an Institution Aimed at Allowing Exclusion from Land. Is There Any Limit to Such a Power of the Owner ...
	3 Questionnaire: Part II
		3.1 Housing
			3.1.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.1.1.1 Assumptions
				3.1.1.2 Claims
					3.1.1.2.1 Claim: Ejectment
					3.1.1.2.2 Claim: Trespass
					3.1.1.2.3 Claim: Quiet Title
					3.1.1.2.4 Zoning
				3.1.1.3 Defenses
					3.1.1.3.1 Defense: Adverse Possession
					3.1.1.3.2 Defense: Squatter´s Rights
					3.1.1.3.3 Damages: Families´ Improvements
		3.2 Healthcare
			3.2.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.2.1.1 Assumptions
				3.2.1.2 Doctrines and Claims
					3.2.1.2.1 Abandoned Building [Real Property]
					3.2.1.2.2 Ejectment
					3.2.1.2.3 Adverse Possession
					3.2.1.2.4 Healthcare Exception
					3.2.1.2.5 Political or Social Action
		3.3 Food
			3.3.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.3.1.1 Assumption
				3.3.1.2 Doctrines and Claims
					3.3.1.2.1 Families´ Right to Cultivate the Max Corporation Property
						3.3.1.2.1.1 Trespass
						3.3.1.2.1.2 Nuisance
						3.3.1.2.1.3 License
						3.3.1.2.1.4 Conservatorship
						3.3.1.2.1.5 Publicly-Owned Land
					3.3.1.2.2 Families´ Right to the Food
						3.3.1.2.2.1 Doctrine of Accession
						3.3.1.2.2.2 Claim for Quantum Meruit
		3.4 Water (Rural)
			3.4.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.4.1.1 Assumptions
				3.4.1.2 Answer
		3.5 Water: Urban
			3.5.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.5.1.1 Assumption
				3.5.1.2 Claims and Doctrines
					3.5.1.2.1 Water as a Fundamental Right
					3.5.1.2.2 Due Process
		3.6 Access to Nature
			3.6.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.6.1.1 Assumptions
				3.6.1.2 Hamid and Heba´s Cause of Actions
					3.6.1.2.1 Public Right of Access to Private Land for Recreation
					3.6.1.2.2 Prescriptive Easement
				3.6.1.3 Local Environmental Group´s Cause of Actions
					3.6.1.3.1 Standing
		3.7 Access to Territory
			3.7.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.7.1.1 Assumptions
				3.7.1.2 Individual Cause of Actions
					3.7.1.2.1 Private Nuisance
					3.7.1.2.2 Public Nuisance
				3.7.1.3 Community or Environmental Rights-Based Claims
		3.8 Access to Culture
			3.8.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.8.1.1 Assumptions
					3.8.1.1.1 Municipality´s Ejection Action
			3.8.2 Variation
				3.8.2.1 Use of Non-profit Corporation Entity
		3.9 Climate
			3.9.1 Analysis of the Case
				3.9.1.1 Assumptions
				3.9.1.2 Group´s Action Against the Government Standing
					3.9.1.2.1 Breach of Statutory Imposed Duty
				3.9.1.3 Group´s Action Against Popcar
					3.9.1.3.1 Standing/Lack of Cause of Action
					3.9.1.3.2 The Pennsylvania Environmental Rights Amendment
					3.9.1.3.3 Community Action
	References