Properties of lithium niobate

Front Matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 3
Contributing Authors......Page 4
Abbreviations......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 11
1. Structure, Stoichiometry and Phase Transitions......Page 14
1.1 Stoichiometry, Defect Structure and Composition of LiNbO3......Page 15
1.2 Crystal Structure of LiNbO3......Page 20
1.3 Phase Transition Temperatures of LiNbO3......Page 25
1.4 Point Defects in LiNbO3......Page 27
2. Growth......Page 35
2.1 Boules of LiNbO3 Congruently Grown by the Czochralski Technique......Page 36
2.2 Growth of LiNbO3 by Stepanov\'s Technique......Page 39
2.3 Iron-Doped Boules of LiNbO3......Page 41
2.4 Epitaxial Growth of LiNbO3......Page 49
3. Structure of Modified Material......Page 52
3.1 Structural Phase Diagram of Proton-Exchanged Waveguides in LiNbO3......Page 53
3.2 Composition of Different Crystal Phases in Proton-Exchanged Waveguides in LiNbO3......Page 60
4. Mechanical Properties......Page 65
4.1 Stiffness and Compliance of LiNbO3......Page 66
4.2 Photoelastic Coefficients of LiNbO3......Page 70
4.3 Third-Order Elastic Coefficients of LiNbO3......Page 74
4.4 Yield Stress of LiNbO3......Page 76
5. Thermal Properties......Page 79
5.1 Thermal Expansion Coefficients of LiNbO3......Page 80
5.2 Thermal Conductivity Properties of LiNbO3......Page 85
5.3 Specific Heat Properties of LiNbO3......Page 88
5.4 Thermal Diffusivity of LiNbO3......Page 92
6. Electrical and Pyroelectric Properties......Page 96
6.1 Electrical Conductivity of LiNbO3......Page 97
6.2 Pyroelectric Coefficients of LiNbO3......Page 103
7. Piezoelectric and Electromechanical Properties......Page 104
7.1 Second-Order Piezoelectric Constants of LiNbO3......Page 105
7.2 Third-Order Piezoelectric Constants of LiNbO3......Page 109
7.3 Electrostrictive Constants of LiNbO3......Page 111
7.4 Electromechanical Coupling Factors of LiNbO3......Page 112
8. Optical, Dielectric and Electro-Optical Properties......Page 116
8.1 Dispersion Effects in Undoped and MgO-Doped LiNbO3......Page 117
8.2 Dispersion Properties of LiNbO3 and Tables......Page 121
8.3 Dielectric Constants of LiNbO3......Page 131
8.4 Electro-Optic Coefficients of LiNbO3......Page 133
9. Luminescence, Raman and ESR Spectra......Page 143
9.1 Luminescence of LiNbO3......Page 144
9.2 Raman Spectra of Undoped LiNbO3......Page 147
9.3 Raman Spectra of Doped LiNbO3......Page 149
9.4 Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Impurities and Defects in LiNbO3......Page 151
9.5 Absorption Spectra of Bulk LiNbO3......Page 156
9.6 IR Spectral Presence of OH Ions in LiNbO3......Page 159
9.7 Stark Effect for Rare-Earth Dopants in LiNbO3......Page 168
10. Acoustic Wave Propagation and Properties......Page 172
10.1 Velocity of Ultrasonic Bulk Waves in LiNbO3......Page 173
11. Basic Processing Techniques......Page 199
11.1 Poling of LiNbO3......Page 200
11.2 Preparation of LiNbO3 Wafers......Page 204
11.3 Chemical Etching of LiNbO3......Page 209
11.4 Ion Beam Milling and Reactive Ion Beam Etching of LiNbO3......Page 212
11.5 Reactive Ion Etching of LiNbO3......Page 215
11.6 Excimer Laser Treatment of LiNbO3......Page 217
12. Rare-Earth Doping......Page 220
12.1 Erbium Doping of LiNbO3 by Thin Film Diffusion......Page 221
12.2 Erbium Doping of LiNbO3 by the Ion Exchange Process......Page 226
12.3 Study of Erbium-Doped LiNbO3 Waveguides by the Beam Propagation Method......Page 233
13. Techniques for Material Studies......Page 239
13.1 Uniformity Studies of Congruent LiNbO3 by Maker Fringe Analysis......Page 240
13.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of LiNbO3......Page 250
14. Special Effects and Holographic Processes......Page 259
14.1 Radiation Effects in LiNbO3......Page 260
14.2 Basics of Holographic Processes in LiNbO3......Page 273
14.3 Dynamic Properties of LiNbO3, Optical Damage-Related Issues and Stabilization Techniques......Page 278
15. Optical Waveguide Technologies......Page 284
15.1 Proton Exchange in Undoped LiNbO3 (Concentrated Melt)......Page 285
15.2 Proton Exchange in Undoped LiNbO3 (Dilute Melt)......Page 292
15.3 Proton Exchange in Ti-Indiffused and MgO-Doped LiNbO3......Page 296
15.4 Kinetics of Ti-Indiffusion in LiNbO3......Page 298
15.5 Characteristics of LiNbO3 Optical Waveguides......Page 301
15.6 Ion Implantation in LiNbO3......Page 306
A......Page 310
C......Page 311
D......Page 312
E......Page 313
G......Page 315
I......Page 316
L......Page 317
N......Page 318
P......Page 319
R......Page 322
S......Page 324
T......Page 326
W......Page 327
Y......Page 328